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PROCEEDINGS
SOCIETY OF ANTlQUAlilES OF SCOTLAND.
SESSION
MDCCCCV.-MDCCCCVI.
VOL. XL.
EDINBUliGH:
PRINTED FOR THE SOCIETY BY NEILL AND COMPANY LTD.
MDCCCCVI.
V. VJ
274427
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
.
PAGK
1
.47,
183,
213,
277,
.10,
342
8-9
347
.47,
133,
213,
277,
342
,
48,
215,
851
Anniyersary Meeting, .....
Election of Fellows, . . 2, 10,
Report on the Work of the Society during the past Year,
Purchases for the Museum and Library,
Donations to the Museum and Library,
Articles Exhibited, .....
Forts on Whitcastle Hill, Upper Teviotdale ; and Earthwork on Flanders
Moss, Menteith. By Dr D. Christison, Vice-President, . . 15
Notices of (1) Two Stone Gists from Oyne and Skene ; (2) a Late-Celtic
Harness Mounting of Bronze from Culsalmond ; (3) a Stone Mould for
Casting Flat Axes from Auchterless ; and (4) two Star-shaped Beads
from Aberdeenshire. By J. Graham Gallandbr, F.S.A. Scot., . 23-39
Notice of the Discovery of a Stone Cist, containing an Unburnt Burial and
an Urn of the Drinking-cup Type, at Wellgrove, Lochee, near Dundee.
By William Reid, F.S.A. Scot., ..... 40
Notice of a Mahogany Pitchpipe formerly used in Cults Parish Church,
Fife. By George Leitou, M.A., Cults Sohoolhoiise, Ladybank, . 43
Notes on the Inventories of the House of Rossie, near Montrose, dating from
the year 1693 to 1740. By Alex. 0. Curle, Seeretai-y, , 53
Notice of a Group of Long Graves, Stone-lined, near the source of the Water
of North Esk. By John W. M. Loney, F.S.A. Scot., . . 60-76
VI TABLE OF CONTENTS.
PAGE
Notes on a Wax Medallion, and relative Autograph Letter of Paul Jones,
presented to the Society in 1860, and now in the National Museum of
Antiquities. By Francis Caikd Inolis, F.S.A. Scot., . . 77-127
Notes on a Slab with Incised Crescentic Design, Stone Mould for casting
Spear-heads, a Cup-marked Stone, Holy-water Stoup, and other Anti-
quities in Strathnaver, Sutherlandshire. By Rev. Angus Mackay,
M.A., Westerdale, Halkirk, ...... 128
On Vitrified Forts, with Results of Experiments as to the Probable Manner
in which their Vitrification may have been produced. By Lieut. -Col.
A. B. M'Hardy, C.B., y ice- President, . 136-150
Notes on a Hoard of Eleven Stone Knives found in Shetland. By Robbrt
MuNiio, M.D., LL.D., ...... 151-164
Report on Stone Circles t-urveyed in the North-East of Scotland, chietly in
Banffshire, with measured Plans and Drawings, obtained under the
Gunning Fellowship. By Frkd. R. Coles, Assistant- Keeper of the
Museum, ........ 164-206
Note on a Copy of the First Folio Shakespeare in the Library of the Society
of Antiquaries of Scotland. By W. K. Dickson, iS^ecrc/ar//, . . 207
Notes on the Churchyards of Currie, Kirknewton, and the Calders. By
Alan Reid, F.S.A. Scot., ..... 217-245
Stone Circles at Grcnish, Aviemore, and Delfour, Strathspey. By C. G.
Cash, F.R.S.G.S., . . . . . .245
Traces of the Cultus of the Nine Maidens in Scotland. By J. M.
Mackinlay, M. A., F.S.A. (Lond. and Scot.), . 255-265
Notes on a Brass Table Clock bejjueathed to the Society of Antiquaries of
Scotland by the late Hugh J. Rollo, W.S., and a Silver-cased Table
Clock bequeathed to the Society by the late Lady Jane Dundas. By
Alexander J. S. Brook, F.S.A. Scot., . . . 266-276
Notice of Three Urns of the Drinking-cup Type and other Relics discovered
in a Mound at Forglen, Banffshire. By J. Graham Callander,
F.S.A. Scot., ....... 279-290
Notices of Standing Stones, Cists, and hitherto unrecorded Cup- and Ring-
marks in various localities. By F. R. Cole.**, Assistant- Keeper of
the Museum, ....... 291-327
The Cemetery of Nunraw, Elast Lothian. By the Hon. J. Abercromby and
Mr A. Mactier Pirrie, ...... 328-341
TABLE OF CONTENTS. . VU
PAGE
Notice of a Jug of Peculiar Form found at Forfar, with an Additional Note
on the Occurrence of Earthenware Jugs or Jars built into the Walls of
Dwelling-houses in Scotland. By Alkxander Hutcheson, F.S.A.
Scot., Broughty Ferry, ..... . 352
Notice of an Earth -house at Ardross, Fife. By P. Macoregor Chalmers,
F.S.A. Scot., ........ 365
Notice of the Exploration of the Castle on the Isle of Loch Dochart, Perth-
shire. By Mrs Place, of Loch Dochart. With Drawings of the
Objects found, by Mr Gordon Place, and Plans and View of the Castle
by Mr Thomas Ross, Architect, F.S.A. Scot., 359-369
Notes on— (1) A Drinking-cup Urn found at Bathgate ; (2) the Exploration
of the Floor of a Pre-historic Hut in Tiree ; and (8) a Group of (at
least) Sixteen Cinerary Urns found, with objects of Vitreous Paste and
of Gold, in a Cairn at Stevenston, Ayrshire. By LuDOVic M'Lkllan
Mann, F.S.A. Scot., ...... 369-401
The Roman Forts on the Bar Hill, Dumbartonshire, excavated by Mr Alex-
ander Whitelaw of Gartshore, F.S.A. Scot. By George Macdonald,
M.A., LL.D., F.S.A. Scot., and Alkxaxdkr Paiik, F.S.A. Scot. With
a Note on the Architectural Remains by Thomas Ross, Architect, F.S.A.
Scot. (Plates I.-IV.), ...... 403-546
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.
Bronze Axe or Palslaye from the Caldonshill Hoard,
Carved Panel of Oak from Balmerino,
Ground-plan of Earth works on Whitcastle Hill,
Ground-plan of Earthwork in Flanders Moss,
Urns from Pittodrie Gist,
Urns from Skene Gist,
Urns from Broomend Gists.
Harness Mounting from Sheelagreen, .
Star-shaped Bead from Glenluce Sands in the Museum,
Urn of Drinking-cup Type found in the Gist at Wellgrove, .
Mahogany Pitchpipe formerly used in Cults Parish Church, Fife,
Ornamented Crupper of a Lady's Saddle from Iceland,
Plan of North Elsk Reservoir District, showing Sites of Graves,
View of the Island, looking Eastwards,
View of the Island, looking westward, showing some of the Graves,
Plan and Section of the Island,
Plan of five Graves, showing alignment,
View of three of the Graves,
View of Grave I. ,
Views of Graves II. and IV.,
View of Grave III.,
View of Grave VII.,
FacHimile of Letter from Paul Jones, .
Medallion of Paul Jones,
Bust of Paul Jones, by Houdon (1783),
Engraved Portrait of Paul .fones in the National Portrait Gallery,
Engraved Portrait of Paul Jones, by J. M. Moreau (1781), .
Cottage in which Paul Jones was born.
Medal Struck in honour of Paul Jones,
China Plate with representation of an Engagement with Paul Jones,
Incised Slab found at Langdale, . . . . .
PAGE
11
13
16
21
26
26
27
34
38
41
43
49
62
64
65
67
69
70
71
72
73
74
78
79
80
81
82
83
92
93
128
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.
Half of a Stone Mould for Spear-heads found at Langdale,
Cup-marked Stone at Grumbeg, .....
Portion of a Vitrified Mass from Eileaii nan Gobhar, showing impressions of
woody fibre, .......
Portion of Vitrified Mass from Tor Duin, showing impressions of woody
fibre, ........
Map showing Vitrified Forts in Arisaig and along the Caledonian Valley,
Oval Knife of Quartz- porphyry from Esheness, Shetland,
Knife of Quartz-porphyry from Ksheness, Shetland, .
North Burreldales Circle ; Ground-plan, ....
North Burreldales Circle ; View from the West,
Gayenie Braes ; Remains of Circle ; Ground-plan,
Gayenie Braes ; Views from the East and South,
Gavenie Braes ; View from the West, .....
St Brandan's Stanes ; Ground-plan, .....
St Brandan's Stanes : View from the North, ...
Cup-marked West Pillar in the Circle called St Brandan's Stanes, .
Thorax Circle ; Ground -plan, ......
Thorax Circle ; View from the South -East, ....
The North- West Stone in Thorax Circle, ....
Brodie Stone, Craigbourach Moor, .....
Plan of Standing Stones at Mamoch Church, ....
Standing Stone (A) south of Mamoch Church,
Standing Stone (B) north of Marnoch Church,
Remains of Circle at Bellman's Wood ; Ground-plan,
Bellman's Wood Circle ; Views from East and West, .
Bellman's Wood Circle ; from the North, ....
Remains of one of the two Circles at Gaul Cross,
Pittenbrinzean Standing Stone, .....
Remains of Circle in Meiklehill Wood, ....
Remains of Circle at Cowiemuir ; Ground-plan,
Remains of Circle at Cowiemuir ; from the £^st.
Remains of Circle at Hatton of Aberlour ; from the East,
Remains of Circle at Hatton of Aberlour ; Ground-plan,
Innes Mill Circle ; Ground-plan, .....
Innes Mill Circle ; from the South-East, . .
Innes Mill Circle ; from the West, .....
Remains of Circle at Bogton Mill ; Ground-plan,
Remains of Circle at Bogton Mill ; Views, ....
Bronze Hilt of a Sword of the Viking time from Eriskay,
Remainsof ancient Church at Currie, ....
The Invergowrie Tombstone, Currie, .....
A Whimsical Design, .......
Memorial of Andrew Aken, ......
PAGE
129
131
146
147
149
152
153
165
166
168
169
170
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
188
189
191
192
193
195
196
198
199
200
202
203
215
218
220
222
222
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.
XI
Floriated Design (1750),
West Face of Tombstone (1750),
Recumbent Slab with Sword and Gross,
Calvary Cross-slabs,
The Hog- Back Stone, Kirknewton,
Headstone with Effigy, Kirknewton,
Cherub wearing Wig, on Tombstone,
West Face of same Tombstone,
A Millwright's Insignia,
Art of 1682 (Tombstone),
"John Smith, Smith " (tombstone),
Ancient Pew-back at Mid-Calder,
A Carpenter's Memorial,
A Typical Example (tombstone),
The Cross in the Gable,
A C-oped, Flat-topped Stone, .
Stone-Circle at Grenish,
Stone-Circle at Aviemore,
Stone-Circle at Delfour,
Brass Table Clock of Sixteenth Century, bequeath<'d to the
late Hugh J. Rollo, W.S.,
Back of Brass Table Clock, .
The Stackfreed of the Clock, .
Maker's Mark on the Clock,
Alarum Repeating Watch, bequeathed by the late Lady Jane
Winding Key of Alarum Watch, and two Seals,
Cypher, and Coat of Arms, on Seal, .
Ground-plan and Section of the Mound at Forglen,
Urn No. 1, from the Mound at Forglen,
Urn No. 2, from the Mound at Forglen,
Urn No. 3, from the Mound at Forglen,
Standing Stones, North Glassmount; Ground-plan,
Standing Stones, North Glassmount,
Standing Stones of Orwell, Kinross-shire ; Ground-plan,
Standing Stones of Orwell ; View,
Stone Circle near Lamlash, Arran ; Ground-plan,
The Auld Wives' Lifts ; Ground-plan,
The Auld Wives' Lifts ; from the West,
Stone Circle at Dungoyach ; Ground-plan,
Dungoyach Circle ; from North and South, .
Second Cist found at Balbridie, Durris,
Urn from Cist No. 1, Balbridie,
Urn from Cist No. 3, Balbridie,
Ground-plan of Cist at Burnside of Whitefield, Banifshire,
Museum
by the
Dundas,
224
224
226
228
282
232
234
234
235
236
237
238
239
241
243
244
247
250
253
267
268
270
271
273
275
276
281
283
284
286
291
292
294
295
297
298
299
302
303
305
306
306
308
Xll
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.
Urn foQDd in Cist at Burnside of Whitefield,
Urn found in a Cairn on Sandayswells Hill, .
Site of the Cist- discovery in North Merchiston Cemetery,
Plan of the North Merchiston Cist,
Cist at Cowdenhill, .....
Urn found in Cist at Cowdenhill,
Cup- and Ring-marked Boulder at Avoohie, Kothiemay,
Cup- and Ring-marked Boulders at Hilton, Glass, Aberdeenshire,
Cup- and Ring-marked Stone found in Bluebell Wood, Langside,
Cup- marked Rock on Craigmaddie Muir,
Cup-marked Stone at Arngask, near Glenfarg,
Field at Nunraw where Bones were exhumed,
One of the Cists laid open and emptied,
Thigh bones from Nunraw Cists,
Lower Jaw, from Lot 3, Nunraw,
Upper and Lower Jaws, from Lot 3,
Shin-bone from Ix>t 4, Nunraw,
Portion of a Fillet of Bronze with Repousse Ornament,
Symbols on Stone at Advie, Strathspey,
Two Silver Penannular Brooches found near Perth,
Earthenware Jug found at Forfar,
Plan of E^rth- house at Ardross, Fife, .
Plan of the Island in Loch Dochart, .
Stone Tablet with Armorial Bes rings of Sir Duncan Campbell of Glenoichy
Earthenware Jug found in the Dungeon, Castle Dochart,
Ground-plan of the Castle in Loch Dochart, .
Dormer Window and its Tympanum at Castle Dochart,
Interlocked Window-bars, Stirrup, Fire-dog, and Earthenware Jar,
Axe of Iron, . . ....
Steel for Striking Light with a Flint, ....
Pair of Scissors found at Castle Dochart,
Pair of Tongs found at Castle Dochart,
View of the Castle on Loch Dochart, ....
Drinking-cup Urn from Bathgate, ....
Fragment of upjier part of Bucket-shaped Pottery Vessel from Tiree,
Urns found at Ardeer, Stevenston, ....
Three Beads found at Ardeer, Stevenston,
Urns found at Ardeer, Stevenston, ....
Map showing Site of the Roman Fort at Bar Hill (Plate L), .
The Well at Bar Hill Fort,
Plan of the Roman Fort at Bar Hill (Plate II. )
Plan of the Early Fort, ......
Bar HUl Fort Sections (Plate III.), ....
The North Gateway, Bar Hill Fort, ....
PAGE
309
313
314
316
316
317
319
321
323
324
325
o28
329
332
334
335
336
343
346
349
353
356
359
360
361
363
364
365
366
367
367
368
368
370
376
380-386
387
388-393
403
412
413
414
415
419
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.
Xlll
Section across the Antonine Rampart,
The Military Way, looking West,
Foundation of Rampart, showing Conduit, .
Longitudinal Section of West Rampart,
The East Gateway, ....
Bar Hill Fort, Cross-sections of Ditches (Plate IV.),
Section showing shape of Ditches,
East Wall of the Praetorium, .
Ground-plan of the Praetorium,
East Wall of Praetorium, with remains of Paving,
Partition Wall in Praetorium,
Shafts of Pillars, recovered from the Well,
The Storehouse, looking South,
General View of Latrines and Baths, .
Reservoir for the Baths,
Remains of Stone Hypocaust in the Baths, showing Mouth of Furnai
Line of Post-holes, with remains of Wooden Posts, looking West,
Post-holes and Stones set on edge at back of Barrack Block No. V. ,
Post-holes in front of Barrack Block No. V., with remains of Street,
East, .......
Circular Recess for Fire in side of Outer Ditch, on the West,
Amphora from Well at Bar Hill Fort,
Fragments of Pottery, Wooden Bobbin, etc. ,
.Jar of Black Ware, from Bar Hill.
Plate of Black Ware, Copper Pot, and Fragments of Coarse Ware,
Plate of Samian Ware, and Pot of Black Ware,
Altar from the Well, Bar Hill Fort, .
Fragments of Inscribed Tablet,
Inscribed Tablet restored.
Busts and Head of Freestone, .
Miscellaneous Group of Stone Objects,
Miscellanous Group of Wooden Objects,
Chariot Wheel, from Bar Hill,
Wheel from La T^ne, .
Footgear of various Types,
Portion of Upper of Lady^s Shoe,
Man's, Woman's, and Child's Shoe, .
Group of Iron Objects, mostly from the Well at Bar Hill,
Iron Tools and Weapons,
Bag of Wrought Iron from the Well, .
Arrow-heads, etc., from the Well,
Ornament of Bronze,
Objects of Horn found at Bar Hill,
Skulls of Bos Umgi/rons,
looking
PAGE
420
421
424
425
427
430
430
436
437
439
441
448
447
447
449
451
454
456
459
461
469
470
474
475
477
483
484
485
489
491
495
495
498
505
506
507
514
515
517
518
621
524
529
XIV
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.
Carved Capital, from Bar Hill,
Square and Chamfered Capital,
Base from Castlehill Fort,
Two Capitals, .
Base of Pillar, and Section,
Pillar with Corbel,
Tablet from Chapel Hill on the Antonine Vallam,
Arched Gateway, on Altar from Birrens,
PAGE
537
538
639
539
540
541
544
545
OFFICE-BEARERS, 1905-1906.
patron.
HIS MAJESTY THE KING.
The Right Hon. Sir Herbert E. Maxwell, Bart., LL.D.
Sue-^restbents.
Lieut.-Col. A. B. M*Hardy, C.B.
The Right Hon. Lord Balcarrks.
David Christison, M.I)., LL.D.
ftounctUors.
Sir Arthur Mitchell, \
K.C.B., M.D., LL.D., I Representiny the Board
The Hon. Hew Hamilton j of Trustees.
Dalrymple, /
Sir Kenneth J. Mackenzie, Bart., Representing the Treasury.
Prof. G. Baldwin Brown.
Right Rev. John Dowden, D.D., LL.D.
James Robert Reid.
Sir John Stirling Maxwell, Bart.
Sir George Douglas, Bart.
Hew Morrison, LL.D.
Thomas Ross.
J. D. G. Dalrymple.
J. Graham Callander.
Secretarus.
William K. Dickson,
Alexander 0. Curle, W.S.
Joseph Anderson, LL.D., Assistant-Secretary.
Prof. A. H. Sayce, M.A., ) ^ ...,., •
T T D T) D becretanes for toreig^i
.r. MaitlInd TH0H80N, LL.D., ) O^^Vondence.
XVI
treasurer.
John Notman, 28 St Andrew Square.
Curators of t^e yUiseum.
Professor 1)UN8, D.D.
A LEX AND KR J. S. BrOOK.
(f urator of <f oins.
<iEoRGE Macdonald, M.A., LL.D.
librarian.
James Curlk.
THE RHINl) LECTURESHIP.
{Itiiflitiited IH74, in terms of a BajueM for its endowment by the latr.
Alexander Henry Hhind of Sibster, Hon. Mem, S.A. Scot.)
SESSION )9<»5-19i>6.
Rhind Lecturer in Arch.+iologv — Rev. A. H. Sayce, M.A., LL.D.,
D.D., F.S.A. Scot, Professor of Assyriology, Queen's College, Oxfonl.
LAWS
SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF SCOTLAND.
INSTITUTED NOVEMBER 1780 and
INCORPORATED BY ROYAL CHARTER 6th MAY 1783.
{Revised and adopted November 30, 19(U.)
1. The purpose of the Society shall be the promotion of Ahcha:oloqy,
especially as connected with the investigation of the Antiquities ani>
HisTOKY OF Scotland.
2. The Society shall consist of Fellows, Honorary Fellows, Corre-
sponding Members, and Lady Associates.
3. Candidates for admission as Fellows must sign the Form of Applica-
tion prescribed by the Council, and must be proposed by a Fellow and
seconded by two Members of the Council. Admission shall be by
ballot.
4. The Secretaries shall cause the names of the Candidates and of their
Proposers to be inserted in the billet calling the Meeting at which they
are to be balloted for. The Ballot may be taken for all the Candidates
nameil in the billet at once ; but if three or more black balls appear, the
Chairman of the Meeting shall cause the Candidates to be balloted for
singly. Any Candidate receiving less than two-thirds of the votes given
shall not be admitted.
VOL. XL. h
TCVlll LAWS OF THE SOCIETY.
5. Honorary Fellows shall consist of persons eminent in Archaeology
who must be recommended by the Council, and balloted for in the
same way as Fellows; and they shall not be liable for any fees of
admission or annual subscriptions. The number of Honorary Fellows
«hall not exceed twenty-five.
6. Corresponding Members must be recommended by Aie Council and
balloted for in the same way as Fellows, and they shall not be liable
ior any fees of admission or annual subscriptions.
7. Ladies who have done valuable work in the field of Archaeology
may be admitted as Lady Associates. The number of Lady Associates
shall not exceed twenty-five. They shall be proposed by the Council,
and balloted for in the same way as Fellows, and shall not be liable
for any fees of admission or annual subscriptions.
8. Before the name of any person is added to the List of Fellows,
^uch person shall pay to the funds of the Society Two Guineas as
an entrance fee and One Guinea for the current yearns subscription,
-or may compound for the entrance fee and all annual subscriptions
by the payment of Twenty Guineas at the time of admission.
Fellows may compound for future annual subscriptions by a single
payment of Fifteen Guineas after having paid live annual subscriptions ;
•or of Ten Guineas after having paid ten annual subscriptions.
9. The subscription of One Guinea shall become due on 30th
November in each year for the year then commencing ; and if any
Fellow who has not compounded shall fail to pay the subscription for
three successive years, due apj)lication having been made for payment,
the Ti-Ciisurer shall report the same to the Council, by whose authority
the name of the defaulter may be erased from the List of Fellows.
10. Every Fellow not being in arrears of the annual subscription shall
be entitled to receive the printed Proceedings of the Society from the
<late of election.
11. None but Fellows shall vote or hold any office in the Society.
LAWS OF THE SOCIKTY. XIX
12. Subject to the Laws and to the control of the Society in General
Meetings, the affairs of the Society shall be managed by a Council
elected and appointed as hereinafter set forth. Five Members of the
Council shall be a quorum.
13. The Office- Bearers of the Society shall consist of a President,
three Vice-Presidents, two Secretaries for general purposes, two Secre-
taries for Foreign Correspondence, a Treasurer, two Curators of the
Museum, a Curator of Coins, and a Librarian. The President shall
be elected for a period of five years, and the Vice-Presidents for a
period of three years. One of the Vice-Presidents shall retire annually
by rotation and shall not again be eligible for the same office until after
the lapse of oue year. All the other office-bearers shall be elected
for one year and shall be eligible for re-election.
14. In accordance with the agreements subsisting between the Society
and the Government, the Board of Manufactures shall be represented on
the Council by two of its Members (being Fellows of the Society)
elected annually by the Society. The Treasury shall be represented
on the Council by the King's and Lord Treasurer's Kemeinbrancer
(being a Fellow of the Society).
15. The Council shall consist of the Office-Iieai-ers, the three
representative Members above specified, and nine Fellows, elected by
the Society.
16. Three of the nine elected Members of Council shall retire annually
by rotation, and shall not again be eligible till after the lapse of one
year. Vacancies among the elected Members of Council and Office-
Bearers occurring by completion of term of office, by retirement on
rotation, by resignation, by death or otherwise, shall be filled by
election at the Annual General Meeting. The election shall be by
Ballot, upon a list issued by the Council for that purpose to the
Fellows at least fourteen days before the Meeting.
17. The Council may appoint committees or individuals to take charge
of particular departments of the Society's business.
XX LAWS OF THE SOCIETY.
18. The Annual General Meeting of the Society shall take place on
St An«irew*8 Day, the 30th of November, or on the following day if
the 30th ]>e a Sunday.
19. The Council shall have power to call Extraordinary General
Meetings when tliey see cause.
20. The Ordinary Meetings of the Society shall be held on the second
Monday of each month, from December to May inclusive.
21. Every i)roposal for altering the Laws must be made through the
Council ; and the Secretaries, on instructions from the Council, shall
cause intimation thereof to be made to all the Fellows at least one
month before the General Meeting at which it is to be determined on.
Ftrrm of Special Bequest.
I, A. B., do hereby leave and bequeath to the Society of Antiquaries of Scot-
land incorporated by Royal Charter, my collection of , and I direct
that the simie shall be delivered to the said Society on the receipt of the
Secretary or Treasurer thereof.
General Form of Bequest.
I, A. B., do hereby leave and bequeath to the Society of Antiquaries of Scot-
land incorponited by Royal Charter, the sum of £ sterling [to he used for
ike general purposes of the Soctetij] [or, to be used for the special purpose^ or object^
of ], and I direct that the said sum may be paid to the said
Society on the receipt of the Treasurer for the time being.
LIST OF THE FELLOWS
SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF SCOTLAND.
NOVEMBER 30, 1906.
PATRON.
HIS MAJKSTY THE KING.
1879. Abercromby, Hon. John, 62 Palmer- t 1886.
ston Place. I
1853.*Abkrdbin, Francis, Garvocklea, ; 1897.
Laurencekirk.
1896. ♦Adam, Frank, c/o The Straita Trad- 1900.
ing Co., Kuala Lumpur, Selangor,
Federated Malay States, Straits
Settlements. 1864.
1898. Adam, Stephen, 199 Bath Street,
Glasgow. 1884.
1889. AONEW, Alexander, Procurator-
Fiscal, Balwherrie, Dundee. 1889.
1899. Agnbw, Sir Andrew N., Bart.,
Lochnaw Castle, Stranraer. 1897,
1884. Agnew, Sir Stair, K.C.B., M.A., 22
Buckingham Terrace.
1892. Ailsa, The Most Hon. The Marquis of,
Culzean Castle, May bole. 1902.
1892. AiTKBN, James H., Gartcows, Falkirk.
1906. AiTKBN, Dr John, Ardenlea, Fal-
kirk. 1871.
1905. Alexander, R. S., Grant Lodge, 18
Lomond Road, Trinity.
Alexander, W. Lindsat, Piukiebum,
Musselburgh.
Allan, Rev. Archibald, Channelkirk
Manse, Oxton, Berwickshire.
Allakdyce, Col. Jamks, LL.D.,
of Culquoich, 3 Queen's Terrace,
Aberdeen.
♦Anderson, Archibald, 30 Oxford
Square, London, W.
Anderson, Charles M., Gardenhurst,
G«dgeleyPark,Prestwich,Manchester.
Anderson, James, Carronvale, Wardie
Road.
Anderson, Major John Hamilton,
2ud East Lancashire Regiment, c/o
Messrs Cox k Co., 16 Charing Cross,
London.
Anderson, Major Robert Douglas,
c/o The Manager, Lloyd's Bank,
Paignton, Devon.
♦Anderson, Sir Robert Rowand,
LL.D., H.R.S.A., Architect, 16 Rut-
land Square.
An asterisk (*) denotes Life Members who have compounded for their Annual Cuutributlons.
XXll
1894. Anderson, Wiluam, Arus Brae,
Bearsden, Dumbartonshire.
1887. Anderson - Bbrry, David, M.D.,
F.R.S.E., 23 Grosvenor CrcRcent, St
Leonards-on-Sea.
1894. Angus, Robert, Craigston House,
Lugar, Ayrshire.
1882. Annandalb, Thomas, M.D.,D.C.L.,
Professor of Clinical Surgery, Univer-
sity of Edinburgh, 34 Charlotte Sq.
1900. Anstruthbr, Sir Ralph W., Bart., of
Balcaskie, Pittenweem.
1897. Anstruthbr -Thomson, Wiluam,
Major, Royal Horse Guards, Kil-
many, Fife.
1886. Ardwall, The Hon. Lord, LL.D., 14
Moray Place.
1901. Argtlk, His Grace The Duke of,
K.T., LL.D., Inveraray CaStle,
Inveraray.
1878. •Armstrong, Robert Bruce, 6 Ran-
dolph Cliff.
1904. Arnott, Brigade Surgeon, Lieut. -Col.
James, M.D., 8 Rothesay Place.
1901. Arthur, Alexander Thomson,
Physician, Blair Devenick, Cults,
Aberdeen.
1904. Arthur, Sir Matthew, Bart., of Car-
lung, Fullarton, Troon.
1889. Atholl, His Grace The Duke of, K.T.,
Blair Castle, Blair Atholl.
1868.*Bain, Joseph, Bryn Dewi, St David's,
S. Walea.
1889. Bain, Wiluam, 42 Moray Place,
Edinburgh.
1892. Bain, Wiluam, Lochmaddy, by
Oban.
1900.*Baird, John G. Alexander, of
Wellwood and Adamton, Monkton,
Ajrrshire.
1891. Baird, Wiluam, Clydesdale Bank,
Portobello.
1901.»Balcarres, The Right Hon. Lord,
M.P., 74 Brook Street, London,—
Vice-President.
1883. Balfour, Charles Barrinoton,
M.P., of Newton Don, Kelso.
1903. Balfour, The Hon. James Mon-
CREIFF, 6 Rothesay Terrace.
1897. Bannerman, W. Bruce, F.S.A.,
Tlie Lindens, Sydenham Road,
Ooydon.
1890. Bannerman, William, M.A., M.D.,
West Park, 30 Polwarth Terrace.
1896. Barbour, James, Architect, St
Christopher's, Dumfries.
1897. Barclay-Allardice, Robert, M.A.,
Rosehill, Lostwithiel, Cornwall.
1899. Barnard, Francis Pibrrbpont, M.A.
Oxon., Bilsby House, near Alford,
Lincolnshire,
1897. Barnett, Rev. T. R., St Andrew's
Manse, Bo'ness.
1880. Barron, Jambs, Editor of Inverness
Courier^ Inverness.
1891. Baxter, Rev. George Chalmers,
U.F.C. Manse, Cargill, Guildtown,
Perth.
1891.*Bayne, Thomas, 69 West Cumberland
Street, Glasgow.
1884. •Beaton, Capt. Angus J., Bayfield,
North Kessock, Inverness.
1877. Beaumont, Charles G., M.D.,
Old Manor House, Epsom, Surrey.
1903. Bedford, J. G. Hawksley, 5 Belvoir
Terrace, Scarborough.
1903. Bell, R. Fitzroy, Advocate, Temple
Hall, Coldiughani.
1889. •Bell, Thomas, of Belmont, Hazel-
wood, Broughty Ferry.
1877. Bell, William, Bridge House, 181
Queen Victoria Street, London,
E.C.
1890.*Beveridoe, Erskine, LL.D., St
Leonard's Hill, Dunfermline.
1886.*Brvbridgb, Henry, Pitreavie House,
Dunfermline.
1891. Beveridge, James, Church of Scot-
land's Training College, 4 Blyths-
wood Drive, Gla.sgow.
1895.*BiLSLAND, William, 45 Hydepark
Street, Glasgow.
1877.*BrLTON, Lewis, W.S., 5 Abinger
Gardens.
XXUl
1891. Bird, Georgb, 33 Howard Place.
1906. BissBT, Alexander M., Bertha
Cottage, Bathgate.
1882. Black, William George, Ranioyle,
Dowanhill Gardens, Glasgow.
1885. Blaikie, Walter Bigqar, 6 Belgrave
Crescent.
1891. Blair, Rev. William, M.A., D.D.,
Leighton Manse, Dunblane.
1879. Blanc, HiPPOLYTE J., R.S.A., Archi-
tect, 25 Rutland Square.
1901. Blythswood, The Right Hon. Lord,
Blythswood, Renfrew.
1887. Bogie, Alexander, Banker, 48 Lauder
Road.
1885. BOMPAS, Charles S. M., 121 West-
bourne Terrace, London.
1880.*BoNAR, Horatius, W.S., 3 St Mar-
garet's Road.
1904.*BoNTEiN, James Shelley, J. P., of
Glencruitten, Oban.
1905. Booker, Robert P. Lee, Eton
College, Windsor.
1898. Borland, Rev. R., Minister of
Yarrow, Selkirkshire.
1903. BoRTHWicK, Henry, Borthwick
Castle, Midlothian.
1899. BoswALL, Jambs Donaldson, W.S.,
Donaldson House, Wardie.
1893. Boyle, The Hon. Robert E., Colonel,
95 Onslow Square, London.
1884. BoYNToN, Thomas, Nomian House,
Bridlington Quay, Hull.
1883. Brand, David, Sheriff of Ayrshire,
42 Coates Gardens.
1891. Brand, James, C.E., 10 Marchmont
Terrace, Kelvinside, Glasgow.
1884.»Breadalbane, The Most Hon. The
Marquess of, K.G., Taymouth
Castle.
1887. Brook, Alexander J. S., 21 Chalmers
Street, — Curator of Museum.
1904. Brook, Edward J., of Hoddom
Castle, Ecclefechan.
1878. Broun - Morison, John Broun, of
Finderlie, Murie House, Enrol.
1906.*Brown, Adam, Netherby, Galashiels.
1902. Brown, Charles, Duudas Lodge,
Kerse, Falkirk.
1887. Brown, George, 2 Spottiswoode Street.
1884. Brown, G. Baldwin, M.A., Pro-
fessor of Fine Art, University
of Edinburgh, 50 George Square.
1902. Brown. P. Hume, M. A., LL.D., Eraser
Professor of Ancient History and
Palaeography, University of Edin-
burgh, 20 Corennie Gardens.
1897. Brown, Richard, C.A., 22 Chester
Street.
1884. Browne, Right Rev. G. F., D.D., Th»
Palace, Redland Green, Bristol.
1882. Browne, George Washington,
R.S.A., Architect, 8 Albyn Place.
1892. Bruce, George Wauoh, Banker,
Leven, Fife.
1882. Bruce, James, W.S., 59 Great King
Street.
1893. Bruce, John, Inverallnn, Helens-
burgh.
1898.*Bruck, John, of Sumburgh, Shetland,
21 Drumsheugh Gardens.
1880. Bruce, Rev. William, B.D., Duni-
niarle, Culross.
1896. Bruce, William Balfour, Allan
View, Dunblane.
1905. Bruce, The Right Hon. Tlie Lord,
Broomhall, Dunfermline.
1902. Brvce, Thomas H., M.A., M.D., 2
Grauby Terrace, Glasgow.
1889. Bryce, William Moir, 11 Blackford
Road.
1896. BucHAN, Alexander, LL.D., Secre-
tary, Scottisli Meteorological Society,
42 Heriot Row.
1885.*BucHANAN, Thomas Ryburn, M.A.,
M.P., 12 South Street, Park Lane,
London, W.
1905. Burgess, Francis, Secretary of the
Church Crafts League, 27 Lech-
mere Road, Willesden Green,
London.
1887.*Burgkss, Peter, Craven Estates Office,
Coventry.
1882. Burnet, John James, A.R.aA.,
Architect, 18 University Avenue,
Hillhead, Glasgow.
1892. Burnett, Rev. J. B., B.D., The Manse,
Fetteresso, Stonehaven.
XXIV
1897. Burn - Murdoch, W. G., Arthur
Lodge, 60 Dalkeith Road.
1887. Burns, Rev. Thomas, D.D., Croston
Lodge, Chalmers Ci-escent.
1906. Burr, Rev. G. F., Highfields Park,
Halesowen, Worcestershire.
1889. Burr, Rev. P. Lorimbr, D.D., Manse
of Lundie and Fowlis, Dundee.
1901. Bute, The Most Hon. The Marquees
of. Mount Stuart, Rothesay.
1901. BUTLBR, C. M'Arthur, Secretary of the
Society of Architects, Staple Inn
Buildings, South Holbom, London,
W.C. I
1898. Cadknhead, Jamrh, A.RS.A.,
R.S.W., 16 luverleith Terrace.
1880. Caldwbll, J a MRS, Craigielea Place,
Paisley.
1898. Callander, John Graham. Benachie
Distillery, by Insch, Aberdeen-
shire.
1887. Cameron, J. A.,M.n., Firhall, Nairn. I
1890. Cameron, RrcHARD, 1 St David
Street |
1905. Cameron-Swan, Donald, Craigbhan, j
Mayfield Road, Sanderstead, Surrey. ;
1902. Campbell, The Right Hon. Lord I
Archibald, J. P. , D. L. , Coombe Hill ;
Farm, Kingston-on-Thames.
1899. Campbell, Archibald, Park Lodge, '
62 AlWrt Drive, Pollokshields,
Glasgow.
1906. Campbell, Donald Graham, M.B., {
CM., 28 North Street, Elgin.
1886. Campbell, Sir Duncan Alexander
Dundas, Jiart, of Barcaldine and
Glenure, 16 Ridgeway Place, Wimble- <
don. '
1865. ♦Campbell, Rev. James, D.D., Tlie
Manse, Balmerino, Fifeshire.
1874.*Campbell, Right Hon. Jambs A.,
LL.D., of Stracalhro, Brechin.
1901. Campbell, Lieut - Col. John, -30 i
Waterloo Place. i
1904. Campbeli., Joseph D., Solicitor, 142
West George Street, Glasgow,
1882.*Campbell, Patrick W., W.S., 26
Moray Place.
1883. Campbell, Walter J. Douglas, of
Innis Chonain, Loch Awe.
1877.*Campbell.Bannerman, Right Hon.
Sir Hknry, G.C.B., LL.D., M.P.,
Belmont Castle, Meigle.
1901. Carfrab, George, 77 George Street.
1906. Carmichael, Evelyn G. M., Barrister-
at-Law, 10 King's Bench Walk,
London.
1891. Carmichael, Jambs, of Arthurstone,
Ardler, Meigle.
1888.*Carmichael, Sir Thomas D. Gibson,
Bart., Malleny, Balemo.
1901.*Carnegie, Andrew, LL.D., of Skibo,
Skibo Castle, Dornoch.
1905. Carnegie, Major D. C. S. Lindsay,
6 Playfair Terrace, St Andrews.
1871. •Cart wuiGHT, Thomas Lesue Mel-
ville, Melville House, Collessie, Fife.
1896. Caw, James L., Curator of Scottish
National Portrait Gallery, Queen
Street.
1901. Cawdor, The Right Hon. Earl, Stack-
pole Court, Pembroke.
1890. Chalmers, P. Macghegor, Architect,
95 Bath Street, Glasgow.
1889. Chatwin, J. A., Wellington House,
Eilgliaston, Birmingham.
1895. Chisholm, A. W., Goldsmith, 7 Clare-
mont Crescent.
1903. Chisholm, Edward A., 40 Great
King Street
1901. Christie, Miss Ella R, 19 Buck-
ingham Terrace, and Cowden, Dollar.
1898. Christie, Rev. J. G., B.D., Minister
of Helensburgh.
1882. Christison, David, M.D., LL.D.. 20
Magdala Crescent, — Vice-President.
1902. Clark, Archibald Brown, M.A.,
University lecturer on Economic
History, 16 Comely Bank Street
1889. Clark, David R, M.A., 8 Park
Drive West, Glasgow.
1885. Clark, George Bbnnet, W.S., 15
Douglas Crescent.
1905. Clark, Ja.mes, Advocate, 10 Drum-
sheugh Gardens.
XXV
1871. ♦Clark, Sir John Forbes, BarL,
LL.D., of Tillypronie, Aberdeenshire.
1996. Clark, Thomas Bbnnbt, C.A., New-
milns House, Balemo.
1879. Clbland, John, M.D., LL.D.,
Professor of Anatomy, University
of Glangow.
1903. Clbphan, Robert Coltman, Marine
House, Tynemouth.
1880. Clouston, Thomas S., M.D., Tipper-
linn House, Morningside Place.
1905. Cltdb, Jambs Avon, K.C., 27 Moray
Place.
1891. Coats, Sir Thomas Glkn, Bart,
of Ferguslie, Paisley.
1905.*CocHRANB, Kbnnbth, Newfaan,
Galashiels.
1901. •Cochran-Patrick, Mrs ELijk A. K.,
Woodflide, Beith.
1898. Cochran- Patrick, Nkil J. Kennedy,
of Woodside, Advocate, 34 Heriot
Row.
1895. CoRRiE, Adam J., 5 Neville Park,
Tunbridge Wells.
1901. Courtney, Charles J., Librarian,
Miuet Public Library, Knatchbull
Road, London, S.E.
1891. Coutts, Rev. Alfred, B.I)., 8
John's Place, Leith.
1879. •Cowan, Rev. Charles J., B.D.,
Morebattle, Kelso.
1887. Cowan, John, W.S., St Roque,
Grange Ix>an.
1888. Cowan, William, 47 Braid Avenue.
1893. *Cox, Alfred W., Glendoick, Glen-
carse, Perthshire.
1899. Cox, Benjamin C, Largo House,
Largo, Fife.
1901.*Cox, Douglas H., 34 Dnuusheugh
Gardens.
1882. Cbabbib, George, 8 Rothesay Terrace.
1892. Craig-Brown, T., Woodbuni, Selkirk.
1900. Cran, John, 11 Brunswick Street.
1880. 'Cran, John, Kirkton, Inverness.
1903. Crawford, Donald, M.A., Advocate,
Sheriflf of Aberdeen, 35 Chester Street.
1861.*Crawfurd, Thomas Macknioht, of
Cartsbum, Boscombe Towers, Bourne-
mouth.
1905. Crbe, James £dward, Tusculuni,
North Berwick.
1889. Cbombib, Rev. James M., The
Manse, Cote des Neiges, Montreal,
Canada.
1886. Cross, Robert, 13 Moray Place.
1891. CuLLEN, Alexander, Architect, 3
Blythswood Square, Glasgow.
1904. Cunningham, D. J., D.C.L., LL.D.,
M.D., Professor of Anatomy, Uni-
versity of Edinburgh, 18 Grosvenor
Crescent
1903. Cunningham, Henry J., Worcester
College, Oxford.
1891. Cunningham, James Henry, C.E,, 2
Ravelston Place.
1893. Cunnington, B. Howard, Devizes.
1893. CuRLE, Alexandkr 0., W.S., 8
South Learmonth Gardens, —
Secretari/.
1889.*CuRLE, James, jun., Priorwood,
Melrose, — Librarian.
1886.*CuHRiE, James, Larkfield, Wardie
Road.
1879.*CiJR8iTKR, James Walls, Albert St.,
Kirkwall.
1879. Dalgleish, J. J., Brankston Grange,
Stirling.
1901. Dalkeith, The Right Hon. Earl of,
Eildon Hall, St Boswells.
1893. Dalrymplk, Right Hon. Sir
Charles, Bart., Newhailes, Mid-
Lothian.
1883. Dalrymple, Hon. Hew Hamilton,
Lochinch, Wigtownshire.
1880. Dalrymple, J. D. G., Meiklewoo<l,
Stirling.
1872. ♦Davidson, Hugh, Procurator-Fiscal,
Braedale, Lanark.
1886.*Davidson, James, Solicitor, Kirrie-
muir.
1903. DBAS, A. Orr, LL.B., Advocate, 7
Forres Street.
1901. Dewar, T. W., of Harperfield, Sandi-
lands, Lanarkshire.
1901. Dick, Rev. James, Blackwood, Auld-
girth, Dumfriesshire.
XXVI
1898. Dick, Rev. Robbrt, Colinsburgh,
Fife.
1895. Dickson, William K., Advocate, 8
Gloucester Place, — Secretary,
1882. ♦Dickson, William Tkaquair, W.S.,
11 Hill Street.
1886.*DixoN, John Henry, Dundarach,
Pitlochry.
1899. DoBiB, William Fraskr, 47 Grange
Road.
1887. DoDDS, Rev. James, D.D,,The Manse,
Corstorphine.
1905. Dollar, Robert, 134 California
Street, San Francisco, U.S.A.
1895. Donaldson. Henry T., British Linen
Bank, Nairn.
1905. Donaldson, Hugh, 101 Main Street,
Canielon, Falkirk.
1867.* Donaldson, James, LL.D., Prin-
cipal of the University of St
Andrews.
1891. Donaldson, Robert, M.A., Head-
master, Lochend Road Public
School, 34 Duddingston Park, Porto-
bello.
1861.*DouGLAS, David, 10 Castle Street.
1895. Douglas, Sir George, Bart., Spring-
wood Park, Kelso.
1902. Douglas, R. Smeaton, Art and Writ-
ing Master, Ayr Academy.
1885. Douglas, Rev. Sholto D. C, Douglas
Support, Coatbridge.
1881.*DouGLAS, W. D. Robinson, Orchardton,
Castle-Dougla.s.
1893. DowDBN, Right Rev. John, D.D.,
LL.D., Bishop of the Episcopal
Church in Edinburgh, 13 Learmonth
Terrace.
1874. DowELL, Alexander, 13 Palmerston
Place.
1895. DowNiE, Lieut.-Col. Kenneth Mac-
kenzie, M.D., Pentland Cottage,
Gillespie Road, Colinton.
1900. Drummond, James W., Westerlands,
Stirling.
1896.*Drummond, Robert, C.E., Fairfield,
Paisley.
1878. Drummond, William, 4 Learmonth
Terrace.
1895.»Drummond.Moray, Capt W. H., of
Abercairney, Crieff.
1891. DuPF, Thomas Gordon, of Drummuir,
Keith.
1902. Duff- Dunbar, Mrs L., of Ackergill,
Ackergill Tower, Caithness.
1 872. *Duke, Rev. William, D. D. , St Vigeans,
Arbroath.
1878. Dunbar, Sir Archibald Hamilton,
Bart., of Northfield, Duffus House,
Elgin.
1887. Duncan, G. S., Dunmore Villa,
Blairgowrie.
1877.*DuNDAS, Ralph, C.S., 16 St Andrew
Square.
1902. DUNEDIN, The Right Hon. The Lady,
7 Rothesay Terrace.
1875. Duns, Rev. John, D.D., 5 Greenhill
Place, — Curator of Museum.
1904. Dyer, Edmund Eustace, M.B., CM.,
Mar Place House, Alloa.
1892.*Edward8, John, 4 Great Western
Terrace, Glasgow.
1904. Eeles, Francis Caroliis, 105 Ade-
laide Road, London.
1885.*Elder, William Nicol, M.D., 6
Torphichen Street.
1901. Elgin and Kincardine, The Right
Hon. The Earl of, K.G., G.C.S.I.,
LL.D., Broomhall, Dunfermline.
1880. Elliot, John, of Binks, Yarborough
Villa, Elmgrove, South sea.
1889. Erskinb, David C. E., M.P., of Lin-
lathen, Linlathen House, Broughty
Ferry.
1895. Farquharson, Major James, Cale-
donian United Service Club, Edin-
burgh.
1880.*Faulds, a. Wilson, Knockbuckle
House, Beith.
1904. Ferguson, James Archibald, Banker,
Primrose Villa, Primrose Bank Road,
Trinity.
1890. Ferguson. Prof. John, LL.D., Uni-
versity, Glasgow.
1890. Ferguson, Rev. John, B.D., Manse of
Aberdalgie, PerthHhire.
1892. Ferguson, John, Writer, Duns.
1875. Fbrgusson, Sir James R., Bart., of
Spitalhangh, West Linton.
1899.*FiNDLAT, James Lesue, Architect, 10
Eton Terrace.
1892.*FiNDLAT, John R., 27 Drumsheugh
Gardens.
1905. FiNDLAY, Robert de Cardonnel, of
Easterhill, 14 Stafford Place, London.
1880. FiNLAT, John Hope, W.S., 19 Glen-
cairn Crescent.
1885. Fleming, D. Hay, LL.D.,4 Chamber-
lain Road.
1888. Fleming, James, jun., Kilmory,
Skehnorlie, Ayrshire.
1895. Fleming, James Stark, luverleny
House, Callander.
1893. 'Fleming, Rev. James, M.A., Minister
of Kettins.
1875.*FooTE, Alexander (no address).
1883. Fox, Charles Henry, M.D., 35
Heriot Row.
1862.*Fraser, Alexander, 17 Eildon
Street.
1902. Fraser, Edward D., 50 Moray
Place.
1898. Fraser, Hugh Ernest, M.A., M.D.,
Medical Superintendent, Royal In-
firmary, Dundee.
1886. Fraser, James L., Castle Tolmie,
Inverness.
1896. Fullerton, John, 1 Garthland Place,
Paisley.
1890. Garden, FarquharsonT., 4 Rubislaw
Terrace, Aberdeen.
1891.*Garson, William, W.S.,60 Palmerston
Place.
1891.*Garstin, John Ribton, D.L., M.A.,
Braganstown, Castlebellingham, Co.
Louth, Ireland.
1898. Gaythorpe, Harper, Prospect Road,
Barrow-in-Furness.
1886. Gebbib, Rev. Francis, 20 Lynedoch
Place.
xxvu
1877.
1897.
1903.
1896.
1903.
1901.
1885.
1901.
1884.
1889.
1883.
1869.^
1898.
1892.
1888.
1905.
1903i
1902.
1904.
1904.
1894.
1891.
1903.
GiBB, John S., 8 Cobden Cres-
cent.
Gibson, Rev. John Mackenzie, M.A.,
22 Regent Terrace.
Gibson, William, M.A., 9 Danube
Street.
Gillies, Patrick Hunter, M.D.,
Ballachuan, Bal vicar, Oban.
Gilruth, James David, M.A.,
M.B., CM., Hyde Park House,
Arbroath.
Gladstone, Sir John R., Bart., of
Fasque, Laurencekirk.
Glen, Robert. 32 Dublin Street.
Gordon, The Hon. J. E., 44 Albert
Court, Prince's Gate, London.
Gordon, James, W.S., 8 East Castle
Road, Merchiston.
Gordon, William, of Tarvie, 60 South
Street, St Andrews.
Gordon-Gilmour, Lt.-Col. Robert,
C.B., D.S.O., of Craigmillar, The
Inch, Lilwrton.
^GouDiE, Gilbert, 31 Great King
Street.
Gourlie, James, Lieut. R.F.A.,
Aurungabad, Deccan, India.
Graham, Robert C, Skipness,
Argyll.
Grant, F. J., W.S., Lyon Office, H.M.
General Register House.
Grant, James, L.R.C.P. and S.,
Seafield House, Stromness.
Grant, John Macpherson, yr. of
Ballindalloch, Old Milton, Kin-
gussie.
Grant, P. A. H., of Druminnor,
Rhynie, Aberdeenshire.
Gray, Baxter, Springbank, Broughty
Ferry.
Gray, Rev. John, 9 Wliitehouso
Terrace.
Gray-Buchanan, A. W., Parkhill,
Polmout.
Green, Charles E., The Hollies,
Gordon Terrace.
Greenwood, William de R., LL.D.,
Barrister-at-Law, Beaumaris, Spring
Grove, Isleworth, Middlesex.
XXVIU
1887. Grbio, Andrew, cm, 3 Duntrune
Terrace, Broughty Perry.
1886.*GRKia, T. Watson, of Glencaree,
Perthshire.
18d9. Grkwar, David S., Dalnasnaught,
Glenisla, Alyth.
1880. Gribvk, Stminoton, 11 Lauder
Koad.
1871. *G rub. Very Rev. George, Dunmore
ParHonage, Larbert.
1884.»GuTHRiK, Charles J., Advocate, K.C.,
Sheriff of Ross, Cromarty, and Suther-
land, 13 Royal Circus.
1904. Guthrie. Sir James, LL.D., President
of the Royal Scottish Academy, 41
Moray Place.
18d9. GuTHRii, John, Solicitor, Town Clerk
of Crail.
1874. Guthrie, Rev. Roobr R. Linoard,
Tayl>ank House, Dundee.
1905. Guthrie, Thomas Maule, Solicitor,
Brechin.
1861.»HADDiNOTt>N, The Right Hon. The
Earl of, K.T., Tynuinghame,
Prestonkirk.
1904. Hai.danb, R. C, of IxK-hend, 011a-
IwiTV, Lerwick, Shetland.
1901.*Hamilti>n of Dalzkll, The Right
Hon. lA>nl, Dalzell. Motherwell.
1898. Hampton. Rrv. Davio Mach^roy,
The Manse. Culross.
1903. Harris. Walter B. . Tangier, Morocco.
1887. HARRist>N, John, Rockville, Napier '
Rcvid.
1886. Hart, George. lYocnnitor- Fiscal of
Kenfrewshire at Paisley.
1905. Harvey, William. 4 Gowrie Street, j
Dundee.
1874. Hat. J. T.. Blaokhall Castle. Ban- |
chorv.
1865.»Hat. Robert J. A.. Florem^e.
1895. Hkit«>n. .\ndrrw i;RANiiER, Ari'hitivt.
IVrth.
1 902. 1 1 EX OERsox . .\ D A M . M . .\ . . *J6 1'arnegie
Street, Dumfries.
1889.*Henderson, Jambs Stewart, 1 Pond
Street, Hampstead, London, N.W.
1886. Henry, David, Architect, Estherville,
Hepburn Gardens, St Andrews.
1901. Herribb, The Right Hon. Lord,
Everingham Park, York.
1891. Hbrries, Major Willlam D., yr. of
Spottes, Dalbeattie.
1897. Hewat, Rev. Rirkwood, M.A., North
Manse, Prestwick, Ayrshire.
1887. Hewison, Rev. J. Kino, M.A., D.D.,
The Manse, Rothesay.
1896. Hiooin, J, Walter, Benvoulin,
Oban.
1881. Hill, George W., 6 Princes Terrace,
Dowanhill, Glasgow.
1904. Holden, Lieut -Col. Robert Mac-
kenzie, 4th Bn. The Cameronians,
United Service Club, London.
1877.*Home-Drummond, Col. H. S., of Blair
Drummond, Stirling.
1874.*HopE, Henry W., of Luffness,
Aberlady.
1896. Horsburoh. Jambs, 21 Campden Hill
Gardens. Kensington, London.
1904. HoRTON - Smith, Lionel Graham
Horton, Barrister-at-Law, M.A.
Cambridge, Lieut I^ondon Scottish
R.V., f>3 Queen's Gardens, Lan-
caster Gate, and Athenseum Club,
Iiondon.
1901. HouLDswoRTH, Sir Wiluam Henry,
Bart., Coodham, Kilmarnock.
1892. Houston, Rev. A. M'Neill, M.A.,
B. D., The Manse, Auchterderran,
Canlenden, Fife.
1899. HowATT, Hexry R., Brantwocd,
Corrour Road. New lands, Glas-
gow.
1889.*Howdbx, Charles Pw A., Advocate,
25 Melville Street
1SS6. HowDEX, Johx M., C.A., 11 Eton
Terrace.
1861. 'Howe, Alexander, W.S., 17 Moray
Plaice.
1872.»HuxTER, Col. C. HruHi^*. Plas Ciich,
Llanfair P.G., .\nglesea.
1891. HrxTER, Kev. James. Fala Manse,
Blaokshiels.
XXIX
1808. Hunter, Thomas, W.S., Town Clerk
of Eilinburgh, Inverarbour, 54 Inver-
leith Place.
1882. HuTCHBSON, Alexander, Architect,
Herschel House, Broughty Ferry.
1895. Hutchison, James T., of Moreland, 12
Douglas Crescent.
1871. •Hutchison, John, R.S.A., 19 Manor
Place.
1899. IMRIE, Rev. David, St Andrew's U.F
Chnrcb, Dunfermline.
1891. iNous, Alkxander Wood, Secretary,
Board of Manufactures, 30 Aber-
cromby Place.
1904. Inolis, Francis Caird, Kock Houae,
Calton Hill.
1887. Inolis, Rev. W. Mason, M.A.,
Auchterhouse.
1901. Jackson, Richard C, c/o C. A.
Bradley, Esq.. 39 Garthland Drive,
GIa.sgow.
1871.*Jamik8()N, James Auldjo, W.S., 14
Buckingham Terrace.
1902.*Johnston, Alfred Wintle, Architect,
59 Oakley Street, Chelsea, London.
1892. Johnston, David, 24 Huutly Gardens,
Kelvinside, Glasgow.
1906. Johnston, C. N., K.C, Sheriff of
Inverness, Elgin, and Nairn, 4
Heriot Row.
1900. Johnston, William, C.B., M.D.,
Colonel (retired). Army Medical Staff,
of Newion Dee, Murtle.
1903. Johnstone, Rev. David, Minister of
Quarff, Shetland.
1892. Johnstone, Henrt, M.A. Oxon.
(Edinburgh Academy), 69 Northum-
berland Street.
1898. Jonas, Alfred Charles, Uch Cae,
Melfort Road. Thornton Heath,
Surrey.
1898. Kate, Walter Jknkinson, B.A.,
Pembroke College, Harrogate.
1870.*Keltie, John S., LL.D., Secretary,.
Royal Geogi-aphical Society. I St
John's Wood Park, I^ndon, N.W.
1880.*Kknnedt, John, M.A., 25 Abingdon
Street, Westminster.
1889.*Kerm()DE, Philip M. C, Advocate,
Claughbane, Ramsey, Isle of
Man.
1889. Kerr, Andrew William, Royal
Bank House, St Andrew Square.
1896. Kerr, Henry F., A.RI.B.A., 62
Hanover Street.
1905. Kerr, Robert, 17 Cornwall Street.
1878. King, Sir James, Bart., LL.D., 115-
Wellington Road, Glasgow.
1884. KiNLOCH, Sir John G. S., Bart.,
Kinloch House, Meit^le.
1892. Kinross, John, Architect, R.S.A.,
Seven Gables. 33 Mortonhall Road.
1900.*KiNT()RE, The Right Hon. The EarL
of, G.C.M.G., LL.D., Keith Hall,
Inverurie.
1896. KiRKPATRicK, John G., W.S., 32
Morningside Park, Edinburgh.
1906. Knowles, William Hknry, F.S.A.,
Little Bridge, Gosfortb, Newcastle-
on-Tyne.
1903. Laidlaw, Walter, Abbey Cottage,
Jedburgh.
1890. Laing, Jamks H. W., M.A., B.Sc,
. M.B.. CM., 9 Tay Square,
Dundee.
1899. Lamb, James, Leabrae, Inverary Ter-
race, Dundee.
1901. Laminoton, The Right Hon. Lord,
G.C.M.G.,Lamington House, Laming-
ton.
1901.*Lamont, Norman, M.P.. of Knockdow,
Toward, Argyleshire.
1900. Lang, Andrew, M.A.. LL.D..
D.C.L., 1 Marloes Road, Kensington^.
London.
1892.*Lano, James, 9 Crown Gardens,
Dowauhill, Glasgow.
Langwill, Robert B., 7 St Leonard's
Bank, Perth.
XXX
1882.*Leadbetter, Thomas Greknshirlds,
Architect, S win ton House, Cold-
stream.
1904. Leitch, Colin, Ardrishaig.
1884.*Lbnnox, Jambs, Eden Bank, Dum-
fries.
1857.*Le8lie, Charles Stephen, of
Balquhain, 11 Chanonry, Aber-
deen.
1902.*Levbson - GowER, F. S., M.P.,
Berkeley House, Berkeley Square,
Tendon.
1890. Lindsay, Leonard C, 23 Belgrave
Road, London.
1878. ♦Lindsay, Rev. Thomas M., D.D., Pro-
fessor of Divinity, U.F. Church Col-
lege, Glasgow.
1892. Linton, Simon, Oakwood, Selkirk.
1881.* Little, Robert, Ardenlea, North -
wood, Middlesex.
1898. Livingstone, Duncan Paul, New-
bank, Giflnock.
1901. Livingstonk, Matthew, 32 Hermi-
tage Gardens.
1904. Lockhart, Sir Simon Macdonald,
Bart, of Lee and Camwarth, The
Lee, Lanark.
1901. Loney, John W. M., 6 Carlton
Street.
1882. Lorimkr, George, Durrisdeer, Gils-
land Road.
1905. Low, Edward Bruce, M.A., B.L.,
S.S.C., 6 Gordon Terrace.
1899. Low, Rev. Gkoroe Duncan, M.A., 61
Morningside Drive.
1902. Low, George M., Actuary, 11 Moray
Place.
1903. Lowe, D F., M.A., LL.D., Head-
master, George Heriot's School,
Lauriston Place.
1904. LowsoN, George, LL.D., Rector of
the High School, 14 Park Place,
Stirling.
1873.*LuMSDKN, Lt.-Col. Henry Wiluam,
Langley Park, Montrose.
1878.*LuM8DEN, Hugh Gordon, of Clova,
Ltmisden. Aberdeenshire.
1880.*LuMSDBN, James, Arden House, Arden,
Dumbartonshire.
1905. LusK, David Colville, Southdean,
Colinton Road.
1906. Lyle, James, Waverley, Queen's
Crescent.
1893. Lynn, Francis, Livingstone Terrace,
Galashiels.
1892. Macadam, Joseph H., 38 Shoe Lane,
London,
1885. M'Bain, James M., Banker, Ar-
broath.
1893. MacBrayne, David, Auchintiel,
Helensburgh.
1904. MacBride, Mackenzie, Pleydell
House, Pleydell Court, Fleet Street,
London.
1904. Macdonald, Charles, Dunglas
Castle, Bowling.
1885. Macdonald, Coll Reginald, M.D.,
Ardantrae, Ayr.
1900. Macdonald, George, M.A., LL.D.,
17 North Learmonth Gardens, —
Curator of Coins,
1899. Macdonald, Jambs, 3 Dundas Street.
1879. Macdonald, James, W.S., 21 Thistle
Street.
1890. •Macdonald, John Matheson, 95
Harley Street, London, W,
1882. Macdonald, Kenneth, Town Clerk of
Inverness.
1890. Macdonald, William Rae, Neidpath,
Wester Coates Avenue.
1896. Macdougall, James Patten, C.B.,
Vice-President of the Local Govern-
ment Board for Scotland, 39 Heriot
Row, and Gallanach, Oban.
1872.*M'DowALL, Thomas W., M.D., East
Cottingwood, Morpeth.
1860. Macewen, John Cochrane, Trafford
Bank, Inverness.
1892. M'EWEN, Rev. John, Dyke, Forres.
1903. M'EWKN, W. C, M.A., W.S., 9
Douglas Crescent.
1899. Macfarlane-Grieve, W. A., M.A.
and S.C.L. Oxon., M.A. Cantab.,
Impington Park, Cambridgeshii-e.
1902. M'GiLCHRjsT, Charles R. B., 14
Westminster Road, Liscard, Cheshire.
XXXI
1S98. M'GiLLivRAT, Angus, CM., M.D.,
23 Tay Street, Dundee.
187& Macgillivray, William, W.S., 32
Charlotte Square.
1901. MacGrboor, Aiasdair R., of Mac-
gregor, Edinchip, Ijocheamhead.
1889. M«Hardy, Lt-Col. A. B., C.B.,
3 Ravelston Park, — Vice-Presi-
dent.
1906 M'lNNES, John A., M.A, F.KI.S.,
Laurelbank, Leven, Fife.
1898. Macintosh, Rev. Chaklks Douglas,
M.A., Minister of St Oran's Church,
Connel, Argyllshire.
1897.*Macintyrb, P. M., Advocate, 12 India
Street.
1876.»Mackay, ^nbas J. G., LL.D., K.C.,
7 Albyu Place.
1903. Mackay, Georok G., Ardlui, New
Brighton, Cheshire.
1890. Mackay, James, Seend Manor, Melks-
ham, Wilts.
1888. Mackay, J. F., W.S., Whitehouse,
Crainond Bridge, Midlothian.
1897. Mackay, John S., LL.D., 69 Nor-
thumberland Street.
1892. Mackay, Thomas A., 22 Clarence
Street.
1882. Mackay, William, Solicitor, Inver
ness.
1899. Mackenzie, Sir Alexander Muir,
Bart., of Delvine, Mnrthly.
1887. Mackenzie, David J., Sheriff-Substi
tute, Crookedholm House, Hurlford,
Ayrshire.
1906. Mackenzie, Evan N. Burton, yr.
of Kilcoy, Kilcoy Castle, Killeaman,
Ros8-shire.
1891.*Mackbnzie, Jambs, 2 Rillbank Cres
cent
1872.*Mackenzib, Rev. James B., Kenmore
Aberfeldy.
1900. Mackenzie, Sir Kenneth J., Bart.
King's and Lord Treasurer's Re
membrancer, 10 Moray Place.
1882. Mackenzie, R. W. R, Stormontfield;
Perth.
1870.*Mackbnzie, Thomas, Sheriff-Substi
tute, Tain.
1901. Mackenzie, William Cook, Lutha
Selbome Road, Sidcup, Kent.
1904. Mackenzie, W. M.. M.A.,7Dryburgh
Gardens, Kelvinside, Glangow.
1876. M'KiE, Thomas, Advocate, 30 Moray
Place.
1901. M'KiLLOP, Jamks. jun., Polmont
Park, Polmont
1888.*Mackinlay, J. M., M.A., The Lee,
18 Colinton Road, Merchiitton.
1893. Mackintosh, Willia.m Fyfe, Town
Chamberlain, 107 High St., Arbroath.
1878. Maclaqan, Robkrt Craig, M.D., 5
Coates Crescent.
1903. M'Lauchlan, Jambs J., F.F.A.,
19 Coates Gardens.
1896. MacLean, J. A., Union Bank House,
Forfar.
1903. M'Lean, Rev. John, Minister of
Grantiilly, Pitilie, Aberfeldy.
1885.*MacLehosk, James J., M.A., 61 St
Vincent Street, Glasgow.
1893. Macleod, John N., of Kintarbert,
Glensadell, Argyllshire.
1890. 'Macleod, Sir Reginald, K.C.B.,
Under-Secretary for Scotland, 50
Draycott Place, London, S.W
1889. MacLuckik, John Rkddoch, Braeside
Falkirk.
1875. Macmath, William, 16 St Andrew
Square.
1905 cmili^n, H. p.. Advocate, 12
Nelson Street.
1882. Macphail, Rev. J. C, D.D., Harlaw
Hill House, Preston pans.
1886. Macpherson, Archibald, Architect,
7 Young Street
1878. Macpherson, Norman, LL.D., 6
Buckingham Terrace.
1882.*MacRitchib, David, C.A., 4 Archi-
bald Place.
1896. Malloch, James, M.A., Dudhope
Villa, Dundee.
1899. Mann, John, C.A., Hillside, Bridge of
Weir.
1901. Mann, Ludovjc M'Lellan, Garth,
Bridge of Weir.
1906, Marshall, Hbnry B., of Rachan,
Broughton, Peeblesshire.
XXXll
1885. Marshall, William Hunter, of
Callander, Perthshire.
1891. Martin, Francis, 207 Bath Street,
Glasgow.
1902. Martin, F. J.. W.S., 17 Rothesay PI.
1861.*Marwick, Sir James David, LL.D.,
19 WootLnide Terrat^.e, Glasgow.
1886. Masson, David, LL.D., Historio-
grapher for Scotland, 2 Lockhartou
Ganlens.
1892. Matheson,' Augustus A., M.D., 41
George Square.
1884. Maxwell, Right Hon. Sir Hbrbkrt
ErsTACE, Bart., LL.D., of Monreith,
Wigtownshire, — Presidenf.
1892. •Maxwell, Sir John Stirling, Bart.,
of Pollok, PoUok House, PoUokshaws.
1887. •Maxwell, William, of Donavourd,
Pitlochry.
1904. May, Thomas, F.E.I.S., Lonniay,
Lower Walton, Warrington.
1887. Mbldrum, Rev. A., M.A., Ix>gierait,
Ballinluig.
1901. Mknmuir, Charles. M.A., Rutherford
College, Newcastle-ou-Tyne.
1900. Menzies, W. D. G., of Pitcur, Hally-
burton House, Con par Angus.
1878. Mercer, Major William Lindsay, of
Huntingtower, Perth.
1885. Metcalfe. Rev. W. M., D.D., South
Manse, Paisley.
1882. Millar, Alexander H., Rosslynn
House, Clepington Road, Dundee.
1876. Millar, William White, S.S.C,
Dunesk, I^sswade, and 16 Regent
Temice.
1896. Miller, Alexander C, M.D., Craig
Linnhe, Fort- William.
1898. Miller, Rev. Edward, M.A., The
Manse, Bishopton, Renfrewshire.
1878.*MiLLER, George Anderson, W.S.,
Knowehead, Perth.
1904. Miller, John Charles, Agent, Com-
mercial Bank, 133 West George
Street, Glasgow.
1906. Mitchell, Rev. Canon Anthony,
M.A., B. D., Principal of the Theologi-
cal College of the Episcopal Church
in Scotland, Coates Hall, Etlinburgh.
1867. •Mitchell, Sir Arthur, K.C.B.. M.D.,.
LL.D., 34 Drummond Place.
1888. Mitchell, Ch arises, C.E., 23 HiU
Street.
1884. Mitchell, Hugh, Solicitor, Pit-
lochry.
1903. Mitchell, Jambs, 14 Knowe Terrace,.
Pollokshields, Glasgow.
1886. •Mitch ELL, Richard Blunt, of Pol-
mood, 17 Regent Terrace.
1890.*MiTCHKLL, Sydney, Architect, 84
Drummond Place.
1882.^Mitchell-Thomson, Sir Mitchell^
Bart., 6 Charlotte Square.
1906. Modi, Dr R M., Sleater Road, Bom-
bay, India.
1903. Moray, Anna, Countess Dowager
of, Tarbat House. Kildary, Ross-
shire.
1882. Morris, James Archibald, Architect,
Wellington Chambers, Ayr.
1882. Morrison, Hew, LL.D., Librarian,
Edinburgh Public Library.
1887.^M()UBRAY, John J., Nnemoor, Rum-
bling Bridge.
1904. MouNSKY, J. L., W.S., Professor of
Conveyancing, University of Edin-
burgh, 24 Glencaifn Crescent.
1897. MoxoN, Charles, 77 George
Street.
1889. Muirhbad, Gkorge, F.R.S.R, Com-
missioner for the Duke of Rich-
mond and Gordon, Si)eybank,
Fochabers.
1891. MuNRO, Alexander M., Accountant,
Town House, Aberdeen.
1899. MuNRo - Ferguson, Ronald Ceau-
FURD, of Novar, M.P., Railh,
Kirkcaldy.
1897. MuNRO, John, J. P., Dun Righ,
Oban.
1879.»MuNRO, Robert, M.A., M.D., LL.D.,
Elmbank, Largs, Ayrshire.
1890.^MuNRo, Rev. W. M., Edgecliffe East,
St Andrews.
1906. Murray, Andrew Edward, W.S.,
7 Eton Terrace.
1878.^Murray, David, M.A., LL.D., 169
West George Street, Gla.Hgow.
XXXIU
1899. Murray, John Lamb, of Heavyside,
1887. Murray, Sir John, K.C.B., LL-D.,
D.C.L., Challenger Lodge, Wardie.
1884. Murray, Patrick, W.S., 7 Eton
Terrace.
1905. Murray, P. Keith, W.S., 12 Lennox
Street.
1905.*Nai8MITH, William W., C.A., 57
Hamilton Drive, Glasgow.
1896. Napier, Theodore, 7 West Castle
Road, Merchiston.
1891.*Nbil80N, George, LL.D., Pitlochie,
11 AnnUeld Terrace, Partick Hill,
Glasgow.
1905. Neibh, Willlam, of The Laws, Kin-
gennie, Dundee.
1900. Newlandb, Right Hon. Lord, Mauldslie
Castle, Carluke.
1905. Nkwlands, Gustav A. V., 27 Great
King Street.
1887. Newton, R. N. H., 3 Eglinton Cres.
1889. Nicholson, J. Shield, M.A., D.Sc,
Professor of Political Economy, &c.,
3 Belford Park.
1895. Nisbktt, Hamilton More, The Drum,
Greenend, Mid- Lothian.
1877.*NivBN, Alexander T., C.A., 28Foun-
tainhall Road.
1895. Nixon, William, Solicitor, 10 White-
hall Street, Dundee.
1891. Noble, Robert, Heronhill, Hawick.
1905. NoRRiE, James A., Craigtay, Ferry
Road, Dundee.
1898. Notman, John, F.F.A., 176Newhaven
Road, — Treasurer.
1890. Ogilvy, Henry J. Nisbet-Hamilton,
Biel, Prestonkirk.
1904. Oldrieve, W. T., Principal Architect
for Scotland, H.M. Office of Works,
11 Merchiston Gardens.
1896. Ormond, Rev. David D., Minister of
Craig's U.F. Church, Stirling.
VOL. XL.
1901. OwER, Charles, Architect, Benora,
Broughty Ferry.
1904. Panter, Rev. Charles Richard,
M.A., LL.D., Wickhamptou Rectory,
Acle, Norfolk.
1903. Park, Alexander, Ingleside,
Lenzie.
1906. Paterson, Miss Octavia G. , Ashmore,
Helensburgh.
1898. Paton, Robert, City Chamberlain,
19 Regent Terrace.
1891. Pat<w, Victor Albert Noel, W.S.,
31 Melville Street.
1880. Patterson, Jambs K., Ph.D., LL.D.,
Pi*esident of the State College of
Kentucky, Lexington, U.S. A.
1871.*Paul, George M., W.S., 16 St
Andrew Square.
1879. Paul, Sir J. Balfour, Advocate,
Lyon King-of-Arms, 30 Heriot
Row.
1882. Paul, Rev. Robert, The West Manse,
Dollar.
1902.*Paulin, David, F.F.A., 6 Forres
Street.
1874.*Paxton, William, 62 Fountainhall
Road.
1891. Peace, Thomas Smith, Architect,
King Street, Kirkwall.
1904. Peddie, Alexander L. Dick, W.S.,
7 Randolph Cliif.
1879. Peddie, J. M. Dick, Architect, 8 Albyn
Place.
1904. Pentin, Rev. Herbert, M.A., Milton
Abbey, Dorset.
1900. Philups, W. Richard, Architect,
Westbourne Lodge, Goldhawk Road,
Ravenscourt Park, London.
1892. PiLLANS, Huuh Handtsidk, Royal
Bank, Hunter Square.
1885.*Pirrib, Robert, 9 Buckingham Ter-
race, Hillhead, Glasgow.
1905. PoRTEOUS, William Sherer, 3 Priest-
field Road.
1901. 'Portland, His Grace The Duke of,
K.G., Welbeck Abbey, Notts.
C
XXXIV
1905. Prick, C. Rebs, 163 Bath Street, Glas-
gow.
1900. Primrose, Rev. James, M.A., 27
Onslow Drive, Glasgow.
1865.*Raint, Rev. Robert, D.D., Principal
and Professor of Theology and Church
History, U.F.C. College, Edinburgh,
8 Rosebery Crescent.
1906. Rait, Robert Sangstkr, Fellow of
New College, Oxford.
1873.*Rampini, Charles, LL.D., Bumside,
Torquay Road, Paignton, S. Devon.
1891. Ramsay, William, of Rowland,
Stow.
1903. Rankin, Hugh F., Principal of the
Anglo-Chinese College, Amoy.
1879. Rankine, John, K.C, M.A.. LL.D.,
Professor of Scots Law, University
of Edinburgh, 23 Ainslie Place.
1899. Re A, Alexander, B.A., B.L.,
M.R.A.S., Superintendent of the
Archaeological Survey of South India,
Madras.
1901. Reid, Alan, F.E.I.S., The Loaning,
Merchistoii Bank Gardens.
1888.*Reid, Sir George, R.S.A., LL.D.,
22 Royal Terrace.
1898. Reid, James Robert, 11 Magdala
Crescent,
1897. Reid, Rev. Edward T. S., M.A., The
Rectory, Hawick.
1905. Reid, William, 2 Bellefield Avenue,
Magdalen Green, Dundee.
1891. Rhind, W. Birnie, R.S.A., Sculp-
tor, St Helen's, Cambridge Street.
1880. Richardson, Adam B.,32 Palace Man-
sions, Kensington, London. W.
1896. Richardson, Ralph, W.S., 10 Mag-
dala Place.
1905. RiDGWAY, Montagu Leighton,
Architect, Hyrstcote, Dewsbury.
1886.*RiTCHiE, Charles, S.S.C, 20 Hill
Street.
1902. Ritchie, G. Deans, Chapelgill,
Broughton, Peeblesshire.
1902. Rivett-Carnac, Col. J. H., Chateau
de Rougemont, Switzerland.
1898. Roberts, Alexander F., Thomfield,
Selkirk.
1905. Roberts, John, C.M.G., Littleboume
House, Dunedin, New Zealand.
1901. •Roberts, Thomas J. S., of Dry grange,
Melrose.
1879. Robertson, George, Keeper of the
Abbey, Dunfermline.
1903. Robertson, Rev. John M., D.D.,
Minister of St Ninians, Stirling.
1886.*RoBERT80N, ROBERT, Huutly House,
Dollar.
1889. Robertson, Thomas S., Architect,
Balmyle, Broughty Ferry.
1905. Robertson, W. G. Aitchison,
M.D.. D.Sc., F.R.C.P.E.,26 Minto
Street.
1879.*Robertson, W. W., Architect, Wardie
Bank, Boswell Road.
1880.*Robson, William, S.S.C., Marchholm,
Gillsland Road.
1871.*RoLLO, The Right Hon. Lord, Duncrub
House, Dunning.
1905. ROLLO; James A., Solicitor, Argyle
House, Maryfield, Dundee.
1872. ♦Rosebery, The Right Hon. The Earl
of, K.G., K.T., LL.D., Dalraeny
Park.
1876. Ross, Alexander, LL.D., Architect,
Queensgate Chambers, Inverness.
1 881 . Ross, Joseph Carne, M . D. , 1 9 Palatine
Road, Withington, Manchester.
1891. Ross, Thomas, Architect, 14 Saxe-
Coburg Place.
1906. Russell, Rev. James C, D.D., 9
Coates Gardens.
1903.*Sayce, Rev. A. H., M. A., LL.D., D.D.,
Professor of Assyriology, Oxford, 8
Chalmers Crescent, Edinbui^gh,—
Foreign Secretary.
1901. Scott, J. H. F. Kinnaird, of Gala,
Gala House, Galashiels.
1892. Scott, James, J. P., Rock Knowe,
Tayport.
1904. Scott, Rev. James Hay, The North
Manse, Sanquhar.
1903. Scott, John, W.S., 13 Hill Street.
XXXV
1900. Scott, Rev. Robert, M.A., Minister
of Craig, Montrose.
1898. Scott-Hall, Rev. W. K, Oriel Col-
lege, Oxford, and Pl&s Llanfaelog,
Anglesea.
1893. Scott - Moncrieff, Sir Colin, 11
Cheyne Walk, Chelsea, London.
1893. SCOTT-MONCRIBFF, David, W.S., 24
George Square.
1889. Scott- MoNCRiBFF, W. G., SherifiF-
Substitute, Edgemoor, Lanark.
1848.*SiTON, George, M.A., Advocate,
Ay ton House, Abemethy, Perth-
shire.
1892. Shiells, Henry K., C.A., 141 George
Street.
1897. Shiells, Robert, Banker, Neenah,
Wisconsin, U.S.A.
1871.*SiMPSON, Alex. R., M.D., LL,D., 52
Queen Street.
1890. Simpson, H. F. Morland, M.A., Rector
of the Grammar School, 80 Hamilton
Place, Aberdeen.
1880. ♦Simpson, Robert R., W.S., 23 Douglas
Crescent.
1904. Smeaton, Oliphant, 37 Mansion-
house Road.
1898. Smelue, Thomas, Architect, Grange
Place, Kilmarnock.
1902. Smith, A. Duncan, Advocate, 27
India Street.
1898. Smith, David Crawford, 19 Queen
Street, Perth.
1892. Smith, G. Gregory, Professor of
English Literature, Queen's College,
Belfast.
1893. Smith, George, S.S.C, 21 St Andrew
Sqoare.
1898. Smith, Rev. Jamss, M.A., B.D.,
Minister of St George's-in-the-West,
13 Albert Street, Aberdeen.
1874.»Smitu, J. Irvine, 20 Great King
Street.
1901. Smith, Mrs Lucy M., 6 Damaway
Street.
1889. Smith, Robert, Solicitor, 9 Ward
Road, Dundee.
1902. Smith, Willlam B., 34 Buchanan
Street, Gla^ow.
1902. Smith, W. C, M.A., LL.B., K.C.,
6 Damaway Street.
1892.*Smythe, Colonel David M., Methven
Castle, Perth.
1892. Somerville, Rev. J. E., B.D., Villa
Jeanne, Mentone, France.
1890.*Spence, Charles James, South
Preston Lodge, North Shields.
1882. Spraoue, Thomas B., M.A., LL.D.,
29 Buckingham Terrace.
1903. Stauk, Rev. Wiluam A., Minister of
Kirkpatrick-Durhain, Dalbeattie.
1876. Starke, James G. H., M. A., Advocate,
Troqueer Holm, Dumfries.
1904. Stkel, Rev. James, D.D., Vicar of
Howorth, Newcastle-on-Tyne.
1891. Steele, William, Inland Revenue
Office, Kelso.
1901. Sti.:uart, A. Francis, Advocate, 79
Great King Street.
1902. Steuart, James, W.S., 10 Rothesay
Terrace.
1895. Stevenson, John Horne, M. A., Advo-
cate, 9 Oxford Terrace.
1867.*Stevenson, John J., Architect, 4
Porcliester Gardens, London, W.
1904. Stevenson, Major-General T. R.. C.B.,
of Sunnyside, Lanark.
1887. Stevenson, Rev. W., M.A., The
Manse, Achtertool, Kirkcaldy.
1879. Stewart, Charles Poyntz, Chesfield
Park, Stevenc^e.
1901. Stewart, Sir Hugh Shaw, Bart.,
Ardgowan, Greenock.
1871. •Stewart, Maj.-Gen. J. H. M. Shaw,
R.E., 7 Inverness Terrace, Lon-
don, W.
1901. Stew^art, Sir Mark J. M'Taogart,
Bart., Ardwell, Stranraer.
1885. Stewart, Robert King, Murdostoun
Castle, Newmains, Lanarkshire.
1894. Stewart. Walter, 3 Queensferry
Gardens.
1903. Stirling-Cookson, C. L., of Renton
House, Berwickshire.
1882. Story, Rev. R. Herbert, D.D.,LL.D.,
Principal of the University, Glasgow.
1897. Strachan, Rev. James M., B.D.,
Kilspindie Manse, Errol.
XXXVl
1903.*Strathcona and Mount Rotal, The
Right Hon. Lord, G.C.M.G., 28
Grosvenor Square, London, and
Invercoe, Argyleshire,
1889. STBATH3RN, ROBEUT, W.S., 13 Eglin-
ton Crescent.
1894.*Stuart, Alex., 5 Clieaham Street,
London, S.W.
1904. Stuart, Rev. John, B.D., Kirkton,
Hawick.
1895. Stuart-Gray, The Hon. Morton
Gray, Gray House, Dundee.
1897. SuLLBY, Philip, Bellbrae, Cupar-Fife.
l899.*SnTHERLAND, ROBERT M., Solsgirth,
Dollar.
1887. Sutherland, J. B., S.S.G., 10 Royal
Terrace.
1897. SuTTiE, George C.,of Lalathan, Lala-
than Lodge, St Cyrus, by Montrose.
1884. Swallow, Rev. H. J., M.A., Haw-
thonie Rectory, Sunderland.
1900. SwiNTON, Capt. George S. C, 36
Pont Street, London.
1899. Sylvester, Rev. Walter, St Mary's,
Bayswater, London, W.
1904. Taylor, James B., Sherfield Manor,
Basingstoke, Herts.
1892.*Taylor, J. Pringle, W.S., 19 Young
Street.
1900. Taylor, W. Lawrence, Broad Street,
Peterhead.
1901. Taylor, Rev. William, M. A., Minister
of Melville Parish, Montrose.
1896. Thin, James, 22 Lauder Road.
1902. Thin, Robert. M.A., M.B., CM., 38
Albany Street.
1905. Thirkell, Robert A, C, Roope
Street, New Town, Tasmania.
1900. Thomson, Andrew, Glendinning Ter-
race, Galashiels.
1894. Thomson, Edward Douglas, Chief
Clerk, General Post Office, 7 Walker
Street
1896. Thomson, J. Maitland, LL.D.,
Advocate, Curator of the Historical
Department H.M. General Register
House, 3 (irosvenor Gartlens, —
Foreign Secretary,
1898. Thorburn, Michael Grieve, of
Glenormiston, Innerleithen.
1898. Tough, William, M.A., Belle vue,
Bamton Gardens, Davidson's Mains.
1902. Traill, Henry Lionel Norton,
Lieut. Highland Light Infantry.
Donaghmore House, Ballybroghy,
Queen's County, Ireland.
1877. TUKE, Sir John Batty, M.D., LL.D.,
M.P., 20 Charlotte Square.
1899. Tulloch, Major-Gen. Sir Alexander
Bruce, K.C.B., C.M.G., Llanwysk,
Crickhowell, S. Wales.
1887.*TnRNBULL, William J., 16 Grange
Terrace.
1901. TuRNBULL, W. S., Aikenshaw, Rose-
neath.
1865.*TURNER, Sir William, K.C.B., M.B.,
LL.D., D.C.L., Principal of the
University of Edinburgh, 6 Eton
Terrace.
1881. TwEEDDALE, The Most Honourable The
Marquess of, K.T., Yester House,
Haddington.
1901.*TwBEDMOUTH, The Right Hon. Lord,
Hutton Castle, Berwick-on-Tweed.
1878.*Urquhart, Jambs, H.M. Register
House.
1905.*U8HKR, Sir Robert, of Norton and
Wells. Bart., 37 Drumsheugh
Gardens.
1882.*U8her, Rev. W. Neville, Wellingore
Vicarage, Lincoln.
1895. Vallance, David J., Curator, Royal
Scottish Museum, Chambers Street.
1862.*Veitch, George Seton, Friarshall,
Paisley.
1904. Waddell, James Alexander, of Lead-
loch, 12 Kew Terrace, Glasgow.
1884. Walker, R. C, S.S.C, Wingate Place,
Newport, Fife.
1879. Wallace, Thomas, Rector of High
School, Inverness."
XXXVll
1876. Watebston, Gboroe, 10 Claremont
Crescent.
1904. Watuno, H. Steward, Architect,
Kings way House, Dovercourt, Essex.
1891.»Wat8«)N, Rev. Albxandek Ddfk, B.D.,
U.F.C. Manse, Bourtreebush, Stone-
haven.
1904. Watson, John, Architect, 24 Castle
Street.
1895.*Watson, Robert F., Briery Yards,
Hawick.
1904. Watson, Walter Crdm, B.A. Oxon.,
50 Queen Street.
1893. Watson, William, Dep. -Surgeon-
General, The Lea, Corstorphine.
1887. Watt, James Crabb, K.C, 46 Heriot
Row.
1879. Weuderburn, J. R. M., M.A., W.S.,
3 Glencaim Crescent
1904. Wedgwood, James Ingall, 36 Lord
Mayor's Walk, York.
1877. Welsh, John, Moredun, Liberton.
1872.*Wemy8S and March, The Right Hon.
The Earl of, LI^D., Gasfonl, Long-
niddry.
1884. White, Cecil, 23 Drummond Place.
1904. White, James, St Winniu's, Bearsden,
Dumbartonshire.
1869.*White, Col. Thomas Pilkinqton,
R.R, 3 Hesketh Crescent, Tor-
quay.
1903. Whitelaw, Alexander, of Gartshore,
Kirkintilloch.
1902. Whitelaw, Charles Edward, Archi-
tect, 219 St Vincent Street, Glasgow.
1885. Whitelaw, David, 38 Northumber-
land Street.
1894. Williams, Frederick Bkssant, 3
Essex Grove, Upi)er Norwood, Lon-
don, S.E.
1895. WiLUAMS, Rev. George, Minister of
Norrieston U.F. Church, Thomhill,
Stirling.
1897. Williams, Harry M., Tilehurst,
Priory Park, Kew, Surrey.
1884. Williamson, Rev. Alexander, D.D.,
39 Lauder Road.
1888. Wilson, Rev. Canon W. Hat, The
Parsonage, Dingwall.
1892.*WoRDiE, John, 42 Montgomery Drive,
Glasgow.
1903. Wright, Rev. Frederick G., Chap-
lain to the Forces, Royal Victoria
Hospital, Netley.
1889. Young, Hugh W., of Burghead,
Friars House, Elgin.
1905. Young, Robert, 89 Leamington Ter-
race.
1891. Young, William Laurence, Belvi-
dere, Auchterarder.
LIST OF THE CORRESPONDING MEMBERS
SOCIKTY OF ANTIQUARIES OF SCOTLAND.
(Elected since 1851.)
1874.* Anderson, John, M.D., Curator of
the Imperial Museum, Calcutta.
1866. Anderson, Joseph, Wick.
1876. Arnold, Thomas, Architect, London.
1865. ♦Barnwell, Rev. Edward L., Ruthin,
Wales.
1865. Bell, Allan, of Abbot's Haugh.
1853.tBRUCE, Rev. John Collingwood,
M.A.
1900. Buchanan, Mungo, Falkirk.
1873.tBUGOK, SoPHUS, Prof, of Icelandic,
Royal University of Christiania.
1870. Carmichael, Alexander A., Loch-
maddy. South Uist.
1875. Cleuiziou, M. Henri du. Commis-
sioner for Public Monuments, Paris.
1892. Coles, Frederick R., Tongland,
Kirkcudbright.
1868. Cooke, Edward William, R.A.,
London.
1857. Curry, Eugknk, M.R.I.A., Dublin.
1874. Daloarno, James, Slains, Aberdeen-
shire.
1888. Delorme, M. Emmanuel, Secretary of
the Chamber of Commerce, Toulouse.
1864. ♦Dickson, Robert, L.RC.S.E., Car-
noustie.
1901.^Eelks, F. C, Munross, Stonehaven.
1851. Fenwick, John, Newcastle.
* Those marked with an asterisk
t These were subsequently made
1878. FiNDLAY, Col. the Hon. J. B., LL.D..
D.C.L., Kittanning, Pennsylvania.
1892. Flavy, C. Barrikre, Avocat,
Toulouse.
1851. French, Gilbert J., Bolton.
1877. Galloway, Wjluam, Architect.
1864. Gauchard, M. Louis Prosper,
Keeper of the Belgian Archives.
1873. Geekie, a. C, D.D., Bathurst, New
South Wales.
1864. Gerger^s, M. J. B., Keeper of the
Library, Bordeaux.
1875. Gillespie, Rev. Jambs E., Kirkgun
zeon.
1865.tGREENWELL, Rev. Canon W., Durham.
1866. Grierson. Thomas B., Surgeon,
Thornhill, Dumfriesshire.
1864. Hagbmans, Gustavk, Brussels.
1889. Hairby, Captain Edward, F.R.C.S.
1876. *Hay, Oborgb, Arbroath.
1867. Hirbst, Archivary, Copenhagen.
1865.^Irvinb, James T., Architect.
1855. Jkrvise, Andrew, Brechin.
1860. Keli.kr, Dr Ferdinand, Zurich.
1859. Klemming, G. R., Stockholm.
1877. Laing, Henry, Seal Engraver.
1889. Landsborouoh, Rev. David, LL.D.,
Minister of Henderson U. F. Church,
Kilmarnock.
subsequently became Fellows.
Honorary Members.
1859. Lappenbbro, Dr J. M., Hamburg.
1877. Laurexson, Arthur, Lerwick.
1867. Lawson, Rev. Alexander, Creich,
Fifeshire.
1861. Lk Men, M., An:hiviHte dii D^parte-
ment, Quiniper, Finistere.
1864. LouiMER. Prof. Peter, D.D., London.
1877. Lyon, D. Murray, Ayr.
1904. Mackib, Alexander. Abernetby.
1890.*M'Lean, Rev. John, (Jrandtully,
Aberfeldy.
1897. Macnauohton, Dr Allan, Taynuilt.
1879. Maillard, M. L'Abb^, Thorigne,
Mayenne, Francf^.
1867. Mapleton. Rev. R. J., M.A., Kil-
martin, Argyleshire.
1876. Mathewson, Allan, Dundee.
1872. Michie, Rev. J. G., A.M., Migvie,
Aberdeenshire.
1866. Miller, David, Arbroath.
1861 .•Mitchell, Arthur, M.D., Deputy-
Oommissioner in Lunacy.
1871. Morrison, Rev. James, Urquhart,
Elginshire.
' 1885. Mousing, Carlos Alberto, C.E.,
Rio de Janeiro.
1863. Nichols, John Gough, London.
1865. Nicholson, Jambs, Kirkcudbright.
1903. Ritchie, James. The Schoolhouse,
Port £lphinstone, Inverurie.
1871. Russell, Rev. James, Walls, Shetland.
1873.tRTGH, Olap, Prof, oflcelandic. Royal
University of Christian ia.
1873. Save, Dr Carl, Prof, of Icelandic in
the University of Upsala.
1852. Scott. Allan N., Lieut., Madras
Artillery.
1872. Shbarer, Robert Innes, Thrumster,
Caithness.
1906. Sinclair, John, St Ann's, 7 Queen's
Crescent, Edinburgh.
1858. Smiles, John Finch, M.D.
1892. Sutherland, Dr A., Invergorden.
1860. Tait, George, Alnwick.
1885. Temple. Charles S.. Cloister Seat,
Udny, Aberdeenshire.
1874. Thomson, Robert. Shuna. Easdale,
Argyll.
1868.*Traill, Wiluam, M.D., St
Andrews.
1863. Troyon, M. Frbd^ric, Lausanne.
18.^7. Walker, Rev. Henry, Urquhart,
Elgin.
1888. Watt, W. G. T., of Breckness,
Orkney.
1864. Watts, Thomas, British Museum,
London.
1865. Weale, W. H. James, of Bruges.
1857. Wilde, W. R., Royal Irish Academy,
Dublin.
1872. Wilson, Rev. George, F.C. Manse,
Glenluce, Wigtownshire.
1888. Wright, Rev. Alban H., Prof.,
Codrington College, Barbadoes.
LIST OF HONORARY MEMBERS
OF THB
SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF SCOTLAND,
NOVEMBER 30, 1906.
[Accmding to the Laws, the number is limited to twenty-five.]
1874.
The Right Hon. Lord Avebury, LL.D., D.C.L., High Elms, Famborough,
Kent.
Sir John Evans, K.C.B., D.C.L., LL.D., &c., Britwell, Berkhamsted,
Herts.
1879.
Rev. Canon William Greenwell, M.A., D.C.L., Durham.
1886.
Dr HaN8 Hildebrand, Royal Antiquary of Sweden.
5 Dr Ernest Chantre, The Museum, Lyons.
1892.
Whitley Stokes, LL.D., C.S.I., 15 Grenville Place, Cornwall Gardens,
London.
xlii
1892.
Professor Luioi Piqorini, Director of the Royal Archaeological Museum,
Rome.
Dr Henry C. Lea, 2()00 Walnut Street, Philadelphia.
1897.
W. M. Flinders Petrie, D.C.L., LL.D., Edwards Professor of Egyptology
in University College, London.
10 John Rhts, M.A., LL.D., Professor of Celtic, and Principal of Jesus
College, Oxford.
Sir Francis Tress Barry, Bart, M.P., St Leonard's Hill, Windsor, and
Keiss Castle, Keiss, Caithness.
Dr SoPHUS MuLLER, Secretary of the Royal Society of Northern Anti-
quaries, and Director of the National Museum, Copenhagen.
Dr Oscar Montelius, Professor at the National Museum, Stockholm.
1900.
Emile Cartailhag, 5 Rue de la Chaine, Toulouse.
15 F. Havbrfield, M.A., LL.D., Christ Church, Oxford.
J. RoMiLLY Allen, 28 Great Ormond Street, London.
Rev. S. Baring Gould, Lew Trenchard, North Devon.
Robert Burnard, Huccaby House, Princetown, S. Devon.
Charles W. Dymond, The Castle, Sawrey S.O., Lancashire.
LIST OF THE LADY ASSOCIATES
OF THE
SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF SCOTLAND,
NOVEMBER 30, 1906.
[According to the Laws, the number is limited to twenty-five.]
1873.
The Baroness Burdett Coutts.
1874.
The Dowager Lady Dunbar of Northfield, Duffus House, Elgin.
1888.
The Right Hon. The Countess of Selkirk.
189<).
Mrs P. H. Chalmers of Avochie.
1894.
5 Miss Emma Swann, Walton Manor, Oxford.
xliv
1895.
Miss H. J. M. Russell of Ashiestiel, Galashiels.
Miss Amy Frances Yule of Tarradale, Ross-shire.
1900.
Miss M. A. Murray, Edwards Library, University College, London.
9 Mrs E. S. Armitaoe, Westholm, Rawdon, Leeds.
LIST OF SOCIETIES, INSTITUTIONS, &c.,
EXCHANGING PUBLICATIONS.
The Society of Antiquaries of London.
The Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland.
The Cambrian Archaeological Association.
The Royal Archaeological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland.
The British Archaeological Association.
The Society of Architects, London.
The Architectural, Archaeological, and Historic Society of Chester.
The Derbyshire Archaeological and Natural History Association.
The Essex Archaeological Society.
The Kent Archaeological Society.
The Historic Society of Lancashire and Cheshire, Liverpool,
The Chester Archaeological and Historic Society, Chester.
The Architectural Society of the Counties of Lincoln and J Nottingham and
Associated Societies.
The Society of Antiquaries of Newcastle-upon-Tyne.
The Somersetshire Archaeological and Natural History Society.
The Surrey Archaeological Society.
The Sussex Archaeological Society.
The Qeological Society of Edinburgh.
The Berwickshire Naturalists' Club.
The Anthropological Institute, London.
The Wiltshire Archaeological Society.
The Royal Irish Academy.
The Bristol and Qloucestershire Archaeological Society.
The Numismatic Society, London.
The Shropshire Archaeological Society.
xlvi
The Dumfriesshire Natural History and Antiquarian Society.
The Edinburgh Architectural Association.
The New Spalding Club, Aberdeen.
The Cambridge Antiquarian Society.
The Royal Historical Society, London.
The Literary and Scientific Society, The Museum, Elgin.
The Yorkshire Archaeological Society, Leeds.
The Perthshire Natural History Society, Perth.
The Thoresby Society, Leeds.
The Buchan Field Club, Peterhead.
The Viking Club, London.
The Glasgow Archaeological Society.
Foreign Societies, &c.
The Royal Society of Northern Antiquaries, Copenhagen.
La Soci^t^ Nationale des Antiquaires de France, Paris.
Antiquarische Gesellschaft, Zurich.
Verein von Alterthumsfreimde im Rheinlande, Bonn.
The Smithsonian Institution, Washington, U.S.A.
The Canadian Institute, Toronto.
The Museum, Bergen.
Foreningen til Norske Fortidsmindesnierkers Bevaring, Christian la.
The Royal Academy of History and Antiquities, Stockholm.
The Bureau of Ethnology, Washington.
The Peabody Museum, Cambridge, Mass., U.S.A.
Gesellschaft fiir Niitzliche Forschungen, Trier.
Physic-CEkonomische Gesellschaft, Konigsberg.
Berliner Gesellschaft fiir Anthropologic, Berlin.
Anthropologische Gesellschaft, Wien.
Soci^t^ d*Arch^ologie de Bruxelles, Belgium.
Soci^t^ des Bollandists, Bruxelles.
UEcole d' Anthropologic, Paris.
Soci^t^ Arch^ologique de Namur, Namur.
Reale Accademia dei Lincei, Rome.
xlvii
Der Alterthunisgesellschaft Prussia, Konigsberg.
Centralblatt fiir Anthropologie, Stettin.
Soci^t4 Arch^ologique du Midi de la France, Toulouse.
L' Academic des Inscriptions et Belles Lettres, Paris.
La Commissione Archeologica Communale di Roma.
La Soci6te D'Anthropologie de Paris.
La Mus^e Guimet, Paris.
La Society Arch^ologique du Department de Constautine, Algeria.
National Museum of Croatia, Zagreb, Austria-Hungary.
The Bosniflch-Herzegovinisch Landes-Museum, Sarajevo, Bosnia.
Bureau des Schweizerisclies Landes-Museum, Zurich.
Nordiska Museet^ Stockholm.
Museum of Northern Antiquities, The University, Christiania.
The Royal Bohemian Museum, Prague, Austria.
Societa Romana di Antropologia, Rome.
La Societe d*Histoire et d'Archdologie de Gaud, Belgium.
Kongelige Norske Videnskabers Selskab, Throndheim, Norway.
Historische und Antiquarische Gesellschaf t in Basel, Germany.
La Society Finlaudaise d'Archeologie, Helsingfors, Finland.
La Societe d'Anthropologie de Lyon, France.
La Societe des Antiquaires de TOuest, Poitiers, France.
Der Historischer Verein fiir Niedersachsen, Hanover, Germany.
Goteborg och Bohusliins Fornminnesforeninj^, Stadsbiblioteket, Goteborg.
The Archaeological Survey of India, Simla.
Verein fiir Nassauische Alterthumskunde, Wiesbaden, Germany.
The Provincial Museum, Toronto, Canada.
From the Publishers.
The Antiquary (Elliot Stock), London.
The Reliquary and Illustrated Archaologist (Bemrose & Sons), London.
Poriugalia^ Oporto, Portugal.
xlviii
Libraries, British.
Edinburgh Public Library, George IV. Bridge.
Scottish National Portrait Gallery Library.
Glasgow University Library.
Edinburgh University Library.
Aberdeen University Library.
St Andrews University Library.
The United Free Church College Library, Edinburgh.
The Signet Library, Edinburgh.
The Advocates Library, Edinburgh.
The British Museum Library, London.
The Bodleian Library, Oxford.
The University Library, Cambridge.
Trinity College Library, Dublin.
The Royal Library, Windsor.
The Liverpool Free Library, Liverpool.
The Athenaium Club Library, London.
The Ordnance Survey Library, Southampton.
Chetham*s Library, Manchester.
The Library of the Public Record Office, London.
The Library, Victoria and Albert Museum, London
Libraries, Foreign
The University Library, Christiania, Norway.
The University Library, Upsala, Sweden.
The Royal Library, Stockholm, Sweden.
The University Library, Kiel, Germany.
The University Library, Leipsic, Germany.
The Royal Library, Dresden, Germany.
The Royal Library, Berlin, Prussia.
The Imperial Library, Vienna, Austria.
The National Library, Paris, France.
The Public Library, Hamburg, Germany.
The University Library, Gottingen, Germany.
The Royal Library, Munich, Bavaria.
The Royal Library, Copenhagen, Denmark.
PEOCEEDINGS
SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF SCOTLAND.
HUNDRED AND TWENTY-SIXTH SESSION, 1905-1906.
Anniversary Meeting, 'SOth November 1905.
The Eight Hon. Sir HERBERT MAXWELL, Bart., LL.D., M.P.,
President, in the Chair.
Sir James Balfour Paul and George Neilson, LL.D., were appointed
Scrutineers of the Ballot for the election of Office-Bearcrs and Councillors.
The Ballot having heen concluded, the Scrutineers found and declared
the List of the Council for the ensuing year to he as follows : —
President.
The Right Hox. Sir Herbert E. Maxwell, Bart., LL.D., M.P.
Vice-Presidents.
Lieut. -Col. A. B. M*Hardy, C.B.
The Right Hon. Lord Balcarres.
David Christison, M.D.
VOL. XL, 1
2 .^ PpOCfiHrDlNGS OF THE SOCIETY, NOVEMBER 30, 1905.
• \
"'W ,•• Councillors.
• *;* \ •
•^ir* Arthur Mitchell, \ ^ r \ ^^^^^ Robkrt Reid.
• * K.C.B., M.D., LL.D., ^^^^^^^^^^^^^ I Sir John Stirling Maxwell, Bart.
The Hon. Hew Hamil- ( .^ ' I Sir George Douglas, Bart.
^ ] of Tru.'itees.
TON Dalrymple, '
Sir Kenneth J. Mackenzie, Bart.,
Repreaenting the Treamry.
Prof. G. Baldwin Brown.
Right Rev. John Dowdex, D.D.
Hew Morrison, LL.D.
Thomas Ross.
J. D. G. Dalrymple.
J. Graham Callander.
Secrdaries.
William K. Dickson. | Alex. 0. Curle.
For Foreujn Correspondence,
Prof. A. H. Sayce, M.A., LL.D., D.D. | J. Maitland Thomson, LL.D.
Treasurer.
John Notman, F.F.A., 28 St Andrew Square.
Curators of the Mnseiun.
Rev. John Duns, D.D. | Alexander J. S. Brook.
Curator of Coiiia,
George Macdonald, M.A.
Librarian.
James Curle.
A Ballot having been taken, the following were duly elected
Fellows : —
Robert Penrice Lee Booker, Eton College, Windsor.
Kenneth Cochrane, Newfaan, Galashiels.
Robert DE CARDONNELFiNDLAYof Easterhill, 14 Stafford Place, London.
Robert Kerr, 17 Com wall Street.
Edward Bruce Low, M.A., B.L., S.S.C., 6 Gordon Terrace.
James Adam Norrie, Taybeach Cottage, Broughty Ferry.
ANNIVERSARY MEETING.
S^
John Roberts, C.M.G., Dunedin, New Zealand.
W. G. AiTCHisox Robertson, M.D., D.Sc, F.R.C.P.E., 26 Minto Street.
James Alexander Rollo, Solicitor, Argyle House, Maryfield, Dundee.
Sir Robert Usher of Norton and Wells, Bart., 37 Drumsheugh Ganlens.
Tlie meeting resolved to record their sense of the loss the Society had
sust-ained in the deaths of the following Menil)ers deceased since last
Annual Meeting : —
Lady Associate.
Mrs Ramsay, Kildalton, Islay,
Elected
188a
Fellows.
Thomas Stuart Anderson, Barns o' Woo<lside, Xewhurgh, Fife,
AViLLiAM Adair Atkinson, of Knockfarrie, Pitlocliry,
David Corsar, The Elms, Arbroath, ....
George Lillie Craik, 2 West Halkin Street, London,
Hbnry Griffith, GUI ton Spa, Bristol,
John Archibald Park, Eastwood, Dunkehl, .
Lient.-Col. George Glas Sandeman, of Fonab, Pitlochry,
Andrew Semple, M.D., Deputy Surgeon-General, 10 Forres Street,
Sir John Sibbald, M.D., 13 Great King Street, .
James Smail, 7 Bruntsfield Crescent, ....
W. M*Combie Smith, Persie, Blairgowrie, .
Tlie Right Hon. The Earl of South esk,
John Hunter Tait, Advocate, 43 Moray Place,
Charles Tomlinson, Healey, Rochdale, .
1«65
1886
1901
1879
1889
1896
1894
1881
1879
187&
1891
1882
1903
1896
I)r Christison, Secretary, read the following Report on the progress
and work of the Society during the past year : —
The Roll of Membership, — In the Report of 1902-3 it was shown
that the average annual addition to the Roll, necessary to keep up our
strength to about 700, was 36. In the following year our losses through
deaths, resignations, and lapses were no less than 47 ; and as our recruits
only numbered 29, the total number of Fellows was reduced from 706
to 688. Fortunately, last year the conditions were reversed : 39 new
members were elected, and as our losses amounted only to 21 (14 from
, ,^iiM^ti^ 0¥ VHH ;5001KTY. NOVEMBER 30, 1905.
Aiiojws «»^ - ^f^^*" lapses), the number on the Roll
»ru' iiai^ iiiiiiU volume of Proceedings, of which an
:c3. ..I *w 'stiblvv ^vutains 33 papers ; they may be divided
«v>.cs ac u«^ Uciihug mainly with the description of finds,
•*4..-.iiiK«^ otc. ; iho second — more literary in treatment —
vs.\v*M*^''^^'*^* **"^^ similar 8u])jects. No less than 29
s,^ \.v'i*«; v''* il*^ *^^^ division, and they may be classed
s»».:^ »-^ tVhi>lorio (12); Protohistoric (9); Medireval (5);
X ..;mv^'« ha>o always predominated in our volumes, chiefly
u^^v of liiuls to the ^[useum and elsewhere is almost
Kiu ihiil dojmrtment, whereas from the others it is uncertain
i'*'i'«
., s,,(l.>»<<^»W<• />''nW I include subjects belonging to the dawn
, wuiioa hi:4tory of our country, when some feeble light was
a si' *'> Konian authors and British and Irish chroniclers and
I'iio iuain strength of this department depends on excava-
:yA'\\\ ihv'-M^ unilertaken by the Society.
,i Uttit(,n\if papers are descriptive of ancient buildings and
ru^imal ivinaiiis, but include the record of a find of coins.
Hto /^*^/ l\rformation suhjedn treat of Kirkyard Monuments and
.'»m I . U^\\\\^\ in buildings of the period.
Tdo fitt'rart/ or historical and topographical division contains only
ii\o i^kporrt. The workers in this department of our science are
oiihoi" rolativoly few, or do not often comnumicate their results to the
.S<»iiot>. Po-'sibly it is not generally known that in our Dnvs it is
Idid down that " the purpose of the Society shall be the promotion of
ANNIVERSARY MEETING. 5
archaeology, especially as connected with the investigation of the-
antiquities and hutory of Scotland, in its relation to archaeology.
Certainly such papers as we have been favoured with of late by Sir
Arthur Mitchell, Bishop Dowden, and others might be multiplied with,
advantage in our Proceedings.
Early Chiistian Monuments of Scotland. — Ten copies of this standard
work have been sold in the course of the year, making 324 in all ; and
20 copies having been distributed gratis, 56 remain in stock, out of the
original issije of 400.
Excavations undertaken by the Society,
A. Roman Excavations. — The excavation of Rough Castle^ super-
intended by Mr Mungo Buchanan, was accomplished in 1903, but the
Report was unavoidably delayed till last year, and will appear in the
forthcoming volume. Separate copies will be distributed to all the
subscribers to the Fund raised in 1903 for Roman excavations.
The excavation of Barhill, undertaken by Mr Alexander Whitelaw
of Gartshore, the proprietor, and superintended by Mr Alexander Park,
F.S.A. Scot., was described by Dr George Macdonald last session; but
the unusual bulk and expense of the Proceedings for this year obliged
us to postpone the publication of his Report till the subsequent volume.
Newstead. — It was stated in last year's Report that the Council hoped
to be able to make some exploratory excavations at this acknowledged
Roman site. This was done, and the results were so promising that it
was resolved to solicit subscriptions for a thorough investigation of the
place. The balance of the Fund for Roman excavations, amounting to
jCir2, was devoted to the purpose, and, with some preliminary subscrip-
tions, proved more than enough to defray the expenses during the
present year ; but, as the site turned out to be vastly larger than that of
any of our previous undertakings, it was evident that at least another
year's work, and a large addition to the available funds, were required,
in order to do full justice to the investigation. A circular will therefore
€ PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, NOVEMBER 30, 1905.
he distributed, shortly, to i)er8ons likely to he interested in the work, and
^Ir Notniiin, our Treasurer, will he pleased to acknowledge any subscrip-
tions, however small, from Fellows or others whom the circular may
not reach. To all subscribers separate copies of the Reports, as they
appear, will ])e sent. The Society is fortunate in having Mr James Curie
to superintend the excavations, his residence in the immediate neighbour-
hood enabling him to keep a more constant watch over the work than
has generally been possible in our former undertakings ; and our ex-
perienced Clerk of Works, Mr Alexander Mackie, was reappointed to
his old post.
B. British Excavations. — Under the Fund for this object, furnished
by the Hon. John Al)ercromby, a considerable amount of work was
accomplished.
Of a prehistoric kind were (1) the excavation of nondescript structures
in Shetland and near Kinross, by Mr Abercromby and Dr Munro, with
the result of discovering all that could be known of the facts that lay
beneath the surface, although the origin and olyects of the structures
could not be satisfactorily made out.
(2) The results of Dr Thomas H. Bryce's excavations of a megalithic
structure on the Holy Loch, and of a Mouiid near Biggar, marked
" Tumulus " on the Ordnance maj), were unfortunately so negative
that he did not think it worth while to bring them before the Society.
The mound has been called a mote, but he found it had none of the
specific characters of a mote. The upper ten or twelve feet proved to be
of forced earth, but the lower six or eight were the natural soil. Negative
results, however, are not without their value.
(3) A larger investigation, protoliistoric in kind, was accomplished in
the excavation of four forts on the Poltalloch Estate, by permission of
Colonel Malcolm, R.E., C.B. Of special interest were (1) the discovery
that the supposed Broch at Ardifiutr was not a ]>roch, so that the southern
limit of the known brochs of the West Highlands has to be withdrawn
to the island <»f Lismore ; (2) the proof obtained that at the vitrified
ANNIVERSARY MEETING. 7
fort of Duntroan only the inner face had been vitrified, the outer face
being of dry masonry, that only tlie stones of the place were used, and
that no flux had been employed ; these were all new and unexpected
facts, but besides, the finds were such as to suggest that the " vitrified
forts" might be anterior in date to the ordinary forts. (3) Of still
greater interest were tlie results at Dunadd, the early capital of the
Scots, the complicated fortifications of which were thoroughly traced,
within which a great number and variety of relics were found, showing
that the inhabitants used crucibles for melting bronze, numerous stone
moulds for casting ingots and implements, compasses which aided them
in drawing designs on stone, bronze pins, and bone pins and combs.
ITiese and other finds, particularly the great abundance of querns, proved
that the fortress was no mere temporary refuge ; and this other important
fact was ascertained — namely, that the inhabitants did not dwell in cytiau
or stone houses. Christian influence was also proved by the words in
nomine neatly engraved in Irish-like minuscules, and by a cross-potent
carved on a quern.
liy these Poltalloch investigations a foundation has been laid for two
important lines of inquiry: — First, is there really a class of "vitrified
fort« " of an earlier date than the ordinary hill forts ? Secondly, do
the large forts in Tictish Scotland in general, such as the White
Caterthun, resemble the primitive capital of the Scots in structure
iind contents? We already know that the walls of Burghead and of
the citadel at Abernethy differ in having logs of wood incorporated in
the substance of the wall, as in the Gaulish forts described by Julius
Caesar. Tlie same questions may also be put regarding Dundurn, the
reputed capital of Fortrenn.
Museum and Library.
(a) Donations. — The Xational Collection has been enriched in the past
year by numerous donations. Although none were on the great scale of
one or two that were chronicleil in last Report, considerable collections
of prehistoric articles were presented by Mr H. W, Seton-Kerr,
8 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, NOVEMBER 80, 1905.
Wimbledon, Colonel J. P. Robertson, C.B., Callander, and Mr Joseph
Downs, Irvine ; and, supplementary to a previous gift, Mr Robert
Christison of Lammermoor, Queensland, contributed a number of
weapons and implements collected by himself from the native tribes
in his neighbourhood.
A considerable number of books were also presented ; but our special
thanks are due to Dr Erskine Beveridge for his munificent gift of The
Dictionary of National Biography in sixty-nine volumes.
(b) Purchases. — Although sadly crippled through the appropriation
by the Treasury towards the acquisition of the " Queen Mary " Harp of
more than half of the Annual Grant for the year, the Council have
nevertheless effected several important purchases, including a large
Bronze Caldron from Peeblesshire, and a Sepulchral Urn from Caith-
ness, both recovered ])y the King's Remembrancer ; a Collection of Flint
Implements found at Bonchester, Hawick, and another from Torrs,
Glenluce ; and a ^lediaeval Jar from Lochmaben, interesting because
there are so few sj)ecimens of medieval pottery in the Museum.
Report of the DeparimentaJ Committee upon tlie Board of Manu-
factures.— The recommendation of this Committee " that an addition of
£200 a year shall be made to« the grant for maintenance " to the
National ^luseum, was passed through Parliament, and has been given
effect to by the Treasury. Its destination is to make a much-needed
increase in the salaries of the Staft*. Effect has not yet been given to
the other recommendations in our favour, as they are mixed up with the
proposed measures regarding the National Gallery, etc., which are still
under consideration.
Finally, it is much to be regretted that every effort to induce the
Treasury to withdraw the obnoxious conditions of the purchase of the
" Queen ^lary " Harp, whereby the Society is left almost entirely
destitute of the means of adding to the National Collection and Library
for the next two years, have failed. The Council, therefore, look more
ANNIVERSARY MEETING. 9
than ever to the generosity of the Fellows, to make up by donations
in some measure for the deficiency thus caused.
The Treasurer submitted a statement of the Society's funds, which
was ordered to be printed and circulated among the Fellows.
The Secretary read the Annual Report to the Board of Trustees, as
follows : —
Annual Report to the Board of Trustees for Manufactures in Scot-
land by the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, with reference to the
National Museum of Antiquities under their charge, for the year ending
30th September 1905 :—
During the year the Museum has been open to the public as formerly,
and has been visited by 15,464 persons, of whom 1202 were visitors on
pay days, and 14,262 on free days.
The number of objects of antiquity added to the Museum during the
year has been 726 by donation and 66 by purchase ; and the number of
volumes added to the Library has been 205 ])y donation and 25 by
purchase.
Among the donations to the Museum may be mentioned a collection
of 332 objects obtained in course of the excavation by the Society of
the Forts of Dunadd and Duntroon, Argyleshire, presented with consent
of the proprietor. Colonel E. W. Malcolm, C.B., of Poltalloch ; and a
collection of 114 objects obtained from the excavation by the Society of
the Roman Fort of Rough Castle, on the Antonine Wall, near Falkirk,
presented with consent of the proprietors, Mr Forbes of Callander and
the Very Rev. Dr J. C. Russell.
Among the donations to the Library may be mentioned a set of The
Dictionary of National Biography (69 vols.), presented by Erskine
Beveridge, LL.D., F.S.A. Scot., of Vallay and St Leonard's Hill,
Dunfermline.
D. Christison, Secretary.
10 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, DECEMBER 11, 1906.
Monday, Mth Deremhev 1905.
LiEUT.-CoL. A. B. M^HAKDY, C.B., Vice-President, in the Chair.
A ballot having been taken,
Mr High Donaldson, Canielon, Falkirk
was duly elected a Fellow of the Society.
The following purchases acquired by the Purchase Committee for
the Museum and Library during the year ending 30th November 1905
were exhibited : —
Finger-ring of copper, the body of the ring flat and strap-shaped, a
small ivory knob and a black button, found in digging a foundation
at Liberton.
Snuff-horn made of a ram's horn, Hi inches across the curve, with a
hinged iron lid and iron mountings and chain, found under the hearth-
stone of an old house in Gallowgate, Aberdeen.
Whorl of sandstone, scored on both sides with one concentric ring
and twelve radiating lines, found at Delvine, Perthshire.
Fancy Box of wood, 7| inches in length, 5 inches in breadth, and IJ
inches in depth, the interior divided into three compartments, and
having a small mirror fixed on the inside of the lid, the exterior
overlaid with designs and pictorial representations of houses, etc.,
executed in coloured straw, made by French prisoners in Edinburgh
Castle.
Teetotum, inlaid with wood of the Fortingall Yew.
Bronze Spearhead, \\ inches in length, with a flat loop on each side
of the socket, ploughed up at Cauldshiels, East Lothian.
Five leaf-shaped Arrow-heads of flint ; one Arrow-head with barbs
and stem; one small Falmcator, \\ inches in length; one double-edged
Saw, IJ inches in length, the edges slightly concave; five Scrapers
PURCHASES FOR THE MUSEUM AND LIBRARY.
11
and two Flakes — all found in one field at Easter Balgillo, Tannadice,
Forfarshire.
Flanged Axe of bronze, 6| inches in length by 2f inches in breadth
over the cutting edge, with pronounced flanges and stop-ridges, found
in digging a foundation near the Convalescent Home at Corstorphine.
Fig. 1. Bronze Axe or Palstave from the Caldonsbill hoard, (A.)
Flanged Axe of bronze, 5 J inches in length and 2 J inches across
the cutting face, witli pronounced flanges and stop-ridges ; and slightly
flanged Axe, 4| inches in length, with narrow upper part, expanding to
ail almost semicircular cutting edge, 2i inches in breadth — both found
in Aberdeenshire.
Five bronze Axes, of palstave form, considerably corroded on the
surface, being part of a hoard of seven found in the beginning of June
12 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, DECEMBER 11, 1905.
1905, on the farm of Caldonshill, in the parish of Stoneykirk, Wigtown-
shire. They were found all together about a foot below a hedge which
was being removed from the front of the farmhouse. Mr Blair, the
farmer, did not at first recognise the importance of the find, having
never seen bronze axes, and they were left lying about till the beginning
of July, when others happened to see them and they were dispersed.
One found its way to the National Museum in July, the other four were
recovered by the King's Remembrancer, and two have not been traced.
Three of the five in the Museum are of the variety having a rather
narrow upper part with slight flanges, a side-loop, and an expanding
lower part, with a prominent swelling or mid-rib tapering towards the
cutting face. They are nearly the same size, about 6| inches in length
by 2i inches across the cutting face. Only one (fig. 1) retains the side-
loop, which seems to have failed in the casting, as it remains unperfor-
ated. The fourth axe is of the same variety, but has been broken, and
only the lower part remains. The fifth is smaller in size, being only
5| inches in length by 2J inches in breadth across the cutting face,
and has no loop at the side, but prominent wings, a well-developed stop-
ridge, and no mid-rib.
Carved Panel of oak (fig. 2), 1 foot 11 inches in height by 10 inches
in breadth, having in the upper part a figure of a horseman, bearded and
looking backwards, and underneath two grotesque figures, and a female
figure, nude, and holding in one hand a club upraised, and with the
other grasping what seems to be the tail of a serpent. The panel is said
to have been taken from the parish church when it was pulled down in
1811. It passed into the possession of the Fifeshire Antiquarian
Society, from whom it has now been acquired for the National Museum
through the good offices of Rev. James Campbell, D.D., F.S.A. Scot.,
Minister of Balmerino. The Society is also indebted to Rev. Dr
Campbell for the use of the block from his Balmernno and its Ahbey :
A Parish History (new edition), 1899, published by W. Blackwood <fe
Sons, Edinburgh. The panel is supposed to have come originally either
from the Abbey of Balmerino, or from its chapel of St Ayle.
14 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, DECEMBER 11, 1906.
Nine Communion Tokens, including Liberton, with the figure
of the old church on reverse ; Peterculter, 1787 ; Rothiemaj^
(no date); Dunse, 1771; Carnwath, 1807; Kingussie, 1802; and
three others.
Crown Half-Groat of James II., Aberdeen Mint — an unpublished
example. It was found in the bank of the Burn of Balnaguard,
in the parish of (irantully, by a man fishing there, and brought
to the notice of the Society by Rev. John M*Lean, Grantully,
F. S.A.Scot.
Index to the four volumes of General Pitt-Rivers*s Excavations in
Wiltshire, etc., 4to, 1905; The Burgh Records of Glasgow, vol. iii. ;
Rymer's Foedera, Conventiones, etc. (London, 1727), 20 vols., folio;
Dechelette's Vases Ceramique de la Gaule Romaine, 2 vols. ; Mortimer's
Forty Years' Researches in the Burial Mounds of Yorkshire, 4to, 1905 ;
Hampers Alterthumer des fruhen Mittelalters in Ungarn, 3 vols., 4to,
1905.
The following Communications were read : —
FORTS ON WHITCASTLE HILL, UPPER TEVIOTDALE, ETC. 15
I.
FORTS ON WHITCASTLE HILL, UPPER TEVIOTDALE; and EARTH-
WORK ON FLANDERS MOSS, MENTEITH. By Dr D. CHRISTISON,
ViCE-PKEiJiDENT.
I. Forts ox Whitcastlk Hill
In Upper Teviotdale, 4 miles W.S.W. of Hawick, J mile N.E.
of Easter Branxholm Loch, and 2 miles west of the junction of
the Eorthwick Water with the Teviot, stands this remarkable group
of apparent earthworks. The former stream flows past 1 mile to
the north, and the latter 1^ to the south, and the country between
may be described as a ridgy tableland rising 400 to 500 leet above
the streams, and al)out twice as much al)Ove the sea. The same
character of the land, indeed, continues for a great distance, peaks
such as the Eildons, Rubers Law, and ranges like the Cheviots,
rising far off on the horizon like islands from a sea.
On the summit and at the east end of one of the little ridges of
this tableland, 993 feet above the sea, commanding a most extensive
view, the group is situated, and according to the large-scale Ordnance
map the position is known as Whitcastlc Hill, the name being printed
close to the group, as if derived from it.
I had seen these works in a brief visit long ago, but, their fine
preservation having recently attracted the attention of Miss Watson
of Hassendeanburn, I was invited to go to them again last July,
and, after a preliminary inspection, it was arranged by her that we
should return with Mr Thomas Ross, and allow sufficient time for
him to survey the group. The result is the plan (fig. 1), by help
of which, with the sections, I trust that my description will be easily
followed.
The group consists of ii\e separate works, placed somewhat in two
divisions, one of them with a rectangular and two curvilinear enclosures,
FORTS ON WHITCASTLE HILL, UPPER TBVIOTDALE, ETC. 17
the other with one of each kind. In each of these divisions the en-
closures are close to each other without intercommunicating, and the
two divisions are only about 40 feet apart at tlieir nearest point.
First Division.
The main fort surrounds the nearly level summit of the ridge, and in
form is a true oval, the east being much broader than the west end.
At the ends and on the north side the ground falls away from the
defences gently, but the slopes from the south side and south-west
corner are pretty abrupt, and give considerable natural strength. The
fortification has been effected by scarping these natural slopes, digging
a trench all round at the foot, the spoil being thrown outwards to
form an outer mound, and partly, perhaps, to make a rampart or
parapet at the top. At the east end the defences are much damaged,
but elsewhere they are well preserved.
Dimensions. — Over all, the length is about 270 feet and the breadth
250. Measuring from crest to crest of the rampart, the length of the
interior is 205 feet, and the width, at the middle of the oval, 150 feet.
In its present state the rampart is merely a slight mound a foot or two
in height, merging too gradually inwards to be measured in width.
The scarp is steep and high on the south side, and also on the north
except that there it diminishes towards the ends, particularly at the
east, where the slope of the ground is so gentle that the scarp
must have depended on extra depth of the trench for its height ; but
here the rampart and trench are nearly levelled. From the nature of the
ground, the trench varies much in depth and width, and to the south,
in its present state, it almost becomes a terrace. The profiles (fig. 1)
show that the perpendicular height of the scarp is above 20 feet at one
point, and 12 to 13 at two others, and that the outer mound is com-
paratively trifling, rising only from 2 to 6 feet above the foot of the
trench, even where well preserved.
The entrance is at the west end, and is no less than 27 feet wide
where it emerges from the area, increasing to 40 feet when it passes the
VOL. XL. 2
J
18 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, DECEMBER 11, 1905.
trench, neither does it appear to have suffered change from the original
plan. Preserving this width, there is a flattening of the descending
ridge, ending in a level expansion 60 to 70 feet wide, which, viewed
from the fort, has all the aspect of a traverse, though it loses much of
this character on a closer inspection.
A roadway or path slants up from the east and enters the fort near
the middle of the south side, but it may not be original.
The oblong outwork lies 120 feet E.N.E. from the main fort, upon the
northern, gently-sloping side of the descending ridge. Hence its interior
surface is not level, but inclines slightly to the north and east. Its
form is oblong, with rounded ends and sides so slightly curved as to be
nearly straight ; and the long axis is directed towards the north. The
dimensions over all are 180 by 135 feet, and interiorly, from crest to
crest of the rampart, 105 by 80 feet. The fortifications, well preserved
except to the east, consist of two ramparts with an intervening trench,
and are wider and stronger on the south and west than on the north and
south, probably because on the latter sides the ground falls away and
renders them more strong by nature.
On the north side (Profile CD, fig. 1) the rampart is 6 feet 6 inches
high, and the outer mound rises only 2 feet above the trench ; the top
of this mound is flat, and 2 to 3 feet wide ; towards the interior the
rampart is quite low. On the south side the rampart is 5 feet high on
the inside, and 7 feet high above the trench ; and the outer mound is
even higher. The entrance is on the east side, near the south-east angle,
and, though only 6 feet wide at present, was probably even less origin-
ally. A path or roadway runs a short distance eastward from it.
The rectangvlar enclosure is wedged in between the main fort and
the oblong work. It is separated from the latter by a passage about
15 feet wide, but is connected with the damaged fortifications of the
main fort at its east end. A single mound, 3 to 5 feet high, with
slightly rounded angles, encloses a level area of 85 by 70 feet, from crest
to crest. There is no trench. The long axis is parallel with that of the
oblong work.
FORTS ON WHITCASTLE HILL, UPPER TEVIOTDALE, ETC. 19
Separated from the south side of the rectangle, and parallel with it,
a mound, 70 feet long, encroaching at its west end deeply into the
ruined fortifications of the main fort, turns by a right angle at its east
end, and runs southward for a short distance. This may be the
remains of another rectangular enclosure. Within the main fort, and
about 40 feet from its east end, another straight mound in a rather
fragmentary condition runs across the interior. For about 70 feet it is
fairly continuous, and if complete would be 130 feet long.
Second Division.
Circular Outwork. — This is situated about 150 feet east of the main fort
and 40 feet south-east of the oblong work ; or, reckoning from their inner
ramparts, 220 and 100 feet respectively. It is commanded by the main
fort, but, short as the distance is from the oblong work, the one is barely
visible from the other, owing to their being on opposite sides of the
ridge. The shape is irregularly circular, the north-west side being nearly
straight. The diameter over all is 150 feet, and internally, from^re^t
to crest, 95 feet. The defences closely resemble those of the oblong
outwork, and need not be separately described. The entrance is
towards the north-east, and is 5 or 6 feet wide.
Rectangular Enclosure, — Almost in contact with the last on its south-
west side is a small rectangle enclosed by a mound, but without a trench.
It measures about 67 by 60 feet over all, and 55 by 50 from crest to
crest of the mound, which is 3 to 5 feet high.
Remarks,
All the structures have the appearance of being earthworks, and I
noticed very few stones on the ground, except those forming a small
cairn at the top. But " Whitcastle," the name of the hill, suggests that
the main fort, at least, may have been really a stone fort, just as we
find "White" applied in the case of "the White Caterthun." A very
slight excavation would probably determine this.
The three curvilinear works are evidently of a defensive character.
20 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, DECEMBER 11, 1905.
and there is no reason why they might not be contemporary ; although
I it is very exceptional to find subsidiary works detached, and particularly
so far detached from the main fort, as here. Indeed, the only other
example I can recall of a detached work with a trench is not very far
ofif, and in the same county, at Bonchester.
But the rectilinear works, with their slight proportions and want of
trenches, seem to have been intended for indefensible enclosures,' though
for what precise purpose does not appear. The absence of entrances
would seem to disqualify them from being cattle kraals ; and even if
cattle were got into them, the enclosing mounds do not seem sufficient
to keep them there. Possibly they, and the straight mound near the
east end of the interior of the main fort, may have had to do with the
gardens or cultivated enclosures of a croft or summer shieling, which
lljji may have existed here in comparatively recent times. Certain it is
that the rectangles were posterior in date to the main fort, as the
principal one, and the fragment probably of another, encroach on the
end of the fort and stand upon the ruins of its rampart and trench.
'' The ClmU " Fort.
Upwards of 500 yards south-east of the group a fort is marked on the
Ordnance map close to the public road, and "The Glints" is printed
' close to it.^ It is about 180 feet lower than the group, or 820 feet
above the sea. I saw it on my first visit, but have no note of its con-
dition. On the Ordnance map it is drawn as a circle about 90 feet in
diameter, with a simple mound remaining to the north, while the south
half is represented by a dotted line, as if barely traceable, with a deep
intake to the south-west.
II. Earthwork on Flanders Moss, Menteith.
In Menteith and the Lennox primitive fortresses of any kind are so
rare that a peculiar interest attaches to this example (fig. 2). It is situ-
^< In Jameson's Scottish Dictionary y ** Clint" is defined as (1) a hard or flinty rock
(South of Scotland, Lothians) ; (2) any pretty large stone of a hard kind (South of
Scotland) : " Glints," limited to the shelves of a river (Clydesdale),
FORTS ON WHITCASTLE HILL, UPPER TEVIOTDALE, ETC.
21
ated 2 miles east of the south-east comer of the Lakejof Menteith, and
half a mile east by north of Ballingrove farmhouse, close to the west side
^ **■»'' ' ' * »
-I L.
j i u
J I
S9Uifi^3fHStoiSiOSO (0 20 30 10 SO 60 70 SO 90 100 110 120
^^pilWi)/iila»i4Jd.ujia*iai^
li;:-.-.::..i\r.;::.-:;:-:-:
6i
f2 jj-<^ J <^
Fig. 2. Ground Plan of Earthwork in Flander Moss.
of the Flanders Moss, a great level bog about 2 miles square. The work
stands on the bog, but very near the firm ground to the north-east, as
22 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, DECEMBER 11, 1905.
if the builders desired to have the protection of the bog, and at the
same time to have a not too difficult access to the " redoubt." Although
of low profile, it is conspicuous from its green colour, in contrast with
the grey and brown of the bog.
The figure is quadrangular, but no one angle is a right one, as the
sides have all different lengths, measuring along the top of the rampart
65, 67, 72, and 83 feet respectively. The slope of the scarp is about
12 feet long, and that of the counterscarp 14 feet; the trench is 12
feet wide, and 3 to 4 feet deep down to the present flat, boggy surface,
but it was probably deeper when originally dug out.
The interior is level, and has no trace of a rampart on the north and
west sides ; but on the east a slight but well-preserved one runs north-
wards from the south-east angle for about 20 feet, and there are distinct
enough remains of another along the south side.
The entrance has apparently been through the south-east angle of
the outer mound, and so northward along the trench, flanked by the
20-feet rampart; but now the trench can be passed dry-shod only at
a single point opposite the north end of the 20-feet rampart.
The dimensions over all are about 160 feet each way, and of the
interior 75 by 70 feet. The origin of this work is obscure, but it is
more probably late mediaeval, or even post-Reformation, in date, than
prehistoric.
TWO STONE CISTS EACH CONTAINING TWO DRINKING-CUP URNS. 23
II.
NOTICES OF (1) TWO STONE CISTS EACH CONTAINING TWO DRINKING-
CUP URNS, ONE FROM PITTODRIE, IN THE PARISH OF OYNE,
AND THE OTHER FROM WHITEHOUSE, IN THE PARISH OF SKENE ;
(2) A LATE-CELTIC HARNESS MOUNTING OF BRONZE FROM SHEEL-
AGREEN, IN THE PARISH OF CULSALMOND; (3) A STONE MOULD
FOR CASTING FLAT AXES AND BARS FOUND AT PITDOULZIE, IN
THE PARISH OF AUCHTERLESS ; and (4) TWO STAR-SHAPED
BEADS OF PORCELLANEOUS PASTE FROM ABERDEENSHIRE. By
J. GRAHAM CALLANDER, F.S.A. Scot.
I. Two Stone Cists, bach containing two Drinkino-Cup Urns.
The PUtodrie Cist. — Some ten years ago the two cover-stones of a cist
were exposed through a tree having been blown over in the woods
immediately adjoining Pittodrie House, at the foot of Benachie, Aber-
deenshire. The cist was placed on a small ridge steeper on the western
than on the eastern side, running in a northerly and southerly direction ;
and the cist, if anything, was a little to the west of the summit. There
are no signs of a cairn ever having been erected over the grave, which
must have had only eight or ten inches of soil above the cover-stones
before the tree grew over it. The exact spot where the cist was found
is in the parish of Oyne, and lies directly north-east of Pittodrie
mansion-house, about 103 yards due west of the dwelling-house on the
home farm. The grave was exposed towards the end of the year, but
it was not till the following spring that it was opened and examined.
When the cover-stones were lifted, the cist was seen to be nearly full
of water which had accumulated since its first exposure. After the water
was baled out the grave was found to be half full of soil. An urn was
found standing upright near the north-west corner of the cist under the
smaller cover-stone, and it was removed complete. While clearing the soil
out of the chamber another urn was discovered near the centre of the
grave, but, as it was covered with earth, it was unfortunately broken by
the spade before its presence was noticed. No other relics of man
24 PKOCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, DECEMBER 11, 1905.
were observed, and, after the cist had been emptied, the cover-stones
were replaced in their original positions and the grave was covered up.
George Smith, Esq., of Pittodrie, the proprietor of the ground, having
kindly granted me permission to re-examine the cist, I visited the site
on 3rd January of this year, and had the cover-stones slightly raised.
Owing to the south wall of the cist having collapsed, either when the
tree was overturned or when the cist was first opened, and the opposite
wall showing signs of giving way, I did not care to raise the stone
further, for fear of destroying the structure altogether, I was thus
unable to get the exact measurements of the different stones of which
the cist had been built, but had to be content with ascertaining the
orientation, and length, breadth, and depth of the chamber.
The western end of the grave was formed by a single slab, and the
northern side by two slabs, all of the local red granite. These stones were
nicely squared and fitted quite closely. Benachie granite weathers in
such a way as to make it easily broken into slabs — indeed, many slabs
are to be found on the hill — and so it would not be such a difficult
matter to square the ends and sides of such blocks. The eastern end
of the grave was formed by the solid rock, and the southern side
partly by the rock and partly by much smaller stones than had
been used on the opposite side. The chamber is 6 feet long, 2 feet
10 inches broad, and I foot 8 inches deep. The longer axis of the
grave is 10" N. of E. and 10* S. of W. magnetic — almost exactly true
E. and W., after allowing for the difference between magnetic and true
north. The larger cover-stone, which covered the whole cist except
a small part of the north-west corner, is roughly oblong in shape.
It measures 6 feet at its greatest length, 3 feet at its greatest breadth,
and it is from 8 to 10 inches in thickness ; the smaller stone is about 15
inches in length and breadth, and 6 inches in thickness. These two
stones, like the slabs in the cist, are of red Benachie granite.
Both urns are of the drinking-cup type. No. 1 (fig. 1), which was
found in the north-west corner of the cist, and which was removed
whole, has a long, almost straight lip, which contracts from the mouth
TWO STONE CISTS EACH CONTAINING TWO DRINKING-CUP URNS. 25
to the neck, a distance of 2^ inches, it then bulges out for a distance
of li inches, after which it tapers rapidly to the base, a distance of
3J inches. The height of the urn varies from Sy^ inches on the one
side to 7 inches on the other; it measures 5 J inches in diameter at
the mouth, 5J inches at the neck, 5f inches at the bulge, and 3f inches
at the base. The wall of the urn is ^ inch and the base J inch thick.
The urn bears three parallel bands of ornamentation. The upper zone,
which encircles the everted part, is composed of three straight lines,
two zigzag lines, and six other straight lines which all go round the
vessel. The angles of the two zigzag lines are not always exactly
opposite, the lines of the lower zigzag being shorter than those of the
upper zigzag. When they do happen to be opposite each other, they
are usually about IJ and ^ inch apart respectively, and the space
between them is filled in with perpendicular straight lines, about seven
to the inch, which gives this part somewhat the appearance of a band
of irregular elongated hexagons impinging on each other. The other
two zones of ornament are each composed of five parallel straight lines,
rather more than ^ inch apart, encircling the urn ; the first is placed
just under the bulge, and the second half-way between it and the base.
The other urn No. 2 (fig. 2) is taller and finer in its curves than No.
1, and it has a smoother and more glossy surface. The two urns are
made of clay mixed with stones broken very small, but the material of
the former is much the finer in texture. The profile of the wall of
No. 1 is more angular than that of No. 2, which is composed of fine
curves. The everted lip of No. 2 curves in to the neck, then bulges out
to a little more than the^ diameter of the mouth, and finally curves in to
the base. The height of the urn is 8^ inches, the diameter at the mouth
is 5f inches, at the neck 5^ inches, at the bulge 6^ inches, and at the
base 3\i inches. Its walls are J inch in thickness, and the base, which
is quite conical in the inside, is 1 inch thick at the centre. Like urn
No. 1, it has three zones of ornamentation encircling it. These three
zones are each bounded on the top and bottom edges by two parallel
straight lines. The upper zone, which encircles the everted part, is com-
28 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, DECEMBER 11, 1905.
posed of three narrow bands, each contained within two parallel straight
lines. The first band is composed of straight lines, five or six to the inch,
slanting to the left ; the next, of perpendicular lines, nine to the inch ; and
the third, of lines, seven to the inch, slanting to the right. The middle
zone which goes round the bulge is formed of vertical zigzags of three
parts, six to the inch, which, commencing on a transverse straight line
encircling the vessel, first slant to the right, then to the left, and then to
the right again, when they end on another transverse straight line running
parallel to, and at an average distance of If inches from the last transverse
line. The lower zone is composed of crossed slanting lines, about eight
to the inch, between two transverse parallel lines usually 1 inch apart.
The lines of ornament on both urns have been impressed on the
soft, damp clay with the toothed or comb-like instruments which were so
much used for this purpose during the Bronze Age. However, more
care has been bestowed on the decoration of urn No. 2 than of urn
No. 1. On the latter, the vertical lines of ornament filling up the space
between the two zigzag lines, while often commencing exactly on the
lower line, are usually carried across the upper one, often right up to
the lip of the urn, the stamping tool apparently having been too
long for this space. The same tool which was used to form the hori-
zontal lines may also have been used to form the vertical lines. It
is different in the case of the other urn. As the vertical and slanting
lines of its three zones of ornament are of different lengths, and as they
do not cross the transverse boundary lines, it is evident that a different
stamping tool had been used for each length of line.
The Skene Cist, — A stone cist was discovered in the beginning of March
of this year, while a farm-servant was removing gravel from a field
on Ihe farm of Whitehouse, in the parish of Skene, Aberdeenshire, about
10 miles south-east of Pittodrie. It was covered with 6 to 10 inches of
mould. On being opened, the chamber was found to measure 3 feet
10 inches in length, 2 feet in breadth, and 1 foot 9 inches in depth, and
its longer axis lay almost due east and west. The grave contained the
^\V^Cy STONE CISTS EACH CONTAINING TWO DRIN KING-CUP URNS. 29
^emnixis of a skeleton, two urns, three scrapers of flint, and some pieces
of oli^rcoal. The skeleton, which was that of an adult male, lay on its
ieft; side, with the skull at the east end of the cist. The short urn (fig.
3) -MvsM,^ cieposited on the south side of the cist, in front of the skeleton,
and t;-2i^ tall urn (fig. 4) lay near the north-east corner, just touching the
^>*W3k o^ the skull. Both urns are of the drinking-cup type. The height
®^ tli.^ ;£jst um is 6 J inches (165 mm.), the diameter of the mouth
^^^r i^^c^^es (155 mm.), the diameter at the neck 5g\ inches (135 mm.),
the cii^x^eter at the bulge 5yJ inches (150 mm.), and the diameter of the
"^^^ 3^*j. inches (84 mm.); the height of the second urn is 8 inches
^"'^^ XXX xn.), the diameter of the mouth only 3^^ inches (84 mm.), the
dia^xxx^t:^^, at the neck 3f inches (86 mm.), the diameter at the bulge
^^^ssr ^xxcilies (101 mm.), and the diameter of the base 2|| inches (69 mm.).
^ '^T^t um is of a common variety of the drinking-cup ty[>e, but the
^~^^~^^3. is of a most uncommon, if not unique shape. Besides being very
_ ^"^^"Vr in proportion to its height, it is almost cylindrical for a great part
^^ length; and while the great majority of drinking-cup urns have
, ^ ^^-^^d rims, this urn is rather wider at the neck than at the lip, and the
.^.^^^^^ is only J inch more in diameter than the neck.
■^^^ <e ornamentation of the shorter urn is divided into zones or bands
^^^ -^^^ijling the vessel, by six groups of horizontal parallel lines. Just
^^ :^ the lip it is encircled by two lines, round the neck by five lines,
, ^^^bove the bulge by four lines, and between the bulge and the base
- -^^^ree groups of three lines each, nearly equidistant from each other,
^^Dwest group being quite close to the base. The space between the
^^nd second groups of these lines, which occupies the everted part of
^^^^ vessel, is filled in with crossed oblique lines. The portion between the
^^^^^^^d and third groups of horizontal lines, which fills up the space
"^^^"^en the neck and the bulge, is filled in with groups of parallel
^^^Sht lines, ten or twelve in number ; one group slants to the right,
-^^^ext to the left, and so on, right round the vessel, leaving triangular
*^^^^^« between each group, and each triangle in the reverse position of
^ ^^^^ighbour. Only one of the three remaining divisions between the
'.f rj-.r-zr,?LU* l.T-*?»-. i» '.^ZAizjiZLZ^i. zL* c-zLtr r»v reir^ ruaiix. Hii* put
:c* T»j^ji^^ T:;^ r-STLAn^nUrk-c of :c*<t ikll^r irz is n2«r and move
ia:f:k;r,-2- Ttj^ *t::ir% ^pftit^ '*:▼**- :L* I::* in-i lii* ii«k i* coTcrcd br
I l'w*rAi i'.'\: ::^-,Ti»o*:uI »r*I>I !:::«* ;:•::!:« mii>i uie 1211- and eigbt
r^zi^.ju I;rj*^ *T-;rlr:> :fi* pArt aiijviLir:;: :Le ro^e. Between iheie xodcs
I :f.^7*^ 1.'^ tir.**:^ 'AiAji of ^'mamezi: *:!rilar :•>. ui-i almost cquidistaiit
' ff>?::. *s^'s, 'yif.er, Tr;:h tL^ Iow*:r one r*Iac^i in coctAc: with the grovip
' '/f <rl/7.t l.u^. %: :ii«r rjdUKr. The^ie three fonds are €«£h boonded od the
il V</ aryi uAXfftL. *rAt3t hj three parallel iraix5Terse straight linca^ which
: tx^.r-^*-: \tA', TeweL In <y^riUct with each of the inner boundair lines
ViCh * VfT«: ari'l r>:low, as well as midway between them, is a row of small
I •.rwjtT«fM^ \ffi^Ai'jLt:9i OT diamonds formed by short crossed lines^ and the
^^wjt^ Vj^ween the three row? of k/renjies are filled in with vertical linesw
TuH in.4trjmeijU u*ed in the ornamentation of the urns have been a
\^i\x\*jA Xf^A to draw the lines on the shorter um, and the toothed, comb-
\\XH JiUrrifr for impren<iiing the design on the taller urn.
, Viu\f:*!^>x K^id, of Alierrleen University, kindly furnished me with the details
I *A th*; Skene hurial and with phoUjgraphs of tfie um>. A paper on the dis-
I fjtSHrw wnA rea/i by Dr Alex. I»w, in July last, V»efore the Anatomical and
' Aui\tr*fyfhffn*'Ji\ S'xriety of A(>ervleen University, and il will appear in the
f/mnufg volume ffi the Prfjcwiing$ of that SrKriety. The relics are preserved
in Vroit^^fT lUt'id'n Museum at the Mari^chal College, Aberdeen.
Tlie striking feature of the two burials is the finding of two drinking-
cup uniH in ouch of the graves. Cases of a plurality of drinking-cup
urnM U;ing found in a single grave are not common, either in Scotland
or in England. Of the twenty-four burials containing drinking-cup
iiniH hxt'jivHtfA by Canon Green well, only two contained more than one
drinking-';up urn. In one of the graves in a barrow at Kudstone, East
I . Hiding, Yorkshire,* three drinking-cup urns and several skeletons were
I found, but the various interments had been made at different times. In
]i the parish of (^KHlinanham, East Riding,' a grave in a barrow was found
f » iSrituh Barrows, pp. 234-245. * Ibid,, p. 808.
TAVO STONE CISTS EACH CONTAINING TWO DRINKING-CUP URNS. 31
to contain three such urns and two skeletons. An example of tliree
drinking-cup urns which apparently were associated with one skeleton
iix the principal grave in a barrow on the Garrowby Wold, Yorkshire, is
recorded. ^ In a note on p. 309 of British Barrows, Canon Green well
qu-otes, from the Transactions of the Berwickshire Naturalists* Club, vol. iv,
j>- 428, pi. xiii., a case of three drinking-cup urns being found in a cist
-vvith the skeleton of a girl of about nine years of age, at North Sunder-
l.^jnd, Northumberland.
To return to Scotland : two other graves besides the Pittodrie and Skene
c^ii^ts, each containing two drinking-cup urns, have been recorded, and
fc]l^:i«se were also discovered in Aberdeenshire, nearly midway between
I^i "ttodrie and Skene, about forty years ago. Both were found 2 feet
a3t.^TP^rt in a natural mound of sand and gravel, at Broomend, near
ILwrm^ ^erurie.2 The first Broomend cist, like the one at Pittodrie, was of
Is^^mr^Q size, while the second Broomend cist and the Skene example
^ re nearer the average size of the regular Bronze Age short cist. It
^-y be mentioned that a third and much smaller cist was found about
2 :^*eet to the eastward of the second Broomend cist. It measured 16
i^^ ^i^hes in length, 13 inches average breadth, and 11 inches in depth.
Itr contained the remains of a skeleton and a drinking-cup urn.
breadth
X)epth
Pittodrie
Cist.
ft.
6
2
ins.
0
10
Broomend Cists.
No. 1.
ft. ins.
5 3
2 6
1 8
to
2 2
No. 2.
ft. ins.
4 2
1 10
to
2 3
1 7
Skene
Cist.
ft. ins.
3 10
2 0
^ J. R. Mortimer, Forty Years' Researches in East Yorkshire , p. 134, pi. xlii.
2 Proe, Soc. Ant, Scot,, vol. vii, p. 110.
32 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, DECEMBER 11, 1905.
The first Broomend cist contained two unburnt, full-grown, male skele-
tons placed in a crouching position, with their heads at either end of the
cist, also a ring of bone, and two drinking-cup urns (figs. 5 and 6),
one behind each skull. The second Broomend cist also contained two
unburnt skeletons, one an adult male, l^ehind which was a drinking-cup
(fig. 8), with the bowl of a horn spoon hanging over the rim, the
other an infant female, behind which also was a smaller drinking-
cup urn (fig. 7). It will be noticed that in the first Broomend
cist the two urns were placed in corners of the grave behind the
skulls of the skeletons. In the Skene cist one urn was placed in a
corner behind the skull, and in the second Broomend cist one urn
was placed in a corner beside the infant skeleton, while the other was
deposited behind the back of the adult skeleton, about opposite to the
top of the thighs. One of the Pittodrie urns was found in a corner of
the grave. Unfortunately, it is impossible to say whether the Pittodrie
grave contained one or more bodies, as nothing but the urns was observed
when the cist was emptied ; but its resemblance to the first Broomend
cist, both as regards the very large size of the chamber and two drinking-
cup urns being found in it, suggests that it may also have contained two
bodies. Of course this is mere supposition, but it is difficult to understand
why the grave was made so large if it were to contain only one body
placed in the usual crouching position.
In none of these four cists were the two urns alike either as regards
shape or ornamentation. Each of the four graves contained two distinct
varieties of the drinking-cup urn. The taller urns (figs. 2, 6, and 8)
from three of the cists have a fine -flowing curved line from the lip to
the base, the everted rim curving out from the neck in a regular
curve. The shorter urns (figs. 1, 5, and 7) from the same three cists are
more angular at the neck, the everted brim springing out from the neck
much more abruptly than in the taller urns. Of the two urns from
the Skene grave, the tall one (fig. 4) is quite abnormal in shape, while
the short one (fig. 3) can hardly be said specially to resemble either
of the two varieties from the other three graves. Thus we find two
34
PBOCEKDINGS OF THK SOCreTY, DECEMBER 11, imb.
rupidly ilmn those of the exterior, ao as to form the divergeut dpiral,
trutiipet^Lke design which is the prevailing feature of the -' Celtic an
of the PagBU Period." On the under part of the ring (fig* 10) the regu-
IftTj exterior curve of the ohject is interrupted by a slightly projecting,
flatj oval collar or tnouldingf 1 1 inches bj {4 ^^ch^ in which there w an
oval opening, If inches by J in^h, with a bar, | inch broad, stretching
lengthwise acrnjss it ; this bar is part of the casting, herein differing
from a similar ring fouiid at Towie, Aberdeenshire, which apparently
had had a bar or pin of iron fixed with lead to each side of the opening.
.'TT'-
tig. y, HuriiesH M'untiij^ fitJta .Sheelii^reeiK Fig. 10. Lov^er Hide of Han Jesa Mounting.
The Sheelagreen s|.)eeinien m finely patinated over nearly the whole of
the surface, and is perfect hut fur two small hoies broken in the upper
and thinner part of the ring.
Harness mountings resemljlirig this specimen, besides being found in
Britain, have Ijeen found on the Continent. Dr Anderaon has drawn
my attention to Lindensclinut^s AUerthumer^ voL i., part ii., plate v.,
Nos, 1 and 2, where portions of two pieces of horses' harness which
have such mountings ^till attached to them, ai'e figured. These objects
are in the muaeuin at Wieiabadenj and were found in Italy.
We have five specimens found in Scotland in our National CollectioTi
—one imperfect example from Kirriemuir, Forfarshire y another, locality
STONE MOULD FOR CASTING FLAT BRONZE AXES AND BARS. 35
Unknown, but probably Scottish ; one from Clova, Aberdeenshire,
lormerlj in the Sturrock Collection ; and two from Hillockhead, Towie,
Aberdeenshire. These last two examples were found in a cairn along
ifith other bronze relics, which have been lost ; amongst these was a
bronze ring, 6 inches in diameter. A cist containing an urn and bones
was also found in the cairn, but apparently the bronzes were not associ-
ated with it. A similar harness ring and several balls of shale, slightly
flattened on one side, were found at Crichie, near Inverurie, Aberdeen-
shire, under a large stone. ^ The shale objects were about 1^ inches in
diameter, and in the centre of the flattened side there were still the
remains of iron fastenings. Rev. John M*Ewan, F.S.A. Scot., Dyke,
near Forres, has another harness mounting of the same type, which
was found on the Culbin Sands, Morayshire. It is sh'ghtly imperfect,
a piece of the thin portion of the ring having been broken or worn off.
The Sheelagreen example is thus the eighth specimen of this special
▼ariety of harness-mountings recorded from Scotland.
III. A Stone Mould for Casting Flat Bkonze Axes and Bars
FOUND AT PiTDOULZIB
This mould, which was found some years ago, during agricultural
operations, on the farm of Pitdoulzie, in the parish of Auchterless,
Aberdeenshire, like all the other recorded Scottish flat axe-moulds,
was unfortunately not as^iated with any other object. It is made of
grey sandstone, and is roughly rectangular in shape, with rounded
comers, or it might be called a rectangular oval. It measures Hi
inches in length. 6^ inches in breadth, and from 2f to 3f inches in
thickness. It is pretty much weathered, but seems to have borne five
matrices. On the obverse the chief matrix is for a flat axe with ex-
panding cutting edge ; it measures 6| inches in length, 3| inches across
the cutting face, 1| inches across the butt, and | inch deep in the
middle, getting shallower towards the butt and cutting ends. This
matrix occupies the centre of the stone. Across the top and at right
' Proc, Soe. Ant, Scot,^ vol. vii. p. 111.
l:l
; 1
36 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, DECEMBER 11, 1905.
angles to the main axis of the axe, at a distance of ^ inch from the
butt end of the axe, is a matrix for a bar 5J inches long, ^ to -^ inch
broad, and J inch deep. To the left of the axe matrix, and running
parallel to its main axis, is a matrix for a bar 3^ inches in length, f inch
in breadth, and ^ inch in depth. Across the bottom, in front of the
cutting edge of the axe, is what seems to have been the matrix for a
smaller axe, but it is so much abraded and weathered as not to be quite
distinguishable. On the reverse of the mould there is part of a matrix
for a flat axe still clearly defined for a length of 4J inches. The
breadth of the butt end is IJ inches, but, the whole of the other end of
the matrix having been worn away, it is impossible to say what had
been the original length of the matrix or the breadth of it at the
cutting edge. Judging from the breadth of the butt end, and seeing
that there was apparently only one matrix on this side of the stone, it is
probable that it had been larger than tlie one on the obverse.
This is the eighth example of a flat axe-mould recorded from Scotland,
and like the other seven, as pointed out in my paper to the Society two
sessions ago, comes from the north-east part of the country, Not only
is this so, but it was found in that particular district of Aberdeenshire
and Banffshire which has already produced four specimens, and like
three of these four it bears matrices for ])ars as well as for flat axes. It
resembles other six of the Scottish flat axe-moulds in being made of
the favourite material, sandstone.
IV. Two Star-shapkd Brads of Green Porcellaneous Paste
FROM Aberdeenshire.
These two star-shaped beads were found a good many years ago in
adjoining parishes in Aberdeenshire, and they are made of a vitreous,
porcellaneous paste, much resembling the material used by the ancient
Elgyptians in the manufacture of beads and other small grave-goods.
The smaller example of the two was found on the farm of Darnabo,
in tke pariah of Ffrie. It is in the shape of a star of six points, with a
IeImi eentra. The points of the bead are not at quite so
TWO STAR-SHAPKD BEADS OF GREEN PORCELLANEOUS PASTE. 37
'■*^Stilar intervals as to form a perfect circle. It is of a light green colour,
**^ci Tvas picked up in a field during the working of the land.
Tlie larger and finer example was found on the farm of Camalynes,
**^ tlie parish of Auchterless. In colour it is a lightish green. The
*^*^^^ci has six points placed at regular intervals, forming an almost
F^^X'^ect circle.
XXnlike nearly all the other known Scottish prehistoric heads, this
^"It^^cimen was found directly associated with other remains, hy which we
^^-^^^ enahled to date it. A boy threw a stone at what he thought was the
*^^^\anded edge of a boulder projecting from the side of a mill-lade. He
Sd^t a fright when the supposed stone broke and a lot of bones fell out.
-*~I^aying run home and told his folk about it, they went and examined
"^Vie place, and found this bead amongst the bones. Although none of
"^^le bones or fragments of the urn have been preserved, it is extremely
*ikely that it was the remains of a cremation deposited in a cinerary
^Vm, in which case the bead will date back at least to the end of the
-teronze Age.
Professor Gowland, of the Royal College of Science, London, who
Analysed the material of one of three star-shaped beads in the collection
cif Mr Ludovic M*L. Mann, F.S.A. Scot., reported that it was "a crude
enamel, coloured by copper."
With the exception of the one of six rays from Blair-Drummond Moss,
Perthshire, star-shaped beads had hitherto been recorded only from the
Glenluce Sands and the Culbin Sands, areas which, though far apart,
have produced so much in common in the way of prehistoric remains.
The recovery of these two beads from Aberdeenshire, goes to show that
many of the smaller and more perishable prehistoric relics, such as bronze
pins, small fibulae, and various kinds of beads, which, as a rule, are found
on, and which we are perhaps accustomed to associate with sandy areas
like Glenluce, Shewalton, and Culbin Sands, have been in use, and
common, all over the country. A small bronze or glass object has less
chance of surviving intact, and of being discovered, on land that is
coutinually being subjected to farming operations, than on sandy areas
38 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, DECEMBER 11, 1905.
like the places just named, where they lie undisturbed until the sand
is removed from them, and they are exposed by the action of the wind.
Thirteen star-shaped beads have l^en recorded as found in Scotland :
one of six points was found in Blair-Drummond Moss, Perthshire, and
is in the collection of antiquities at Blair-Drummond ; three perfect
having nine points (as fig, 11), one with five points, and two imperfect
specimens from Glenluce Sands, and one imperfect example from the
Culbin Sands, are in our Museum ; three from Glenluce, one of eight
points being perfect, are in Mr Mann*s collection ; and the two beads b
of six points just described. I
Such beads, as mentioned by Mr Geo. F. Black, have been found in
Ireland.^ Mr W. J. Knowles, of Ballymena, informs me that star-
Fig. 11. Star-shaped Bead from Glenluce Sands in the Museum.
shaped beads^ as well as flat beads of the same material, are termed
quoit-beads by Irish archaBologists. In a list of ancient Irish beads
compiled in 1891 by Rev. Leonard Hasse, seven quoit-beads are men-
tioned, but how many were of the star pattern is not specified.^ Three
of the seven were in the collection of Mr Knowles, who has since
received a fourth example : two of the four are star-shaped, and two
are without points.
In England, two rings resembling the Irish quoit beads without rays,
but provided with a loop on one side, have been recorded as found in
barrows, in Sussex.^ One of these is described as an ** annular pendant
^ Proc, Soc. Ant, Scot., vol. xxv. p. 510.
'^ Proc. Roy. Soc. AiUiq. of Ireland, vol. xxi. p. 361.
^ Dr Thuruam in Archccologia, vol. xliii. p. 497, fig. 192.
t
i^i ^is z rL^i ^ i-. :r- — :1 ' :— : '• it< -.z. i. :ir_i:.:>. .- :h; lV»\vn8
lir*: rLrj -::_ :. -ir.-i !:•: : :^*]i:>:^7:: r-.'...>. I >1. v.Ia likt- to
i^"» :--r i::ir.:: :. : -..r ^yr.rzj : :":.r ^T»r-: :..-'.-.: vf wn» ami
'Ji:^>r?:Li_: m: .-.::*• — _: i -rz ..iiirL .r. :r/ i> ; l"v:::.:;> thniuglinut
^^C'jrL:*^: - r -; : T-.iiT-ri. >• :::r : Tr.-is^ ."■?-.•:> •v.l* pTv^KUily roiiiP
*•: ■'-* N-.:; : .. ?•[ is- .:l. ::. :.—-, " :: i*. :lv: y :..>r* :::e oii\*uinHtiiii(M*fi
■: i:.r:.z l:<z--ir-. t" -' : -.: 7: •^:.^:. r, ^^11 > l"^: .»: iho iloatli of
^-•=:r -:.-r-. l- •• rV - ;. : ^-'.t :..-.:: r.- .i>. ...:s^*..\:v4iM. Souh* yourM
^T It a- -t:-. -- - 1 M: : !i '•. v>.:-i :..t ii5f>:-.: Scottish iiiumMiiiin,
'1 Tr-T . r '. ■=■ 1 ■ :. : : 5" ^ ■ - - • .: • : :. t t Ar: :•* :< a:. : : : v. : : ios ooiitiiiiifd i n
'.'-r- — i vt- :.- -«-.:- '• rls. -:.-:. :-•: :::?:.:« r? :ho sli]iiiliiNl iiih]
ir^lr-- :^r:.: :. - . '. ::.■.::- : :1> ^::r.i:;> : :!:os«» iinimsiiiiiH nm;
: :. .:l . i:./. r - : r : -;-. .:.r:>. l-> r- ..".*< .: vnir Siirioty riii^liL
5-: : .-.'^r7.: '.':. -r. - :-: :- : 1.: J. ::: - :::: a ^v.iy :h:u tlu» olynct riii^lit
i::^:^ir> -•= :'.-::.:.-:-: :: :.. ::■ :: :t>.::::-. :.. .i:iy tim» or iiiic/irnfiioii
T*-.:: ~:.L '-. iL-v 7.. S:.' 1.::-^:: : f^f :i: A:.y :r:*-.i:e oolloctioii.
40 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, DECEMBER 11, 1905.
III.
NOTICE OF THE DISCOVERY OF A STONE CIST, CONTAINING AN
UNBURNT BURIAL AND AN URN OF THE DRINKING-CUP TYPE,
AT WELLGROVE. LOCHEE, NEAR DUNDEE. Bv WILLIAM REID,
F.S.A. Scot.
During the month of June 1904, while excavating to make a new
road, prior to the erection of new buildings at Wellgrove, Lochee, near
Dundee, a stone cist was discovered, containing unburnt bones and an
urn of the drinking-cup type. As comparatively few discoveries of the
kind have been made in this district of recent times, it may be of im-
portance to place the particulars on record.
Wellgrove is a district to the south-west of Lochee, in the combined
parishes of Liff and Benvie, distant some three miles from the Town
Hall of Dundee, and quite close to Lochee West Station on the Cale-
donian Railway line between Dundee and Blairgowrie.
During the afternoon of 8th June, while workmen were engaged
levelling down a giassy knoll in a meadow at a point 27 yards to the
north from the centre of the South Road, they struck upon the lid or
covering of a stone cist, 2i feet from the surface. Mr Charles John-
stone, who had the work in hand, was absent at the time of the discovery,
whereupon the digging was discontinued at that point until instructions
should be given as to how to proceed with the unearthing of the cist. At
an early hour the following morning the lid of the cist was removed,
which was found to be made up of three grey slabs of irregular form,
varying from 1 inch to 2i inches in thickness, with no markings of any
kind, and measured roughly 5J feet by 3 feet.
The depth from the surface to the bottom of the cist measured 5 feet,
the soil being a shallow seam of black loam, then red and yellow sand
above the rock, which is the Old Red Sandstone, splintered and much
decayed.
The cist itself was formed of seven rude, undressed slabs of grey
42 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, DECEMBER 11, 1905.
finely-poAvdered red sand, and had at least measured 7^ or 8 inches high.
In their haste to ascertain the contents, the urn Avas handed from one
workman to another, who surmised it to contain coins or other treasure,
and when being emptied it was accidentally let fall to the ground and
broken, the bottom being so much destroyed that it was found impossible
to piece it together. The broken parts, being very much splintered, were
unfortunately not preserved.
The meadow through which the new road was made, and where the
cist was discovered, has for 75 yards a sloping decline from south to
north, where it meets the level, and extends for some distance north as
pasture. The highest point of the meadow reaches the same level as the
South Koad, where for 32 yards it is continued east and west, at which
distance from the new road it is cut by a stone wall, and presently forms
the kitchen gardens to four cottages. This new road has opened up a
serviceable thoroughfare between the South Road on the south, and
LifF Road on the north, and since then has been named Wellbum
Street.
Mr Charles Johnstone, contractor, Lochee, who retained possession of
the urn since its discovery, has expressed a desire that it should be
presented to the Museum, and on his behalf I have now the pleasure of
making the presentation.
MAHOGANY PlTCHPIFK USED IN CULTS PARISH CHUKCH,
43
NOTICE OF A MAHOOAKY PITCH PIPE FORMERLV USED IN CULTS
PABISH CHURCH, FIFE. B^ GEOJiGE LEITCH, U.A., Cultk Bvmoh'
Thifl quaint instruraenfc tjf music is &n important relic of Scottish
Church psalm^Kly. It h of considerable age, and uutil recently was tlje
property of a Pitlcssio octogenarian, Mr .James Sjieed, who bought it
about the year 1845, at the sale of the goods and chattels of the Parish
Church precentor. At that time them was a keen competition amongst
the various Fife leaiiers of psalmody for the poasesslon of what even
tlien was considered an interesting memento t^f the past.
Fig* L Mahogany PlteUpipcj formt^rly uned in Culta Pariah Churcli, Fife,
The instniment waa shown to several non^enarians, and one — ^Mr
William Arthur of Monimail — prououneed It to he an old-fashioned
pitch pipe I used at Cults^ over a hundred years ago, to i^gtilate the pitch
or leading tone of the tune.
" In the Auld Kirk, in my younger days,*' said Mr Arthur, ** there was
neither choir nor organ. The musical service then was not a kind
of performance or concert. On William Durie — the old precentor^
sounding the keynole from his whistle, immediately all the people
joined in, and, keeping time to the evolutions of the pitclipipe, they
sang together with great sound and evident pleasure.''
The sterner spirits, however, regarded the use of this instrunient in
the house of God with great abhor retico. Sir Walter Scott tells that,
on his first interview with ^'Old Mortalityj" he found that the s]*irit of
tlie sturdy Covenanter had been sorely vexed by hearing in a certain
44
PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, DECEMBER 11, 1905.
kirk the psalmody directed by a pitchpipe, which to him was the
abomination of abominations.
The pitchpipe now presented to the Museum (fig. 1) is made of
mahogany, and, considering its age, is in excellent preservation. It
consists of a long stopped diapason pipe, fitted with a movable graduated
stopper, adjustable to any note of the scale. By pushing the stopper
inwards, or pulling it outwards, an adept could play a tune : only, the
tone being somewhat strident and coercive, it is better adapted as a
prelude to the singing of the Psalms in the house of God. Directly
attacking the nervous system, the shrill notes of the pitchpipe roused the
sleepers when everything else had failed, and at the same time indicated
the keynote to the congregation.
The dimensions of the pitchpipe are as follows : —
Length of pipe . • . • 13f inches.
Length of stopper • Hf »
Length extended -211
Pipe ' i
Length of scale ...... 5|
on which the followhig notes are marked : —
„ square.
If
#
(i
# aU
B
C # T) hf
E
t G
Mr Herbert Diggle, Cupar, a member of the Pianoforte Tuners* Associa-
tion, tested the pitch of this unique instrument, and found that the note C
i
corresponded with the Society of Arts standard pitch, the vibrations of
which are 530 per second. Mr Diggle regards the pitchpipe as a great
curiosity, and said he had never before seen such an old-fashioned device*
Alongside the older and more formidable-looking instrument may be
placed a specimen of Eard ley's patent chromatic pitchpipe, which con-
sists of a small reed pipe of the free species in which the length of the
MAHOGANY PITCHPIPK USED IN CULTS PARISH CHURCH. 45
vibrating portion of metal is controlled by a rotating spiral. As may
be seen, it is less bulky than the more ancient contrivance, but as
regards pitch the two coincide, both corresponding with the Society
of Arts standard pitch.
In Cooper's novel. The Last of th£ Mohicans^ the ancient pitchpipe
plays a conspicuous part. David Gamut, a half-witted musician, is
introduced, treasuring beneath the flap of an enormous pocket an
unknown engine, which turns out to be the beloved pitchpipe of the
master of song. Throughout the tale, David repeatedly essays the
virtues of his much-prized instrument. Performing the indispensable
preliminaries, the singer produces from it a high, shrill sound, followed
by its lower octave from his own voice. Then, without circumlocution
or apology, he sings a psalm in such full and melodious tones that the
surrounding savages are astounded by the upliftings of his mighty voice.
David accompanies the delivery of the skilful rhymes by the regular
rise and fall of his right hand, his fingers dwelling at the descent on
the leaves of his psalm-book ; and on the ascent there ensues such a
flourish of the arms, that none but the initiated could ever hope to
imitate. David believed that his immunity from death at the massacre
of William Henry Avas due to the saving virtues of his pitchpipe and
power of song. Both of these he exerted to the utmost in the hour
of danger, pouring forth a strain so powerful as to be heard even amid
the din of that bloody field. But Hawk-Eye the scout expressed the
truth when he remarked, as he significantly tapped his forehead : "The
Indians never harm a non- composer."
The history of the pitchpipe now under consideration is lost in the
obscurity of the early part of last century; but without doubt this
obsolete instrument, now superseded by wonderful inventions, has often
sounded the prelude of the joyous voicing of congregations long since
gone from this earth. That it was used in the Kirk of Cults through
the early years of last century is indisputable, and that Sir David Wilkie
often heard it in his youth, follows as a matter of course. Had Wilkie
done for the old Precentor what he did for the ** Blind Fiddler," or
46 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, DECEMBER 11, 1905.
"Pitlessie Fair," the story of this quaint old instrument might have
ranked among the classics of our land.
The following note is added by Mr F. R. Coles:— "In October 1899,
among other curious objects, a wooden pitchpipe was left with me by
Mr J. Falconer, of Dundee. In general, it resembles the pipe above
described, being of mahogany, and measuring, when closed, 13 J inches,
with a horizontal breadth of 1^ inches, and a vertical thickness of
IJ inches. The bar carrying the scale was kept from being pulled
entirely out uf the tube by a small wooden peg plugged into the bottom
of the pipe, and over Avhich there ran a slot in the bar. Into the upper
surface of the scale-bar, a thin piece of white wood (possibly willow?)
had been inlaid, so as to throw up into greater relief the horizontal
lines marking the scale ; and these lines, as well as the names of the
notes, were neatly cut and darkened with some blackish pigment. But
the greatest difference between the Cults pitchpipe and this one from
Dundee is to be observed in the scales. In the Cults pipe the scale
begins on the note F, the first space on the treble clef, and ends on the
upper G, ascending by semitones. In the Dundee pipe, the scale is-
from D below the clef to the octave above, also ascending by semitones,
but not having the semitones correctly named. Another minute difTer-
ence is that, in the Dundee pipe, instead of the sign jjf in common usage
to designate a sharp, the maker has cut a neat double-lined St Andrew's
cross. And either he, or the owner of the pitchpipe, has cut the initials
W C within a deeply cut oblong cavity just below the air-hole.
" I learn from Mr R. Milne, formerly of the Third Battalion Royal
Scots Regiment, now an attendant in the Museum, that pitchpipes of a
similar kind were sent down from Pimlico to the regiment, in order to
keep the pitch correctly for the bagpipes.
" The approximate date of any of these pitchpipes can best be com-
puted by a careful comparison of the difference between their pitch and
that of the modern standard * concert-pitch/ In the absence, how-
ever, of a sufficiently varied number of pitchpipes, it will be safe to
assert only that, the lower the pitch is, the older is the pipe likely to be."
DONATIONS TO THE MUSEUM AND LIBRARY 47
Monday, Sth January 1906.
DAVID CHRISTISOX, M.D., Vice-President, in the Chair.
A Ballot having been taken, the following were duly elected
Fellows : —
Dr John Aitkbn, Ardenlea, Falkirk.
Andrew Edward Murray, W.S., 7 Eton Terrace.
Jameb Ltle, Waverley, Qiieen'8 Crescent.
The Very Rev. Jamks C. Russell, D.D., 9 Coates GardenH.
The following Donations to the Museum and Library were laid on the
table, and thanks voted to the Donors : —
(1) By the Daughters of the late John Buchanan, Esq., LL.D.,
Glasgow.
Collection of antiquities of various kinds, comprising —
Two fragments of decorated ** Samian '* ware and a fragment of
an Inscribed Stone, with II in one line and V in the line below, from
Cadder.
Base of a small Vessel of soft red Avare, from Xew Kilpatrick.
Fragment of decorated " Samian " ware Bowl, small shallow Vessel
of "Samian" ware 2| inches in diameter and Ij inches in depth,
plain ; two small decorated fragments of the same ware ; portion of
large shallow Vessel of reddish ware 9 inches in diameter by 3^
inches in depth ; handle and portion of Vessel of smooth greyish
ware ; handle of Amphora, with potter's stamp vmedic ; portion of
small terra-cotta Bust of Female Figure, described in Stuart's Galeflonia
Romanay p. 348 ; six fragments of Tiles ; small portion of the rim of a
glass Vessel, — all from Castlecary.
Fragment • from arch of gateway at Garscadden, with inscription
** OMNLA FIRMAT."
Stone Cup, slightly oval, measuring over all 5|^ x 3| inches, across the
48 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, JANUARY 8, 1906.
hollow 2f X 2^ inches, and f inch in depth, with short rounded
handle at one side, from a tumulus at Gallowflat, Butherglen.
Four blue, decorated, glazed Tiles, 5 inches square, from Slatefield.
Pocket Sun-dial, with Compass and hinged Gnomon, in brass case,
with lid to screw on.
Embroidered Satchel, lettered in red silk thread — i libvb asv
DEY IN CONSTANCIE. ABSENCE NKVER PAIRTS LOYAL [hEARTS] — the last
word being symbolised by the figure of two hearts entwined.
Flat piece of lead, 8 by 5^ inches, pierced for seven nails, found
underneath one of the dug-out canoes discovered in May 1852 at Cly(i^^*
haugh, near Govan.
Piece of Mosaic from Hadrian^s Villa ; and fragment of the Arm of
marble Statue, with the Hand of a child resting on it, from the Baths of
Constantine, Rome.
Small slab of grey sandstone, with figure of Hindoo Goddess, from
Sangor, Central India ; and brass Figure of Krishna, from Benares.
Bridle-bit of iron, from Cawnpore.
(2) By the Master of the Kolls.
Acts of the Privy Council of England, New Series, vol. xxix., 1598-
99, and vol. xxx., 1599-1600; Calendar of Close Rolls, Edward III.,
vol. viii., 1346-49; Close Rolls, Henry III., 1231-34; Patent Rolls,
Richard II., 1391-96; Patent Rolls, Henry IV., vol. ii., 1401- 05 :
Year-Books, 18 and 19 of the Reign of Edward III.; State Papers.
Ireland, 1660-62; Treasury Books, vol. ii., 1667-68; State Papers,
America and West Indies, 1 697-98.
There was exhibited : —
(I) By Mr C. 0. Dussel, 8 Danube Street, through Mr Jamv
Urquhart, F.S.A. Scot.
An ornamental horse-crupper from Kirkwall, Orkney (fig. 1), consist-
ing of thirty brass plaques affixed to two longitudinal straps of leather,
50 PROCKBDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, JANUARY 8, 1906.
with a lozenge-shaped centre-piece consisting of a central boss flanked
by two side-pieces of triangular curvature. The length, including
the buckles at the end, is 21| inches, and the breadth from point to
point of the lozenge-shaped part is 1 4 J inches. The terminal plaques
are oblong, those at the posterior end being IJ inches in length by IJ
inches in breadth, and those at the anterior end 2 J inches in length by
IJ inches in breadth. The other ten plaques on the longitudinal straps
are 1| inches square and placed half an inch apart. Twelve similar
square plaques are similarly placed on the straps which make the
lozenge-shaped part, and the two terminals on the outer side angles
of the lozenge are heart-shaped. The central boss is 3| inches in
diameter, surrounded by a flat border half an inch in width. The flank-
ing plaques of triangular curvature measure 3| inches along each side.
The oblong and square plaques are chased with a floral device in an
oblong or square panel in the centre of each, surrounded by a border
crossed at intervals by groups of parallel lines. The heart-shaped plaques
have each a bear seated upright, and looking out of the floral scroll with
his fore-paws clasped round two of its branches. The plates of triangular
curvature which flank the boss have an elaborate floral scroll filling the
space within a border of the same character as that of the other plaques,
but studded with small boss-like nail-heads at intervals of | of an inch.
There are similar nail-heads in the angles of the margins of the
oblong and square plaques, and round the margin of the heart-shaped
plaques. The central boss has four such studs round the margin and
one on the top, and the whole of its convexity is chased with an
elaborate pattern of interlaced work, with incipient leafage at intervals.
Round the flat margin of the boss is an Icelandic inscription incised in
the old black-letter character, which Mr Eirlkr Magniisson of the
Cambridge University Library, in a letter to Dr Anderson, discusses and
explains as follows : —
" The inscription of which you send me a rubbinc and a correct translitera-
tion proves the boss on which it is engraved to have been an ornamental
affixture to a crupper attached to a saddle given to a bride on the occasion of
her bridal ride, or procession on horseback, with her party to the church, or
ARTICLES EXHIBITED. 51
t;o the place where the wedding feast was to be given. This the translation
o:f the quatrain will bear out inferentially.
" The quatrain is in Icelandic. In form it is an absolutely perfect piece of
I>oetry, and yet of an elaborate technique. The language is remarkably pure,
SLndy in want of any data, may belong to anv time from, say, 1600 to 1800 ;
\yiit must belong to the time when ladies' satldles and harness decorated with
ornamental plaque-work in brass were most in vogue — the 18th century.
" I will now give you a copy of the quatrain such as will exhibit at a glance
"tlie technique of its poetical form : —
Reidiii Gagni i^rwdi i^est
Bynh Fraegda Dafni
Leiuin Fagni Afooti Afest
Afedur [^gda Safni
" The vertical arrangement shows the assonantic syllables, the letters in italic
^jrpe show the alliteration. Reduced to ordinary 18th centuiy spelling, the
v^erse reads : —
Reidinn gagni briidi best,
Byrinn frseg'Sa dafni,
Leidinn fagni m6ti mest,
Medur l^aigda safni.
Before interpreting the verse, 1 must call attention to the assonantic first
"vvords of lines 1 and 3 : reiSinn^ leidinn— 1 use the normal spelling of to-day.
-At the end of a word the unstressed syllable inn has the same sound vohime
^w the (unstressed) syllable in : therefore :
Ist, Reidiii may stand for rei"5inn or reitJin.
2na, Leidin „ „ leiCinn or lei'Sin.
" Both words stand in nom. case with definite article hinn or inn = Engl, the
Suffixed. Therefore : Rei6-inn = reiSi'im (reiCi hinn, rei^i inn) may be nom.
cjf reiiJi, m. (=a crupper), meaning the crupper ; or it may be nom. of md", f., a
«nde, reiifin {in — the fem. of the article hin, 'in) = the ride. Now both crupper
stnd ride suit the sense of the first line equally well ; so I take it the author
*iieant reiSin{n) to have the double meaning I have ix>inted out.
''^Leidin can stand for leidinn, m., the tedium, the weariness (unfulfilled desire
^f a love-lorn heart) ; or it may stand for leidin, f ., which I think has here the
^ense of leei, assembly, wedding i)arty. Accordingly the translation of the
Cjuatrain will be :
Let the \ ^^ \ suit the bride in the best manner,
( crupper J *
Let the fair wind of renown(ed deeds) increase (for the couple to be married),
Let the < y^QAAi^g riartv I ^®J^^^® ^^ ^^^ "^^^^ ^^ ^^^ meeting (of bride and
bridegroom),
With a collection of comforts (wedding presents).
52 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, JANUARY 8, 1906.
"^a^nt = pres. siibj. of gagna, be of gain, suit; hrMi, dat. s. of &HWr, bride ;
Byrr, * bearing,' fair wind ; best, siiperl. of gOdr^ best ; fraRgSa^ gen. pi. of
frxgS^ fame, renown, deed worthy of fame ; do/nt, subj. of dafna^ to tnrive,
ino-ease ; fagni^ subj. of fagna (* fawn ' upon), rejoice ; mest^ most ; medur^
n. with dat. with ; ^ORgSa, gen. pi. of ^SRgS^ f., an obliging act, gratifying
, comfort conferred upon a person, winning gift ; «o/rit, dat. sing, of aafn^
n., collection.
" In his Reise igiennem Island^ 1772, pt. i. p. 44, Eggert Olafsson gives a
description of the 18th century lady's saddle in Iceland as follows : —
" * In other places of the country the ladies ride by themselves in a lady^s
saddUy somewhat resembling those in use in Denmark. Yet the Icelanaic
saddles are much more decorated. They are lined bv blue or green cloth,
covered by brass work, and here and there ornamented by large bosses of the
same metal, engraved by foliate de8ic;ns, animals and birds. The bridle,
crupper, and breast-strajw are also thickly set with bossies of brass.'
" This antiquarian curiosity is very valuable, now that all traces of brass-
bound ladies' saddles seem to have vanished in Iceland."
As the crupper has been thus shown to be undoubtedly a product of
Icelandic handicraft, probably of the 18th century, it would have been
interesting to have known how and when it came to Kirkwall; but
unfortunately, although it is known to have been there for at least fifty
or sixty years, no traces of its previous history appear to be obtainable.
The following Communications were read : —
54 PROCKEDINOS OF THE SOCIETY, JANUARY 8, 1906.
have its bed, and a dining-room its table and chairs — it were a needless
task to set down liere lists of such articles as are still in common use, or
which in their description show no peculiarities. I shall therefore
merely abstract from the inventories, which extend to thirty-two pages,
such material as may be of special interest.
The first list is that of the " Linens from the Craig, after my husband's
death."
This includes, besides the usual linen, feather-beds, cods (pillows), cod
wares (pillow-cases), a scarlet bed with silk fringes, a blue bed, and a
purple bed — four-posters, with their canopies and curtains of bright
coloured material ; and we may here note that the beds in Rossie are
likewise described by their colours — green, red, and yellow — that in
the lady's own room being "a copper-coloured Alasand-bed." ^
Next follows an " Account of the Tea Equipage."
There is a black tea press, in which no doubt the " equipage " was
kept. The china is red and white, and the morning cups and
"trinchers" (i.e. plates) ** uniform to the cupps " are blue and white.
There are also afternoon cups, which shows that tea was in frequent
use. A silver " tract pot " and a china ** draw pott " we should now
simply call tea-pots. There are coffee mills, for the coffee was roasted and
ground at home ; and a silver ** transvarer '* is presumably a punch-ladle
for transferring punch from the bowl to the glass.
The list of glasses contains ** 10 water glasses with 8 saucers for
them," and also, besides glass decanters, four of " lime," ?.e. earthen-
ware ; 4 capps, which are small wooden bowls for containing food ; " 2
wand baskets lined with white iron," and ** 6 bottle frames," which were
probably wine slides. Of wine-glasses there is no mention, but in a
press in the big hall and in the closet ofl' my lady's chamber were to be
found two "caves," with glasses in them. At this period nests of
glasses, i.e. a number of small tumblers fitting closely into each other,
* Alexander, or Bourde de Alisaiindre, a stuff which took its name from
Alexandria in Egypt, where, though not exclusively, it was manufactured. It is
sup(>osed to have been a striped silk. — {The Drapers* Dictionary.)
56 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, JANUARY 8, 1906.
Scotland by this date. In the Green room we find, besides six ordinary
chairs, an easy-chair, an "armed chair," two stools, and a large settee,
** the room hung " either with stamped leather or fabric of some sort,
wall-papers not yet being in use. The " Stamped room " suggests leather
hangings. Only in the " Dark room," where the blue bed was, and in
the nursery, were there chests of drawers. In the " big hall " were the
presses where the great stores of h«nd- woven linen lay in lavender, and
there also stood a resting chair, which certainly suggests comfort. There
were ten rooms, including closets, dark and light, in which were beds.
The female servants most likely occupied the " woman house," probably
an outhouse, where, with the spinning-wheels and "chack reels" for
winding the yarns, were three beds, "with bedding conform." In
" Rossie's garret *' lay the usual miscellaneous collection of articles,
superannuated or not in daily use, that such places contain, — a
cradle and cradle cover, with its curtains, a stone table lying flat on
the floor, pewter plates, moulds for moulding candles, sets of weights,
*^hisps," i,e. hanks of yarn, "for working fowling nets," boxes, hampers,
a side-saddle, and a hobby-horse. There was a laundry, well found with
all requisites, and a kitchen, with pots, pans, and dishes in abundance.
In the inventory of the kitchen utensils we may note — " colop tongs,"
" a footman for the tea kettle," — the footman being an iron or brass
stand with feet for holding a kettle before the fire, — while seven
pewter chamber-pots, as well as four of earthenware, and four of stone,
seem strangely out of place. There were numerous candlesticks and
snuffers, and but three bells — a large bell, which probably was used to
announce the arrival of the dinner hour; one hanging bell, perchance
connected with the dining-room ; and a chamber bell, not specified as
hanging. This completes the furnishings of the various apartments.
A milk-house there was also, wherein were churns and cheese fitts, i.e.
vats ; a brewhouse, with the vessels wherewith to brew the beer — kimmers,
masking vats, wort stones — as well as a supply of barrels, ankers, and
casks, and a cellar containing four buffstands, powdering tubs, two flower
stands, a meal chest, a salt girnel, and two "tonnels."
58 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, JANUARY 8, 1906.
By the Countess of Leven, a ring with one Emerald, with three diamonds in
each end of the Emerald.
By Lady Marg^ Weems, now Countess of Northesk, a massy gold ring, w'
two dozen fine Dyper (diaper linen).
By my uncle Sir John Alton, a Ring w^ six Diamonds.
By my aunt, Sir John Harper's Ladv, a four guinea piece, w' my grand-
father and grandmother's picture, and my great-grandfather's picture, Sir
Thomas Hope of Craighall.
By Mr Wylie, a bigg glass and six agget hefted knives.
By Lady Commistoii, a five guinea piece.
By Mrs James Martine, two silver candlesticks.
By Mrs Arbuthnot, Rosj>ie'8 mother's sister, one feather bed, w' a bolster
and two cods, two pair of sheets, and four codwars.
By Rossie, my husband, a gold watch, two gold sealls and a silver one, one
Diamond Ring w' seven diamonds, a Diamond Ring w*- one stone, a Ring with
a garland, w* a pretty pocket glass and five five guinea pieces, and a fine sable
tippet, a fine \msic necklace, a dressing glass, w*^ boxes of all sorts that were
useful. A pair gold philigram buttons.
By my Father, a Ring w^ a large Ruby, w^ three diamonds on each side, a
Ring w*- other seven set as a Rose.
By the Lady Knox, a necklace of Amethysts, three ells of broad gold lace.
By my Mother, a small jewel for a Breast, set like a large Rose.
By Rossie's Father, a pretty Jewel, which I gave the Earle Southesk's son in
a present, as I did all the rest, among my children and kind friends.
By Mrs Armer, a chained Ring w^ 7 or 8 Turkasses in't.
Sent by my Mother after I came to Rossie, five stone of wool, w^ sixty Ewes
and Lambs.
By the Earle Northesk, a very Handsome Galloway.
Bv my Lorfl Southesk, a fine cow and calf, a breed of Geese, Ducks, and
Turkeys, and feasine fowls in plentie.
By my uncle Sir James Weems, twelve dozen parrot coal.
The gifts are remarkably varied — fine jewellery in abundance — farm
stock, poultry, pheasants — the latter, 1 think, probably kept in an
aviary to be killed for the table when required. The twelve dozen
parrot coal is puzzling. This mineral, now generally known as cannel
coal, is used in the manufacture of gas, and is not a good household coal.
It burns with a very bright light, and is said to have been used in former
days as a luminant, and such a purpose it may have been intended to
serve in this instance. It was, or is still, obtained at Torrie in Fife.
Surely this young lady must have been endowed with an unwonted
charm to have had so many precious tokens of friendship bestowed
on her ; and does not her kindly nature shine out even through the dry
details of her inventories — as when she mentions the distribution
INVENTORIES OF THE HOUSE OF ROSSIE. 59
of her jewels among her children and kind friends? The next entry
following the li»t of "tokens'* relating to her trousseau suggests the
current of her thoughts back to those far-off days, near half a century
before, when, as a youthful bride, she came to the house of Rossie or
the Craig. The details may help us to picture her wandering in the
" excellent good yards " or orchards at Rossie, or seated beside that
" excellent fountaine with its large basone of hewen stone *' in the
garden at the Craig. Thus does it nin : —
" As to my cloathes, I bro* w' me A Green and stript floured w^ cherry
and silver Mantua ^ (and) Pettycoat trim'd w* a deep silver fringe and
Gralloons,^ lyn'd w* a cherry tushey,^ w* silver.
** A Liomond * Mantua and pettycoat stript and floured w* silver and
Liomond, lyned with a Liomond good silk and spotted the mounting
fabricade, and mounted w* small silver fringes as was the fashion.
" A cherry and green broad stript, as was all the rest, lyn** w* a black
and white damask all through.
" A petty coat trimed w* silver fringes, other gowns in abundance con-
form to my age. Stayes and Linnens in abundance, and pettycoats and
smoke ^ pettycoats conform to the above.
*'With a suit of handsoni Riding cloaths mounted w' six dozen
Beatten silver buttons as wtis the fashion, being a silk camblet cotton
skirt lin'd w' silk.
" My own syde sadle w*''' I had when a maid.
"Two stone twice hackled lint."
The house of Rossie has long since disappeared, and the property has
passed from the hands of Margaret Scott's descendants ; but from these
inventories, which she laboriously compiled in her old age, we may
conjure up a picture of her home, and even obtain a faint glimpse of
the personality of the writer herself.
The original inventory was kindly lent to me some years ago by the
late Mr J. Douglas Walker, Q.C., a descendant of the Scotts of Rossie.
^ A loose gown. '^ A species of silk ribbon used to edge or border clothes.
' Tissue. * (?) Lemon. * Smock.
60 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, JANUARY 8, 1906.
II.
NOTICE OF A GROUP OF LONG GRAVES, STONE-LINED. NEAR THE
SOURCE OF THE WATER OF NORTH ESK. By JOHN W. M. LONEY,
F.S.A.SCOT.
This group of graves presents the characteristics of a well-known type,
which has, however, attracted little notice, doubtless on account of lack
of interest arising from the entire absence of grave-goods in asssociation
with burials of this description.
I am informed that undescribed groups of graves of similar character
have been discovered at Penicuik, at Nunraw, and in the neighbourhood
of North Berwick, as well as elsewhere. A group of about twenty
such graves found near Uphall has been described by the Rev. James
Primrose in the Proceedings of the Society (vol. xxxv. p. 325); and
another group of three graves, of apparently similar construction and
character, at Gladhouse reservoir, has been described to the Society by
the Hon. John Abercromby (Proceedings, vol. xxxviii. p. 96). Reference
may also be made to notices of like graves (1) at Auchterhouse by Mr
Alexander Hutcheson, and (2) at Stenton by Dr Richardson {Pro-
ceedings, vol. xxxix. pp. 393 and 441).
A number of like graves existed at Belhaven, near Dunbar, where
their presence was disclosed some fifteen years ago in the raised shell-
beach, when cut into by the sea during a severe storm. A short notice
of these Belliaven graves was submitted to the Society last session by the
Rev. Robert Paul, of Dollar (Proceedings, vol. xxxix. p. 350). Five years
ago, when I was showing the site of the Belhaven graves to a friend, he
was poking about with his walking-stick in the face of the sand-bank,
and struck upon the end of an unopened grave. A few days afterwards
Mr J. H. Cunningham, Mr Gilbert Goudie, and 1 opened the grave,
where we found a complete adult skeleton in a supine and extended
position ; but there was no vestige of grave-goods in the surrounding
PKOCKEOmGS OF TilK BOCIETV, JAKUARY 8, 1006,
keeper of the re^rvoir, but no written record seems to Imve
niude of the occurrence. I have ascertained from Mrs Tod, Mr Garnock'i
Fig, *£, View o\' the ItJAnil lt>QkiD|;^ tsastwartla.
daughter, and the wife i)f his «uc4'©aBur in office, that Mr Gariioek ex-
amined all the graven theu diacloaed, und o|>ened one in the soil surface,
]irobably that marked by the axe in the photograph, but that he found
66 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, JANUARY 8, 1906.
with three or more slabs on each side, and with a single slab at
each end. They were also apparently covered with like slabs, and the
junctions of the slabs seem to have been filled in with smaller stones
on the outside. With two exceptions after mentioned, the general size
of the graves points to burial in each of one adult person in an extended
position, without a coffin. The graves were entirely filled with soil and
gravel, in which respect they resemble the Gladhouse graves, and difTer
from those of Belhaven. Whether this condition has resulted from
natural processes, or was brought about by intention at the time of
burial, it is difficult to say. I note that Mr Abercromby, in describing
the Gladhouse graves, inclines to tlie latter view.
From the position of the side stones in one of the graves. No. Ill
(fig. 10), it would almost appear as if the body had first been laid
on the prepared floor of the grave, and tlie sides and ends thereafter
put into position, so closely is the general outline of a human figure
followed.
The plan (fig. 4) shows (first) all that is left of the natural surface
of the island ; (second) the denuded gravel and rock of the foreshore,
with a few detached pieces of turf-covered soil washed down from the
main soil surface, also the high-water level of the reservoir last winter,
it never having been full ; and (third) the water-mark of the reservoir
when the survey was made, the depth of the water in the reservoir
being then only some 32 feet — an abnormal condition, brought about
by the drought of the past summer, which was of some importance in
the work of exploration and excavation.
The section is self-explanatory, and is useful in showing that the
graves at high-water are beneath the water-level, — a fact which, in the
porous condition of the gravel and rock through which the water must
freely percolate, may perhaps account for the silted-up condition of the
graves, and certainly abundantly accounts for the almost entire absence
now of human remains therein.
The plan further shows that the graves are all appi'oximately^ though
not exactly, in an oriented position ; and the dotted lines which I have
68 PROCKEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, JANUARY 8, 1906.
put on the plan show that the graves lie in three rows, with possible
indications of a fourth to the west.
Grave VII (fig. 11) is a very perfect structure, and in itself proves
the existence of the third row, without putting too much reliance upon
the washed-out spaces marked VIII and X as indicative of the sites
of graves. By excavation at the point marked IX (shown in figs. 2
and 3 by a spade handle), I satisfied myself that there is there another
grave in correct alignment with VII and VIII, but the trunks and roots
of the surrounding trees prevented more than a small opening, which
disclosed covering stones, two or three side stones, and two stones close
together on edge in a perpendicular position at right angles to the side
atones, which were suggestive of the head stone of one grave and the
foot stone of another. The spot could only be very partially excavated,
however, and the growth of the trees had no doubt disarranged the
structure. I saw no vestige of human remains, nor anything of the
nature of grave-goods ; and a photograph could not be obtained.
As to the probability of a fourth row I cannot speak with certainty.
The washed-out space marked XI looks like another grave-site. The
experimental cuttings made at X and Y were perhaps not carried deep
enough to reach any graves which may be there.
An enlargement of part of the survey is given in fig. 5 to show in
more detail the structure and measurements of five of the graves, which
were carefully excavated and examined, and which are numbered on the
plan (fig. 4) la, I, II, III, and VII.
The first row in the plans (fig. 4 and fig. 5) is represented by one
grave, la, which is the lowest of those shown in the view, fig. 6.
It is of very small size, and is obviously the place of interment of
an infant. The external measurements are — length 24 inches,
breadth at west end 14 inches, and at east end 12 inches. The
internal measurements are — length 21 inches, breadtli at west end
9 inches, and at east end 8 inches.
This was apparently the only grave which had not been floored with
slabs, the bottom consisting solely of the natural rock. The covering
1
^^^^
hw
# ■
\
ii&€ \ ^^ 5L%^. ^
«
^^^^ '-''
Kg. 6.
V lew of three of the GraTw. J
GKOUP OF LONG QEAVES, STONE-LXNEO,
71
l^^ceti its covering stones. TiiiB grave seems to have been that of a
eljilcl ftunjewhat older than the occupant of the previous grave la.
Its rjurrowueas wowld preclude Imrial in any other than an extended
|Misltion>
To the north there was a, coiislderahle space lietvveen graves I ami
1 IT| and there were no surface indications of a grave^ but, at somewhat
^^rf^ater depth tlmn the average, grave II (ilg. 8) was disclosed. Cover-
i ng stones of i^mall size werp in poj^ition, and the <;ravp was entirely
Fig^ 7. View Qf Gjive h
llUed with sand and gravel, which was carefully examined^ but the
pretence of human remains could not be tktecteil, and there were no
Ijiave-goods,
Grave III» already referred to as following closely the contour of a
litinian figure, h shown in fig. 10, It was opened in the spring of 1906
by Mrs Tod, who found a human molar tooth, which she has preserved,
and a bone resembling a kneecap, which was agaiu buried,
Tlie illustration (fig. 9) shows on the left the site of the last grave
(which had been filled up, but which 1 again opened), and to the right
gmve IV, with its eastmost covering atone held in position by tree
GROUP OF LONG aRA^VKS, STONE-LINED.
73
:x-of>ifi« There liea to the right the imop*;ned apace, whicli may yet
^tove to contain another gruve. Grave TV was opened in June 1898,
~Mf Tod being present* Amongst the gravel whieli filled the grave
Fix% 10. View o) Umvi' 111,
Space was found a Binall portion of a human skull and two erowna of
t€eth. A paragraph reporting tim occurrence appeared in the St-oimmn
of 29tli June 1898.
Gmve VII, the well-constructed grave already referred to as the
FBOCEEDtNGS OF THK 80CIOT?, JAKUART 8, l»Oe.
first of Ui« third row, h sliowii in fig, 11. It is of sutiicient aijce
for the hurittl of nij adult of avemge height, and its position ou
the shore ndinitte^l ♦♦f the s^iirnmiiding ilehris being so cleared away
Fi^. 11, ViewofGraTD VIL
m to cuable me to cihtaiu ii photograph whieh clearly sbows its
structure.
The uhavaeteristie featurea of these graves, which lead to the surmise
that they may he regarded as of the Christiati periodj are —
1 . Their orientation ;
2. Their regular alignment in rows ;
GROUP OF LONG GRAVES, STONE-LINED. 75
3. The extended position of the body, as opposed to the doubled-up
position generally affected in the pagan usage ; and
4. The absence of grave-goods.
The resemblance pf the construction of the graves (in other respects
than dimensions) to the short cists of the pagan period may be noted,
and may justify the further surmise that the group belongs to an
£arly Christian period, when pagan methods of grave construction had
not entirely died out.
To refer again to the district map (fig. 1), I would call attention
to the apparently ecclesiastical associations of the district, as evidenced
bj auch place-names as —
1. Spittal Hill— Ruins of Back Spittal— Site of Hospital.
2. Friarton, Upper and Nether.
3. Monk's Rig — Monk's Road, with Font Stone — Monk's Burn — and
Monk's Haugh.
4. St Robert's Croft, and
6. Newhall, with its reputed site or ruins of chapel.
Kone of these names in themselves carry us back ])eyond the 11th
century, and I need not take up further time and space with them,
beyond referring to the 33rd volume of the Society's Proceedings^ where
Mr Coles, in describing the so-called Font Stone of the Monk's Rig
(in reality the socketed base of a wayside cross), has set forth at some
length what is apparently most of the information that may be gained
from references in printed Iwoks to the ecclesiastical history and tradition
of the neighbourhood.
I would, however, supplement Mr Coles' remarks on the subject
with the two following extracts from Dr Pennecuik's Description of
Tweed-dcUe, already referred to, on pp. 124 and 125 of which it is
stated that —
" North from Patie's-hill is the Wester-Hill of 'Spital, the most verdant,
smooth, and beautiful of all the Pentland Range .... a short way up this
hinder part of the hill are the foundations of some buildings, called in old
writings the Back 'Spital, sheltered from the north by the Peat-rig, about the
middle of the distance between the Doit- Bum and that of Fairlie-hope. . . .
IH
76 PROCBBDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, JiLNUARY 8, 1906.
" At the foot of the Monk's Burn, where it joins the Esk, is a holm called the
Monk's Haugh. . . . New- Hall appears onc€ to have been a religious house
))elonging to the wealthy order of the Cistertians, and to have held most of the
surrounding district ; and the lands of the 'Spitals seem to have been hospital
lands endowed for sustaining the hospitals under the care and management
of the religious foundation of New-Hall. Besides being a receptacle for the
sick and superannuated, the Spitals were probably each a Hospitium or Inn,
and with the road and its fonts and crosses, whicli also served as landmarks,
an accommodation for travellers passing from one monastery to another, the
Back 'Spital suiting such as went by the north side of the hills."
Possibly the graves may be of earlier date than the neighbouring
ecclesiastical foundations; and though the link (if link there is) may
be of the slenderest description, I think it is desirable at least to
connect this notice with Mr Coles' summary, because the Back Spital
lies only half a mile down the valley from the graveyard ; and when
the history of the Back Spital is ascertained in fuller detail (as it may
yet be from the discovery of the " old writings " referred to in Dr
Pennecuik's book), the presence in such close proximity to it of the
graveyard may perhaps be a feature of some importance.
Ua^^^
. *,1*^ il^ ijdr i^i^ ; 4^ /4*,.^
;■•' ^
■^ / / . I -^ • J?,*, /
J
^-X.
-'W^;^
-^^^ Jt^fi«^
4^ ^ <
^6^^.«;?w£X3u
Fig, 1. Fiicsirdil« of Letter from P»ul J cues (alightly reduced).
WAX MEDALLION. AND AUTOGRAPH LETTER, OF PAUL JONKS. ?&
**I can Mi y<iu little about the metlalliou uf Paul Jonea Ijeyond what is
O'intaint^l in tha aut^jgraplk letter froni liim?*elf, which wits prtisenled along
will I It to ihe SiXtietyuf A!iti(piarie?*(iii i860), aiul \v)iieh is pemap:^ the greater
r4irif»&ity of the two' The letter i-* ,T.fhliesri<?fi to Mr:^ Bel^hi^, whf>Ke husband
was [i tinsiuaii of the Iiivemrny fajuily. Sk*f wa-^ a ili.^s Biichaimaii of
Drnmpelier, aunt to Mr^ nrabaiii, wife of Dr (.Trahaiii, unr late Profesftor of
Bijlanj^ with whom i^be lived during btn wiilowbiKMl^ and in who6€! house Blie
iied a!>out 1840 (in Gn^at King Street). The medallirm and letter were
4
^
Fig, 2, Med»liiQn of Paul Joues.
given by Mr^ Belsbe^ to my father^ and have been in my possession for twenty
or thirty years'/'
Comparing the medallion (Bg, 2) with other portraits, it has much in
common with the miniature on ivory by Van tier Hiiyt (1780), the bust
(Hg. 3) by Houdon (1783), the medal by Dupre (ordered by the Congre^
in 1787), the prints in the British Muaetim, Tendon (puldished 28th
October 1779), two smaU engravings in the Scottish National Portrait
84 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, JANUARY 8, 1906.
mate, and in the following year first mate. In 1766-1767 he was
occupied in the slave trade ; however, after two voyages he refused to
go a third time, as he was disgusted with his experiences. This fact is
worth notice, as lending no support to the British view of his character,
which made him out to be one of the most inhuman of men. In later
years, after he had inherited his brother's estate in Virginia, he is found
giving the slaves on the estate their freedom, again showing that his
character was not deficient in sympathy for his fellow-creatures. In
1768 he was in command of a trader, the * John,' and commanded this
vessel for three voyages, visiting his brother William at Rappahannock
twice during this time. This brother had been adopted by a well-to-do
and childless Virginia planter named William Jones, a native of Kirkbean,
and a distant relative of the Paul family, when in 1743 he was on a
visit to his native place ; and William Paul, by virtue of this adoption,
took the name William Paul Jones.
Old William Jones, who died in 1760, had made John Paul the
residuary legatee of his brother in case the latter should die without
issue, on condition that John Paul should assume the name Jones as his
brother had done. Accordingly, when William Paul Jones died in
1773, John Paul became John Paul Jones, and fell heir to a plantation
of about 3000 acres, 20 horses, 80 head of cattle, and a sloop of 20
tons. He spent two years of his life on the plantation, and these years
saw the beginning of the struggle for the independence of the American
States. In 1775 he sailed to New York, and while there wrote to various
members of Congress, ofifering his services and the use of his seafaring
knowledge. On 24th June 1775 he was invited to join the Provisional
Marine or Naval Committee, in which he at once assumed the leading
position, and led the committee so completely that it is now quite im-
possible to identify the other four merchant captains who were his
colleagues, except one — Nicholas Biddle, of Philadelphia.
This committee founded the navy of America, and on 22nd December
1775 Jones w^as the first to receive his commission. He was put in
command of the * Alfred,' and ordered " to break her pennant." Obeyiiig
86 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, JANUARY 8, 1906.
done. It was now daylight ; the alarm had been given, and the towns-
men were gathering in numbers that might be dangerous, so that Jones,
after another hurried and futile effort to burn the boats, was obliged to
retreat. He sailed for the north shore of the Solway and anchored in
Kirkcudbright Bay, and, with a party of men, landed on St Mary's
Isle, intending to kidnap the Earl of Selkirk and hold him as a hostage.
The Earl, however, was absent. Jones's men insisted on their right to
plunder, and his lieutenants backed up the men. Unable to restrain
them, he allowed them to go up to the house, where the officers seized
some of the family plate. As Jones did not wish to retain this booty, he
purchased the whole of it from the captors and restored it to the Earl.
The cost of buying the plate and its carriage from France amounted to
-£140. This incident helps to show that Jones was no pirate, as he
was ever depicted by the English.
On the 24th of April 1778 Paul Jones engaged in the first naval
battle fought under the Stars and Stripes, when he conquered His
Majesty's ship * Drake ' off Carrickfergus in Ireland. This was the
first instance in modern naval warfare of the capture of a British man-
of-war by a ship of inferior force. In that respect it broke a record
that had been inviolate since the beginning of regular navies, and
announced to the world the advent of a new naval power.
Early in August 1779 Jones sailed from the Isle of Groaix, on the
French coast, bound on a cruise round the British Isles. He was in
command of a small but fairly good squadron, consisting of his flagship
the * Bon Homme Richard,' 42 guns ; the * Alliance,' 36 guns. Captain
Pierre Landais ; the * Pallas,' 30 guns, Captain Cottineau ; and the
'Vengeance,' of 12 guns. The conduct of the captain of the
* Alliance ' during the whole cruise was disgraceful ; and instead of
being a help to Jones, he was a hindrance in all his engagements. It is
even on record, in the engagement between the * Bon Homme Richard '
and the * Serapis,' that Landais fired on the * Bon Homme Richard,' killing
and wounding a number of the crew. Of this episode Jones says, in his
report to Dr Franklin, "At last the * Alliance' appeared, and I now
WAX MBDALLION, AND AUTOGRAPH LKTTKR, OF PAUL JONES. 87
thought the battle at an end ; but, to my utter astonishment, he discharged
a broadside full into the stern of the * Bon Homme Richard/ "
The squadron sailed northward along the west coast of Ireland and
the west coast of Scotland as far as the Fair Isle, north of the Orkney
Islands, then south along the east coast of Scotland, entering the Firth
of Forth, with the intention of laying under contribution or reducing
to ashes the town of Leith. The details will be best given in his own
words when writing to Dr Franklin : —
** The winds continued to be contrary, so that we did not see the land till
the 13th (September), when the hills of Cheviot, in the south of Scotland,
appeared. The next day we chased sundry vessels and took a ship and a
bnf;antine, both from the frith of Edinburgh, laden with coal, knowing
that there lay at anchor in Leith Road an armed ship of twenty guns, with
two or three fine cutters, I formed an expedition against Leith, which I pro-
poeed to lay under contribution, or otherwise to reduce to ashes. Had I been
alone, the wind being favourable, I would have proceeded directly up the
frith, and must have succeeded, as they lay then in a state of perfect indolence
and security, which would have proved their ruin. Unfortunately for me
the * Pallas* and 'Vengeance' were both at a considerable distance in the
offing, they having chased to the i^outhward. This oblieed me to steer out of
the frith again to meet them. The captains of the * Pallas ' and ' Vengeance '
being come on board the * Bon Homme Richard,' I communicated to them
my project, to which many diflBculties and objections were made by them.
At last, however, they appeared to think better of the design, after I had
assured them that I hoped to raise a contribution of £200,000 sterling on
Leith, and that there was no battery of cannon there to oppose our lancTiug.
So much time, however, was unavoidably spent in pointed remarks and sage
deliberations that night that the wind became contrary in the morning."
So confident was Jones of the success of his projected attack that
he had prepared a summons addressed to the magistrates of Leith, which,
fortunately, he never had an opportunity of despatching. As it is an
interesting and curious document, showing the terms on which Leith
was to be spared, I give it at full length : —
"The Honourable J. Paul Jones, Comniander-m-Ohief of the American
Squadron now in Europe, etc., to the Worshipful the Provost of
Leith, or in his absence, to the Chief Magistrate who is now actually
present and in authority there.
" Sir, — The British marine force that has been stationed here for the protec-
tion of your city and commerce being now taken by the American arms under
88 PROCKKDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, JANUARY 8, 1906.
my command, I have the honour to send you this summons by my officer,
Lieutenant-Colonel de Chamillard, who commands the vanguard of my troope.
I do not wish to distress the poor inhabitants ; my intention is only to demand
your contribution towards the reimbursement which Britain owes to the much
injured citizens of the United States of America, for savages would blush at
the unmanly violation and rapacity that has marked the tracks of British
tyranny in America, from which neither virgin innocence nor hapless age
lias been a plea of protection or pity. Leith and its port now lie at our mercy ;
and did not our humanity stay tne' hand of just retaliation, I should, without
advertisement, lay it in ashes. Before I i)roceed to tliat stern duty as an
officer, my duty as a man induces me to propose to you, by the means of a
reasonable ransom, to prevent such a scene of horror and distress. For this
reason 1 have authorise<l Lieutenant-Colonel de Chamillard to conclude and
agree with you on the terms of the ransom, allowing you exactly half an hour's
reflection before you finally accept or reject the terms which he shall propose
(£200,000). If you accept the terms offered within the time limited you may
rest as.sured that no further debarkation of troops will be made, but the re-
embarkation of the vanguard will immediately follow, and that the property
of the citizens will remain unmolested. — I have the honour to be, with
sentiments of due respect. Sir, your very obedient and very humble servant,
Paul Jones. — On board the American ship of war the * Bon Homme Richard,'
at anchor in the Road of Leith, September the 17th, 1779."
Appended to the foregoing there is the following note in the hand-
writing of the redoubtable Commodore : —
"iV.Z?. — The sudden and violent storm which arose in the moment when
the squadron was abreast of Keith Island (Inchkeith), which forms the entrance
of the Road of Leith, rendered impracticable the execution of the foregoing
project."
Jones obtained his accurate information regarding the inadequate
defences of Leith from a Kirkcaldy skipper named Andrew Robertson,
whose vessel the * Friendship' had been captured by him.^
The three ships Avith which Jones ultimately reached the Scottish
east coast had been so long in beating up the firth, that a general
alarm was excited, although great uncertainty prevailed as to whether
they formed part of a French fleet, or were actually the ships of the
dreaded "pirate," who was known to be on the coast. Although an
^ In the Scots Magazine^ vol. xli., November 1779, tliere is given a copy of the
ransom certificate or passport given by Paul Jones to the above-mentioned Andrew
Robertson (see extract from Scots MagoLzine at end of this notice).
WAX MEDALLION, AND AUTOGRAPH LETTER, OF PAUL JONES. 89
express reached Edinburgh on the 15th, announcing that the strange
vessels had made several captures, no defensive preparations whatever
appear to have been made, and the authorities seem to have cherished
an unbounded confidence in Providence. On the 16th the hostile
ships were distinctly seen from Edinburgh ; and though the alarm
increased, the stupor still continued. On the morning of Sunday the
17th great crowds were assembled on the Fife coast, and on the pier
and shore of Leith, to witness, in utter helplessness, the proceedings
of the dreaded enemy. At one time the Commodore's ship Avas
within a mile of Kirkcaldy, and great was the alarm in the ** lang
toon'' lest it should attract the attention of the enemy. The then
clergyman, the well-known Mr Shirra, in place of proceeding to the
church, where he would have had a meagre attendance, repaired
to the sandy beach, and was soon surrounded by a numerous con-
gregation. Here he prayed most fervently and earnestly, with that
homely and familiar eloquence for Avhich he was remarkable, that
the enterprise of the piratical Paul Jones might be defeated, which
no doubt received a hearty " Amen*" from all assembled. Scarcely
was the prayer concluded, the hostile ships being then abreast of
Inchkeith, ]>etween that island and the Fife coast, when the violent
gale, so bitterly lamented by Paul Jones, suddenly arose and drove
them out to sea.
One consequence of the visit of Paul Jones was the erection of Leith
Fort, begun that same year. It was at this time also that the Defensive
Band or Regiment of Volunteers was raised in Edinburgh. It was called
in Edinburgh the Defensive Band of Volunteers, and paraded in public
for the first time on 22nd September 1781. Several hundreds of
professional men, bankers, and merchants of the city joined its ranks.
It was under command of the Lord Provost as Honorary Colonel and
Andrew Crosbie as Lieutenant-Colonel, and had a special uniform, con-
sisting of cocked hat, light blue coat, faced and trimmed with orange,
with white breeches and black leggings. From among the members of
this regiment the Masonic Lodge of Edinburgh, Defensive Band, No. 151,
90 PROCKKDINGS OF THE SOCIBTY, JANUARY 8, 1906.
was formed in 1782.^ The Martello Tower at Leith was not built till
about 1809.
After this reverse to his plans, Jones sailed southwards along the east
coast of England in hopes of meeting the homeward-bound Baltic fleet,
which was due about this time. The squadron eventually fell in with the
fleet off* Flamborough Head ; the ships, forty in number, were under the
convoy of His Majesty's ships * Serapis ' and * Countess of Scarborough.'
A desperate engagement ensued, in which Jones showed the most con-
summate skill, dauntless intrepidity, and perfect presence of mind.
Captain Pearson of the * Serapis,' which was one of the newest British
men-of-war, carrying 44 guns, on sighting the enemy said, "It's probably
Paul Jones. If so, there is work ahead." The battle commenced with a
broadside from the * Richard,' and was immediately answered with one
from the * Serapis.' John Kilby, quarter gunner of the United States
ship * Bon Homme Richard,' states that, both ships being within fiifty
yards of each other, no man could tell which fired first, but so it was
that each ship fired a broadside. Another narrative written by a sailor
gives an account of the beginning of the battle, and then adds —
"The action raged with horrible violence, and the blood ran out of the
scuppers. Our rigging was cut to atoms, and finally both ships took fire, so
tliat both friend and foe were obliged to rest from fighting triat they might
extinguish the flames. The * Richard,' being old, was soon shot through and
through and began to sink. In this awful condition Jones' voice was heard
above the din of battle, ordering to grapple with the enemy. We accordingly
made our ship fast to the * Serapis.' It was easily done, as the two ships were so
near each other that when I drew out the rammer of the gim the end of it
touched the side of the * SerapLs.' Thus fastened together, we fought without
resting, until nearly all our guns were burst or dismantled, the ship nearly full
of water, and Lieutenant Giubb shot dead by Jones' o\vn pistol for hauling
down the colours without orders, and which happened at my elbow, our decks
covered with dead and dying and our ship cut up into splinters. While in
this awful and desperate situation niv friend Roberts, seeing how near spent
we were, climbed on to the main yard of our vessel, which projected directly
over the decks of the * Serapis,' with a bundle of hand grenades. These he con-
trived to throw down upon the deck of the * Serapis,' and succeeded in blowing
up two or three of their powder chests, the explosion of which killed and
* Historical Sketch of the Lodge of Edinburgh, Defensive Band, No. 151. By
A. A. Murray, 1908.
92
FltOCElDINGS OF THE SOCIKTY, JANUARY S, l!)i6.
except those you wore in act ion us the insigniii of your r^mk. Those
yon have handed jiie in due form, ami I will retain them tiMcially. But
the other weaprms yon nientiou represent to you a reaognition of your
merit as an officer and gentleman hy your felJow-eountrymeii, and could,
therefore, be of no vahie to any other officer and gentleman/'
Jones reeeived the honour of knighthoud from the King of France, a
sword of honour, and the order of Military Merit. From Rupsiu he
received the tirder of St Anne, Frimi America, Ctujgreas resolved
nnanimoualy, ICth (.Jetoher 1787, **That a medal of gold he struck and
vV.- *
Vig.
Med a] struck irt hoimur uf Paul ^outn.
presented to the Chevalier Paul Jouea ia commemoration of the v&lour
aud brilliant services of that officer in eonunand of a i^iquadron of
American uml French Bhipa under the Hag and eommissiou of tlie
Uniteil States, otf the coaats of Great iJritain, in tlie late war^ and
that the Houourahle Thom.'u^ Jefferson, Minister of the United States
at the Court of Versailles^ liave the same executed, with the devices."
The medal (fig. 7) was struck in 1779.
I have also been favoured with a sight of the diploma granted to
John Paid Jones by the Si>ciety of the Cincinnati^ which is now in the
ptifsessii>ii of Colonel N. Arnottj Caniberley, Surrey. It is signed by
94 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, JANUARY 8, 1906.
beating-off of Paul Jones by the Baltic trader the * Crow Isle ' (owned by
Mr Hall) off the Yorkshire coast in 1779. The singular name the * Crow
Isle ' was given to Mr Hall's ship from the name of the place in the Baltic
to which she traded for deals. The design on the plate represents a ship
and sloop in action, and beneath are the words, " Success to the Crow
Isle." There is another plate of the same dinner service in the Hull
museum, and these two are probably the only ones now extant.
In April 1788 Jones took service in the Russian navy under
Catherine II., and was given command of part of the Black Sea fleet,
being subsequently promoted to be Vice-Admiral of the Baltic fleet,
but a short experience sufficed to give him a distaste for the service, and,
the severity of the climate seriously affecting his health, he retired to
Paris, there to begin the last chapter of his remarkable career, the
doctors there confirming what the Russian doctors had said, that his
lungs were permanently affected, and that he must not risk another winter
in Russia. During these last months of his life in Paris his hospitality
was prover])ial, his most frequent guests being revolutionists. In the
spring of 1791 he visited England, and was entertained by Horace
Walpole Earl of Orford, Lord I^nsdowne, Charles James Fox. Lord
Barham invited him to visit the dockyard at Portsmouth, which invita-
tion he eagerly accepted, always desirous to increase his professional
knowledge. This visit to England seems to have been a very pleasant
one to Jones, as recorded in his journal. In March he went to Holland
to hold a conference with the Russian ambassador, and in July 1791
he sent in his resignation to the Empress Catherine.
A week before his death (11th July 1792) he attended the session
of the Assembly. He was asked by the members to answer some
questions concerning the needs of the navy, and his own ideas as to how
these needs might best be met, but he begged to be excused, as he
feared the effort to make himself heard. After this meeting ended,
and at a very late hour, the Admiral went to sup at the favourite
rendezvous of the Central Jacobin Club, and there made a most excellent
speech, which excited their admiration no less than their wonder.
96 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, JANUARY 8, 1906.
6th July 1905 the remains were conveyed in state through Paris, to be
embarked and finally deposited in the crypt of the chapel of the new
Naval Academy at Annapolis, where they now rest.
In conclusion, I must express my thanks to Mr Augustus Biesel of the
American Embassy at Paris, Mr Mayer of Paris, Mr Cadwallader of
New York, Thomas Hunter, Esq., W.S., Town Clerk of Edinburgh, Mr
Stalker, Trinity House, Leith, Mr James Caw, National Portrait Gallery
of Scotland, and Colonel N. Arnott, Camberley, Surrey, for the aid these
gentlemen have given me in obtaining access to prints, documents, etc.
APPENDIX.
The correspondence between Paul Jones and the Earl and Countess
of Selkirk, with reference to the return of the silver plate taken from
the Earl's residence at St Mary's Isle, shows both the personal attain-
ments and the moral character of the man in a more favourable light
than almost any other incident in his career. The letters are therefore
given in full.
The following excerpts from the Minutes of Trinity House, Leith, and
from the Minute Book of the Town Council of Edinburgh, and extracts
from The Edinf'Un/h Eienimj Courant, The Caledonian Mercury, and
Scoti< Matjazinp, show how much Jones did to annoy our coasts, and
give us an idea of the preparations made for the defence and protection
of ])roperty.
1. -CORRESPONDENCE WITH THE EARL AND
COUNTESS OF SELKIRK.
Paul Jones to the Countess of Selkirk.
* Ranger,' Brest, Sth May 1778.
*' Madam, — It cannot be too much lamented that in the profession of arms
tlie officer of line feelings and real sensibility should be under the necessity of
winking at any action of persons under his conmiand which his heart cannot
WAX MEDALUQN, AND AUTOGHAFH LETTER, OF PAUL JONES. fl?
approve ; but the reflection is donlily severe when he finds himself obliged, in
apjiearanoe, tu cgnnt^uanc^ &ucb acta by his autliCfrity.
**Thi3 haid ctt^ wa^ mine when, on the 23rd of April last» I landed on St
Man''w Ish*. Knowing hmd Selkuk^s intere-^t with the King» and eateeniing,
lis I do, hii^ private clianicler, I wtahed to inaki.* liim the happy inatrviment of
alleviating Ine horrors of hupele«a ijaptivity when the Ttrave are overpowered
and made pi-iHcmeiift of war.
'* It is perh!i]^a fortniiate for yon, Madauif that, he was from home, for It
was my intentiou to have inkvti Inin on h)>firrl the * Ranger ' and to have
^d*?tainea him until, throngh liis meiini^ a general ajid fair exchange of
I prisoners^ aft well iu Eurofie an in Anieriwi, had been effected. When 1 wa»H
^ informed by some men whom I met at landing that his Lonlnhip was aljat^nt,
I waited l>ack to my Ixktit, determined kj leave the island. By the way, how-
ever, Boiue officers who were witli me could not forliear ex|ires*ing their
discontent, observing tliat in Amerit^i no delicacy vvaa fihown by i.lie Englit>h,
wlio took a^^y all eort^ of moveable proi>erty, setting fire not only to towna
and to the hoiises of the rich without distinciion. loit not even si>aring the
wretched l^mleta and milch-c*owa of the pcH.^r and lielpless at tlie appr^iach of
an inclement winter. That jmrty had been with me the ^me morning at
Wliitehaven ; Bume complaisance^ therefore, was their due. 1 had but a
moment to think how I might gratify tliein, and at the same time do your
Larlyship the least injury. I charged the officers to |>ermit none of the seamen
to enter the house or to hurt anj'thiiig aliont it; Ui treat yon, Madanit with
the utmost respect ; to accept ot the plate which w^as offered, and to come
iiway vvitlumt making a ae^irch or deina;idin|j anything else.
•* I am induced to believe that T wna punctually obeyed, since I am informed
that the plate which they brought away is far short of the rjuantity expressed
in the mventorv winch acctmipanied it> I have gratified my men i and when
tlie plate is sold, I ahall Ijecome the pnrcba^r, and will gratify my own
feelings by restoring it to you by such conveyance as yon shall plea^ to
direct. Had the Earl been on bmrd the * Ranger ' tlie folhiwing evening lie
would have ^en the awful pomp and dreadful carnage of a &ea engagement i
l>oth affording ample suliject for the pencil a.s well as melancholy reflection for
the contemplative ndnd. Hnnianity startii back from ^nch ficeneit of horror,
and cannot sufficiently execrate the vile promut^r^ of this detectable war^
* For they, ^tWAi they, unsheathed the ruthleaa hlade,
And Heavt^n >ihall ii!ik the havoc it has made/
" The Brith*h aliip of war * Drake/ nionniing twenty guns, with more than
her full complement of officers and men, was our opponent. Tlie shi]ia met,
and the aiJvantage was disputed with great fortitude on eaeli side fnr an hour
and four niinnte&, when the Gallant comniander of the * Drake' fell, and
victory declared in favour of the * llangerj The amiable lientenant lay
mortally wounded, heaides iiftar forty of the inferior officen* and crew killed
and woundetl, — a melanclioly demonstration of the uncertainty of human
proepecltt, and of the sad rever.-^e of fortune which an hf>ur can produce. I
buried theni in a apacions grave, with the honour.-* doe to the memory of the
brave.
" Though I have drawu my sword in the present generous struggle for the
VUL. XL 7
98 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, JANUARY 8, 1906.
rights of men, yer I am not in arms as an American, nor am I in pursuit of
riches. My fortune is liberal enough, having no wife nor family, and having
lived long enough to know that riches cannot ensure happiness. I profess
myself a citizen of the world, totally unfettered by the little, mean distinctions
of climate or of country, which diminish the benevolence of the heart and set
bounds to philanthropv. Before this war began, I had at the early time of
life withdrawn from the sea service in favour of * calm contemplation and
poetic ease.' I have sacrificed not only my favourite scheme of life, but the
softer affections of the heart and my prospects of domestic happiness, and I
am ready to sacrifice my life also with cheerfulness if that forfeiture could
restore peace and goodwill among mankind.
" As the feelings of your gentler bosom cannot but be congenial with mine,
let me entreat you. Madam, to use your perauasive art with your husband to
endeavour to stop this cruel and destructive war, in which Britain can never
succeed. Heaven can never countenance the l>arbarous and unmanly practice
of the Britons in America, which savages would blush at, and which, if not
discontinued, will soon be retaliated on Britain by a justly enraged people.
Should you fail in this (for I am persuaded you will attempt it, and who can
resist the power of such an advocate ?), your endeavours to effect a general
exchange of prisoners will be an act of humanity which will afford you golden
feelings on a deathbed. I hope this cruel contest will soon be closed ; but
should it continue, I wage no war with the fair. I acknowledge their force,
and bend before it with submission. Let not, therefore, the amiable Countess
of Selkirk regard me as an enemy ; I am ambitious of her esteem and friend-
ship, and would do anything, consistent with my duty, to merit it.
" The honour of a line from your hand in answer to this will lay me under
a singular obligation ; and if I can render you any acceptable service in France
or elsewhere, I hope you see into my character so far as to command me
without the least grain of reserve.
" I wish to know exactly the behaviour of my people, as I am determined
to punish them if they have exceeded their liberty. — I have the honour to be,
with much esteem and with profound respect, Madam, etc.
"John Paul Jones.
" To the Countess of Selkirk."
Paul Jones to the Earl of Selkirk.
''Paris, February I2th, 1784.
" My Lord, — I have just received a letter from Mr Nesbitt, dated at L'Orient
the 4th instant, mentioning a letter to him from your son. Lord Daer, on the
subject of the plate that was taken from your house by some of my people when
I commanded the * Ranger,' and has been for a long time past in Mr Nesbitt^s
care. A short time before I left France to return to America, Air W. Alexander
wrote me from Paris to L'Orient, that he had, at my request, seen and conversed
with your Lordship in England respecting the plate. He said you had agreed
that I should restore it, and that it might be forwarded to the care of your
sister-in-law, the Countess of Morton, in London. In consequence, I now send
orders to Mr Nesbitt to forward the plate immediately to her care.
100 PROCKKDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, JANUARY 8, 1906.
intended to have put an article in the newspapers about your having returned
it ; but before I was informed of its being arrived, some of your friends, I
suppose, had put it in the Dumfries newspaper, whence it was immediately
copied into the Edinburgh papers, and thence into the London ones.
** Since that time I have mentioned it to many people of fashion ; and on all
occasions, Sir, both now and formerly, I liave done you the justice to tell that
you made an oflfer of returning the plate verj^ soon after your return to Brest ;
and although you yourself were not at my house, but remained at the shore
with your boat, that yet you had your officers and men in such extraordinary
good discipline, that you liaving given them the strictest orders to behave well,
to do no injury of any kind, to make no search, but only to bring oflf what
plate was given to them ; that in reality they dia exactly as ordered, and that
not one man offered to stir from his post on the outside of the house, nor
entered the doors, nor said an uncivil word ; that the two officers stood not a
quarter of an hour in the parlour and butler's pantry while the butler got the
plate together ; behaved politely, and asked for nothing but the plate, and
instantly marched their men off in regular order ; and that both officers and
men behaved in all respects so well that it would have done credit to the best
disciplined troops whatever. Some of the English newspapers at that time
having put in confused accounts of your expedition to Whitehaven and Scotland,
I ordered a proper one of what happened in Scotland to be put in the London
newspapers Dy a gentleman who was then at my house, by which the good
conduct and civil behaviour of your officers and men were done justice to, and
attributed to your orders and the good discipline you maintained over your
people. — I am. Sir, your most humble servant, Selkirk."
II.— FROM THE MINUTES OF THE TRINITY HOUSE, LEITH.
\6th September 1779. — " The meeting having apprehensions of some ships turn-
ing up to be French, has agreed to call for one hundred muskets from the Castle
of Edinburgh, and to divide themselves into companies of ten men each to with-
stand the enemy if any attempt might be made against Leith or the suburbs."
17</V September 1779. — "A squadron of French or American ships having
.yesterday appeared in the firth, and been about as far up as Inchkeitn, certainly
with a view to cannonade the Town and burn the shipping: The meeting
resolved that eleven of the members as standing first in the Sederunt should
rendezvous at the Flaghouse at half-past nine o clock this night, and to keep
watch and patrole betwixt that and tlie Magazine in the Links all the dark of
the night, and the next eleven members in the Sederunt the next night at the
same place and hour, and so on in rotation till the danger is over."
III.-FROM THE MINUTES OF THE EDINBURGH
TOWN COUNCIL.
21th October 1779. — "The City Chamberlain to pay John Fortune the sura
of five pounds ateg. incurred by the Magistrates the 17th day of September last,
102 PR0CWBQIN&8 OF THE SOCIETY, JANUARY 8, 1906.
• • • •
" My LorfrTjvlA my letter of the 8tli November last I acquainted your
LordsKip th&i^our application for further military protection for the City of
Edimbur^h would be examined with that care and attention which the subject
d^&irVed:' I have now the satisfaction to acquaint you that His Majesty has
,' "be^'^p^ea-sed to order the whole of the 25th Regiment of Infantry to be added
* k)-the forces allotted last year for the Protection and Defence of Scotland, There
• were great obstacles to this measure arising from the various exigencies of an
extensive Foreign War ; but the importance of the object, and the desire of
guarding a place of such consequence as the City of Edinburgh against every
insult or alarm, determined His Majesty to give this further proof of his
constant solicitude for it's security and welfare. — I am, etc. Stormont."
Act anetit erecting a Battery as part of a Redoubt at Leith.
2l8t June 1780. — "Bailie Thompson, from the Lord Provost's Committee,
represented that yesterday Captain Fraser, chief Engineer for Scotland, laid
before the Committee a plan and estimate of a Battery proposed as part of a
redoubt for one hundred men, eight twenty-four pounders ; with a Guardhouse
for a sergeant and twelve men, a Storehouse, Powder Magazine, Shade for some
pieces of field artillery, ready to be drawn out for the uefence of the coast in
case of need, and other accomodation, the exi)ense of which, with purchasing
the ground necessar}', would amount to a sum betwixt eight hundred and nine
hundred pounds sterling.
" The place proposed for this Battery is upon Mr Robertson's ground of
Hillhousefield, oetwixt the Citadel of North Leith and Newhaven, and by the
measurement will take one acre two roods and thirty-two falls. This Battery
will effectually command the range of one mile to one and a half of the Road
for shipping and the entry to the liarbour, and it is further proposed that a
parapet for one or two guns, with a wooden platform to be erected at the end
of the South Pier, which will secure the entrance to the harlx)ur from boats
attempting to enter it by surprise to burn the shipping, and also prevent them
landing on the flat sands to the eastward of the pier ; all which is included in
the above estimate. Captain Fraser further informed the Committee that the
artillery and stores to be furnished by the Board of Ordnance will amount in
value to above three thousand pounds sterling ; and will be sent down as soon
as the assuiance is given of the battery being compleated, but on no other terms.
The utility of this work must be apparent, arising from the safety of the trade
and Port of Leith, as well as the aiscouragement it will give to any attempts
on this part of the cotist, and must ([uiet the anxiety which the late alarms have
given to this City and Town of Leith, as well as the neighbourhood, and the
Committee submitted to the Council how the money necessary for this work
was to be raised. Which being considered by the Magistrates and Council,
they did thereby unanimously approve of Captain Eraser's plan and estimate ;
and in order to encourage so great and usenil an object to this part of the
Country, resolve and agree to purchase the ground at the expense of the
community, pi-ovided a subscription now to be set on foot among the inliabitants
of this City, Leith, and adjacent neighbourhood, can be procured sufficient to
defray the remaining expense according to Captain Eraser's estimate ; and
recommend to the Provost's Committee to communicate the design in a proper
104 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, JANUARY 8, 1906.
we should be much the better of them, but I suppose all our injury will be
over before you can assist us.' "
Dumfries, April 23rrf. — "A gentleman who left Whitehaven this mominc
informs that a Privateer of about 260 tons burden landed two boats' crews ol
twenty men at Whitehaven about half-past one this morning, and called at
Nicol Alison's, the first public house, standing alone on the quay, struck a
light, and guarded the house, that there should be no information ; went to
the battery and spiked the guns ; then proceeded with combustibles they
brought in the boats to the ships in all parts of the harbour, in number at
present about one hundred. One man of the crew happily deserted, and gave
the earliest information to tlie town, who upon oath aeclares, that there are
other two armed ships in the channel, and the commission of the Captains is
to do all the damage possible both by sea and land ; tliat the Captain of the
said vessel is John late lin Scotland ; that they come from France (Nantz,
if I remember right), and consist of American, French, Irish and British ;
that to his knowledge they had sunk three vessels in the channel a few days
past and sent one to France ; that the crew of the said vessel consists of one
hundred and fifty men. The said crew that landed had carried away four
lads that were guarding their ships.
" The town was not fuUy armed until five in the morning. About that time
the two boats left the harbour and made for their ships. Three guns were
prepared to bear upon her by six o'clock, but she was by that time about two
miles off and they could do her no injury ; when the guns were fired she
changed her course and steered towards the Scots shore ; about half past ten
she was out of sight, steering, as is apprehended, for the Kirkcudbright shore.
Expresses were at once sent to London, Liverpool, etc. A cutter was dispatched
towards Ireland to give information to the frigate lying in Belfast Loch and
other ports in the Channel. During their first stay at Whitehaven they set
fire to eight ships, but two of them only suffered materially, and the loss is
computed about £600.
" The above Privateer also sunk a vessel from Stranraer to Clyde with meal,
and carried off her crew."
April 27t/t, 1778. — "The deserter, who gives his name as David Freeman,
during his examination by the Magistrates and principal gentlemen of White-
haven, gave the following information : — The ' Hanger ' mounts 18 six -pounders
and 6 Swivels and has upwards of I4(^ men ; she left Brest three weeks ago,
and has since that time taken or destroyed the following vessels : a ship from
London with gentlemen's baggage (sent to Brest) ; a Brig loaden with flax-
seed (sunk) ; a schooner loaden with Barley and Oats (sunk) ; a sloop from
Dublin to London in Balast (sunk) all.
** The crew of the above Privateer has 40/ per montli, and to be allowed a
share of all prizes, such armed vessels as may be taken to be sold and the full
value to be diviaed among the crew. The following are the names of the
officers of the * Ranger ' : John Paul Jones, Captain ; Thomas Simpson, Ist
Lieut. ; Elijah Hall, 2nd Lieut. ; David Cullen, Sailing Master ; Samuel
Wallingford, Lieut, of Marines.
" The Captain of the * Ranger ' is said to be a very passionate man, and the crew
106 PROCKKDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, JANUARY 8, 1906.
examined by the Lord Provost, Captain Napier, etc. He says thev put four
soldiers, four men, and two officers on board the prize, all of whom spoke
English ; that the squadron consists of a 50 gun ship, a 24 gun frigate, and a
brig of 10 guns. The crew said they had determined to come up to Leith
Road, but they sail ill, and yesterday the wind blew violently from the south-
west, which drove them down the Frith a good way l)elow the Island of Inch-
keith, and at night they were out of sight.
" The Commander of the 50 gun ship is said to be a Scotsman and to know
the Coast. Seven sail originally left Dunkirk ; these three parted lately from
the rest in the North Sea in a gale of wind.
" This morning we had a good deal of rain, and the weather being hazy no
intelligence of them could l>e procured ; but it having cleared up towards
noon. Captain Brown of the Custom House Cutter (* Princess Royal ') was sent
by the Commander in Chief to look after them. He was seen to the North of
Inchkeith, where he remains, but has not made a signal. Every prudent pre-
caution lias been taken that the time would admit of, by erecting batteries,
etc., to give them a proi)er reception if they attempted to land ; and tne inhabit-
ants of Leith have behaved witli great spirit and readiness to do every thing in
their power to defend their town, about 400 being in readiness to take arms.
This day several field pieces arrived in town from Perth, escorted by a party
of the train of artillery."
Ayr^ Septeinber I4th. — " A sloop that left Lairn last night came in this morn-
ing, and brings accounts of a small vessel from Liverpool to that port with salt
being taken l)y Paul Jones about three days ago, just off the mouth of that
Loch, and ransomed for 200 guineas. The people belonging to her say that
Jones with his three frigates came in at the channel ; the three smaller
vessels of his squadron came up the St George's Channel and met the others
off Tory. They were seen from the town of Lairn, where the militia turned out ;
and soon afterwards all went out by the North Channel. The 'Boston'
frigate is jiLst now in Loch Ryan, the * Ulysses' at Liverpool (a new ship
built there of 44 guns), and the * Thetis ' at Bristol. These, with the armed
cutters on the coast, should be a match for Mr Jones's fleet."
September 20thy 1779. — ** We are informed that a gentleman on the coast of
Fife, while the above ships were in the Frith, sent a boat on board a
tender requesting a small parcel of powder, in order that the appearance
of defence might be made. The boat missed the tender, and, as they
thought, went on board a ship of war and delivered their message, received
their powder under a double receipt, one for the ship and the other for
the Admiralty, with a card to the above mentioned gentleman informing
him that the ship was the * Romney ' (Captain Jolmstone), whose name ana
compliments were subjoined to the duplicate of the receipt, mentioning that
they kept one of the men as a pilot for conducting them up the Frith, etc.
"It is presumed that the squadron of French ships who lately visited our
Frith has now left it, as they have not been seen from Leith since Friday
evening. Several vessels are also arrived in the harbour, the masters of which
say they saw no ships of force. Although the squadron has been on our
coasts for eight days, it is yet a matter of doubt whether they are French or
108 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, JANUARY 8, 1906.
the action ; on the other hand, we are credibly informed that a retmectable
gentleman of this city is in possession of a letter from on board a ship near
Scarborough, of a posterior date to the day on which the battle is said to have
happened, which takes no notice of it. This circumstance, therefore, joined to
the want of official information, renders the matter still doubtful."
Hullf September 25th. — **The *Serapis' frigate and the * Countess of Scar-
borough,' armed ship, having the fleet from the Baltic under convoy, were
attacked between Hamborough Head and Scarborough by Paul Jones'
Squadron, when, after a severe engagement, in which the *Serapis' lost her
main-mast, bow-Hprit, mizzen-top-mast, and otherwise much shattered, as was
also the * Countess of Scarborough,' they were both taken. The merchant
ships separated during the action ; part took shelter on the coast near
Scarborough and two are arrived at Hull. A valuable ship bound for Quebec
was taken on the north of Scotland, also a letter of marque of Liverpool, and
several other prizes were taken and sunk off Whitby by Jones' Squadron."
October 2nd, 1779.— "The following ships which sailed from Spithead in
2ue8t of Paul Jones arrived in Leitn Road, viz. — the * Prudent,' 64 guns,
Japtain Burnet ; the * Amphrite,' of 28 guns, Captain Byne ; the
* Pegasus,' of 28 guns. Captain Bazely ? the * Medea,' 28 guns, Captain
Montagu ; the * Champion,' 24 guns, Captain Hamilton. The * Earl of
Aberconi,' W. Beatson, junior, master, which came down part of the way with
the last fleet from London for Leith, but parted with them to go to Sunderland
to lode coals for the Baltic, was taken by Paul Jones' Squadron and ransomed
for £800. The famous Paul Jones is said to have upwards of £15,000 for his
share of captures during his voyage."
October ISth. — "A gentleman in Amsterdam, writing to his friend in Leith,
says : — * You may count a very fortunate circumstance for your town and
shipping that this gentleman, meaning Paul Jones, was prevented from
hurting you when he was in your Frith by a strong easterly wind and I he
springing of a mast, as,' in a conversation I had with him in this city, he
assured me that it was his intention to seize the shipping in the harbour, and
to set fire to such as he could not carry off. He seems to be well acquainted
with the coast, and knew there was no force there to oppose him. One of the
men escaped from Paul Jones says that in the engagement with the * Serapis '
Jones, almost exhausted with fatigue, the sweat pounng off him, eat down upon
the hen coup ; the Lieutenant of Marines went to him and said, " For GTod^s
sake, Captain, let us strike." Jones looked at him, paused for some time, then
leapt from his seat, and said, " No ; I will sink ; I'll never strike."'"
v.— FROM "THE CALEDONIAN MERCURY."
Port Glasgow, April 27<A, 1778. — "Last night Captain Crawford of the *Cum-
braes Wherry ' arrived in town from a cruise, conftrms all the newspaper
intelligence concerning the rebel privateer on the coast ; and further adds,
that on Friday last the same rebel privateer of 24 nine pounders and 140
W.ffl^ :>£■ MEDALLlOff, AND AUTOGRAPH LETTEU, OF PAUL JONES. 109
■ioiit t^rm-^x-L, intenfliiig some nu^cUit^f m Belfast Loi^li, w^^ut m^ but ti Tiding
tlae ' T> ^'-^^►"l^e ' dtyop iif war tliurif, i^Un^l ^>ut again. The * Drake,' not knowing
wbat ^tm •Si wasj H^nt her boat anrl y^^ng to jire.^ hei' hamb, which the * Ranger ■
toolt ^fc,:t».<3. *^arrie?l along with them, and the '^ Drake' followed hi^r, and
that e"%?"^ixiitig engaged ; and iifter a xery hot eugageioeiit foi an hour and
five im-n. X Tcxutes, the * Drake ' wm oblig^f to strike ; the Captain and Firat
Lieiit^xx^nt kille^J, ii2 men killtnl and woimdal. Shifs liad al&o one of her Ii*jm
maM^ c^^i^^-rriiid away* They were sir close im the Cialhi way coast that Captain
ljrawC<:*K-«5i, lying in Loch Gair, heard the firing, ni^idc loo.*e and sUiofl out,
-^ ^*^ff<:>re she got in sight the * Drake' was goitjg away witli the privateer.
•>he ri.^i^_^ tiken some tishiog Iw^at^ on the coast of Ireland, whose crews were
^*«J pn t i^i irons dnring the engagement, hut when it was over they were all
put iMzh^ Jo^m^ figain and sent away, and on their paMage to the shore Captain
^TOTTlT^
t*<i intei
figain and sent away, and on their pamro to 1
ereept^ them and got all the intelligence*
^ ^^^^Jt^^hnf^en, April 2Sth.~'' At the reqtie^t of the Commitlee, the *Hnfiaar,'
iiS*^^^^" Gorly, sailed from hence on Sunday night for Belfast^ to inquire
wh *" ?^^ taking of His MajeMVe aloop, the * Drake* ; after whicli^ and getting
ji^^^^^^^-^x^telligeuce he c^aa of tne * Ranger* privateer (or any other enemies m
p ^^' *^fE^iinel), he is to retiini and report the same. And at the request of the
in t}^^^^^^^^^^^ Captain Perry^ and Captain Bharpe are aIhq on hoard the * Hussar *
brtn ^ecei^^ary exfKjdition* A vessel from the Itije uf Man (arrived yeaterday)
fchaf^^^^ Aceonnl^i of the * Drake' leaving two companies of &f:tldiers on hoard ;
t^sLr^ ^^^^^ ^^ taken by a privateer, supjKieed to De the * Ranger/ She made
^ou^**^*'^*^ refcistance, and in the engtigement lost her bolt-sprit and fore-top-mast*
!(,-— _^^^^«~jiupaniefi of the militia are now here,
piari*^ gtins at the forts are all cleared and put into order ; soiue are also
*eve »^^^^^ ^^ ^^^ north wall ; and the present measures, it is hoped, will W per-
fS^ntk^ ^^^^^3 in till the fortitications are thoro uglily completed. A committee of
exu^^ ^^^ ^^Tnen ib appointed, and a euljscription ofjened fur defraying whatever
u^^^^^^-^ may be inciirre<:l in the defence of the town,
pnj j^^^ ^*-^»- nday hw*t a comfMiny of gentlemen volunteen^ were formed for the
** '"7^'^^^/^^'^" *^f ^^^^ town, exi'hi^^ive of the ten eomiKmies of ^ieamen, etc,
hn^si ~^ ■^'•e * Olive Branch/ Cajitain Angus, also arrived here yesterday morning,
Thi^^^^j^^*''^^'^ the * Heart of Oak ' (an English 20 guu ship)^ oil" the iH)[nt of Air*
other vessels of consideralde foit^e are also ^id to he in the Channel,
^uit oi the enemy. The * Satisfaction,' armed «hip, sailefJ from Gla^^w
abo
BeV
to
liursday. The ^Thetis^' frigate was to mill on Friday. Satuj*day last,
twelve o^clock at nighty a lioat full of men attempted to land at
3ugtJ>n. Same time a cotter stood in between the perrhes ; but
hailed hv the people on guard, who threatened to fire on them, thev
doff. ^
i^her alarming intelligence arrived on Sunday tuorniug, brought by the
"^ [^3f Ann,' Captain Robinson, from Belfast. He arrived about nine, and
^^f" '^ed on oath that on Sat unlay afternoon he spoke a boat in the Lo<:^b of
^^ «"Jt belonging to the ' Draper ^ brig of that place, who informed him that
^rake* sloop of war wai^ taken on Fridav iiiternoon anil carried away
^ northwarfL 8oon after he spoke fotir lishing boats, who all gave the
diEagieeable information, having t^eeu the engygeuient between her and
no PROCKKDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, JANUARY 8, 1906.
three privateers, two rigged as ships, the other a brig. The engagement lasted
near two hours.
" Captain Robinson further says that soon after he got clear of the Loch he
saw the above ships to the northward of him, their courses hauled up and
their top-sails on the cap, but at too great a distance for him to ascertain
their force.
" The * Hussar ' cruiser, belonging to the Custom house at Whitehaven^ fell
in with the above privateer off tne Point of Air last Sunday ; and refusing to
bring to, the privateer endeavoured to sink the * Hussar,' but she luckily
escaped, with her sails and rigging much wounded."
Dunbar, I4th September 1779. — " This forenoon a large ship came up from the
eastward under a press of sail ; when opposite this place, she fired two shots
at a ship that was to windward of her, which ship hoisted an English ensign,
as did the other one. I and many others suspected her to be an enemy ; and
the ship she brought to is either a prize she nas taken or one of her consorts.
If her consort, she has been looking into the Frith to see what force is there, as
she was seen coming from the west of the Bass this morning before she was
joined by the large ship, and this night we have received an express from
Eyemouth, acquainting us that four French ships have taken, this day, two
ships within a very few miles of that place, in consequence of which we are
under arms, as it may perhaps be an object for them to burn our Greenland
ships and other craft in the harbour. We have sixty of the West Fencible^
commanded by Captain Fergusson, who is very active and attentive in placing
proper guard. But what we want much is three or four field pieces, and
indeed some of these cannon should be in every seaport, a3 no effectual defence
can be made without them. The ship that was off here was a two decker or a
large frigate with some ports below, as I clearly perceived two ports open on
her quarters.
" By a letter from Dunbar, dated the 1 1 th current, we are informed of the
capture of the * Mary,' Captain Shields, belonging to that port, and bound to
Marstrand, being taken and sunk, in lat. 67, O.N. This intelligence was got
from a Whitehaven vessel that was taken and ransomed by the same privateer.
She had taken many other vessels in the North Sea."
Eyemouth, September I9th, — **We were yesterday a good deal alarmed at
the appearance of the three French vessels. They were observed off St AbVa
Head in the morning, but, from the thickness, we could not be altogether
certain of what they were till the evening, when it cleared. They stretched
to the south, and keeping as near the shore as the wind, then about S.W..
would allow them. A small brig, the * Young Benjamin ' of Dysart, Normana
master, loaded with coals outwards, appearing from the North, and several
sloops from the South, the commander of the King's boat and several of our
fishmg boats went out to warn them of their danger ; and we are happy to
inform you, they got all safe into the harbour."
Berwicky \^th September. — " This afternoon our fishing boats boarded a brig
of about 200 tons, coal load, a little to the northward of our harbour, with no
person on board, and plundered of everything. They have brought her to the
irAX MKDALLION, AND AUTOGRAPH LKTTEU, OF PAUL JONES. Ill
j*/'£*otii- inoiilli, but cannfjt get her in ibis iilght 1 do suppose ihe is a vessel
ortP^* J»a^ becu taken coming out of the Frith by the privateera that liave been
^ h^r^^ some day a/'
^^^**^»^^-£*«ir, Sepianbt^ '"list. — "On Friday night the French squadron was seen
^ tkm^^^ jjlace after they (-anie down the Frith ; about Tynesana thuy lay so cluse
1^*^ t*! ^e shore tbat tht: ci;>untry people imagined they were going to laud
^^*l^^^^^ i ^itely. Tbey bave «ince Iseeu descried to the Eastwartl, and on Saturday
T> ^^^^:tTiday mucl> alarmed Eytiiuouth. Before they went up the Frith on
« ii^^i^^-^ ^^ they pursued a Sunderland brig that had come that moraiug from
^^itl:»^ _ ^Y^^ j^-^^ Ijeing out, tbe brig was unable to uiake the harbour, therefore
-^ho^ ^ ^-^-^Qp i" ^y ^^^ ^^^*1 ciwtle. The enemy atoo*l on and came wit)iin musket
^- -| - ^ri)e town was ahirnied ; the Magiiitrates ordered the Drum to go through
-^ho^ *^ ^-^-^Qp i" l*y ibe oM ciwtle, ^fhe enemy atoo*l rm and came wit)iin musket
^- I - ^ri)e town was alarmed i the Magiiitrates ordered the Drum to go through
1^1^ ^^:^^'«ZDclaim tbat every man who wouM take artu.s should ai^ptKir immediate^^
til In ^^^'^^^^"'^'i^'i^^i'ig Officer drew up the Dragoims uj>ou the Kirkhillj and every
sa^isv- ^?*- ^"^^"m in readiuf^ f(jr giving Monsieur a warm reception, but when he
tile 1^ ^^ ^'-^ turiietl about Hhip and steered for the Frith* The brig got into
cc ^^^^^ ^^^bour next tide, where she still lies.
^^^^^~_ ^-^ ds but justice to tlie inhabitant* o£ this place to njention, ihey l>ehaved
pl^o^^*^^^^ "ingly well upon thifi occasion, Not one of tbeui removed* from tbe
t^l^^^ _ "*■ ^altnougb soJii*i of the country gentlemen were ao panic fetruck as to s^hift
^j!^ ^ ^^^^^ quarters. Six companies are formed amongst the iubabitaat*, and they
on^ -^^ -^^^^rn ing the i r exercise. Four liatteriea are erecteii ; one upon the Kirkliilh
^n^ '*- T^ji*u Lbe old caatle^ of ninepounders Bavetl from the * Fox ' man of war, and
€J^ :^r*^^ ^^3on each j^ide of Uie harbour* A party of Captain Napier' ti men arrived
*«- •p-'^S!^*^day to uianage tbe guriB, under the command of Captain Youngh unhand.
iik-^^v^j^. ^^ ^te alarm occasioned by the appearance of an enemy Tipon our eoaat^ is
off", ^^^ntirelv subsided, as it aeunis agreed upon all haud^ tbat they have gone
^"Kx.^:;^ *Tw'0 ahips were in sight this afternoon, supposed to be the ^ Emerald *
^^*-iiother Briti.=th frigate."
V-^^-^^^' ^^ec(utU\ Sfpictitbcr 2^HtL — ** The French privateerjj tliat have spread such
^^^_^*^^^t with you came all the way along tbe coat^t with me, and on Sunday
^^^,^^^^'tiing <mme oft' our harbour and took, in sight of thoujsantlj^, two vessela
^^,^^"*iing ill* A jiloop f rom Hull is just arrived wdiich they toctk tbiti moruing
-^^^^^V ranstmied for three hundre^l guinea^f the only vernal they have ransomed
^^ "^^ice they went on tbe cruise ; owmg to the two women whu were passengers,
-^^^d happened to be known to some of the crew who are Scota, these l>egged
*^>*j v&ssel might be ratiftomefl^ that the women might be let ttt*hore at Newcastle j
^^^d before they left them, saw them set fire to two vessela which burned t<;) the
^^ater's edge. The master of tlie Uidl vessel has just now been examined before
^^e Mayor, and Bays it is the identical ' Paul Jones,' and tliat bte ship carried 44
?%iiiis ; that one of the ^hips he took off our barlmur was the * Union* of
^*hatham, a fine brig, winch Jones and tbe crew were for filling witli cotn-
linstibles and sending ber intt) vShielda harlxiur to set hre to the shipping
there, which at present amounle to about two hundred and thirty sail ; that
Scheme, however, they laid asirle, and tbia morning tbey sunk her between
AVhilby and Scarborough, Tbe * Emerald * frigate of 32 guns is eome down,
\iut dare not look at them.'*
112 PKOCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, JANUARY 8, 1906.
" A gentleman in Shields writing to his friend in Edinburgh says: — * Yesterday
this place was very much alarmed by the appearance of several large Frencn
privateers on the coast. I counted six, two of which did not carry less than
40 ffuns each ; they captured a brig and sloop within sight^ and chased a fleet of
loaded colliers, wliich luckily escaped them by running into Stockton. They
approached so near the harl>our that it was expected they intended to land ;
the farmers drove their cattle off the coasts and several people fled from their
houses. The above ships are supposed to be the French squadron that lately
appeared on this coast."
September 2101 J 1779. — " A gentleman who arrived in Edinburgh last night
from Newcastle says, before he left that place it was currently reported there
that several enemies' ships had fallen in witli a large fleet of merchantmen from
the Baltic, oflF Scarborough ; upon the first discovery of which they had thrown
out signals to their convoy, consisting of a 40 and 20 gim ships, who immediately
came up and cleared the decks for an engagement, and made signals for
the merchantmen to make the best of their way for the first safe port. That
an engagement accordingly took place, which lasted four hours, when the
convoy were forced to strike to the superior force of the enemy, and that a
number of the merchantmen, to avoid being taken, had run ashore. This
alarming intelligence, we are nopeful, is void of foundation in truth."
Newcastle^ September 25^/i. — "Sunday morning five sail of French ships appeared
off Tynemouth bar, when they took the * Speedwell ' sloop, John Watson master,
with timber from Hull for this port, who gives the following account : — That
on Sunday last, alx)ut four leagues off Tynemouth bar, he was taken by a two-
decked ship carrying 44 eigh teen-pounders, commanded by Paul Jones ; a large
barque carrying 34 nine-pounders, commanded by Denis Nicholas Colineau ;
and a snow carrying 14 nine-pounders, knows not the commander's name, nor
the name of Jones' ship ; the name of the barque is the * Pallas,' the name of
the snow is the * Vengeance.' Says that the * Pallas ' was chiefly concerned in
taking his sloop, and also in taking a Chatham brig called the * Union,' just
about the same time and place ; that Jones and the Commander of the * Pallas '
disagreed about the said sloop and brig ; that Jones proposed to make the brig
a fire ship, and to send her into Shields harbour, which the Commander
of the * P^las ' would not agree to. That the Commander of the * Pallas '
proposed to ransome the sloop, as she had a woman on board big with
child, which Jones would not agree to, saying his orders were to ransome none,
but to burn, sink, or destroy all ; but the next day, about twelve leagues off
land, between Scarborough and Filay Bay, having been carried thither, the
Commander of the * Pallas ' ransomed the sloop for three hundred pounds, and
took the mate as hostage ; and at the same time and place they sunk the brig ;
and Watson believes they would not have ransomed nia sloop, but would have
simk her too, if he had not the woman on board. Jones had one or two and
the * Pallas ' four or five English masters on board (besides a number of other
prisoners) whose ships they had taken and dei*troyed. Watson says he under-
stood Jones to be the Commodore, and that he had two hundred marines on
board. The Commander of the * Pallas,' by the ransome bill, styles himself
thus : Denis Nicholas Colineau, of Kologuen, Captain of a man-of-war in the
\I^AX MEDALLION, AND AUTOGRAPH LKFTEH, OF PAUL JONES. 113
^r%''ic^ af the Unrted SUU^ i>f Amt^rica, nnil the Comraander of tlttt American
^f'ig^a.t^, the * Pallas/ The sailors belonging to those (hree sliipss of war api>tiafed
** *V"iitj^u to be chieHy Fri^nchmen, but eevuml of tbem qioke gftoil Euglbh^
ili tJ^n^e he auppoaefl to be Americanjt. They hoisted English eoloiii's, bnt
' A t^tin saw they Wi both Ainerioin and BwedUh colon i^s.'^
^^^^^e^/iciiduy, HepUmhtr ^^ih^ 1779. — *' We are Borry to inform our readers tliat
^«e cfi.^tui'e of the *8e.rapi8' of 44 gutiii and the * Can lite -ii of Searborf JUgh ' of
J^^ tr^AiASj cxifiivuy to the Biiltie fleet, now gjiiiis credil* It ia said that the
oei*a, j>is ^ had silenced the ^\u\^ of the 50 gim ship, with whith i*he liatl been
^*^^^*^<4 im\t ln»tirji ; but at the itistiuit when it wa:* exi)ected Aia wanld strike,
^^*^iix ship, who bad fought itnd taken the * Counlesi? tif Scarborough/ came
^P to li.c3r asssistance^ by svhich nieiiu^ the '^SeraitU^ w^iti tibliged to s^ubmit to
*H>r''*» ^'^i^jerioi- force. Under this sisvere and hujuiliating stroke, it is wme
jjj^ 1**5-** t i.on to rertect that the meichantmen^ froui the bmvery of their convoy^
f^Uf »^ '^**^? to make their esc^ipe ; and that there iw niuie than a prokibility that
lu ***-■ -iij^s^ of war, ajj well as those who took tbenij will ^oon make their appear-
^he British port, as the * Prudent,^ 64 guii-^, the * Andntmeda,' * Pegasus/
^^ua,' of 32 gun;* each, and tlie ' Chauipion/ of 24 guna, which lately
^mi a secret expedition from Portsmouth, were detitined to scouj" tliis
*^:id are supposed to be in ]Hir.^nib of them,"
Jonc-3^
dud i
into £
I «^riv ^
^Z2jiti0^ }iieptemh*?r 2btk, — ^'* The * ProsjMsct/ of IB gnns, Captain Cram, of
E^t, a light eoHier oti her fii*st voyage from London^ was becalmed near
s-Jup for til mie time, wb(*ji lie made prefi^imtioria Lo engJige if attacked,
-ing the crew if they Wf»ulrl stand by hi!n, they all det-lared to the laatj
^^^of them 8aid he woidd rallier luive a 36 pouurler in Ida gilt* than go
^p^'rench prison. Bat a fre?*h bree;ite springing up he made into }>ort and
-^ safe,"
2nf(^ 1779*- — Bruiliiifiton^ Hepitmhttr 24iA. — *-^l doubt not but you
leard of the alarming Bitiiation we have lieeu in ^ince Tuesday night \
'Sauk Ck>d, as yet we liave only been terrified by thi^ Paul J<mes* An
ineut took place at seven la^t night, and continued till two this niorning,
^ ^^^^ n the * Serftpk ^ frigate of 44 gunf=, asrjjsted by the ^ Ootintcs* of
'^^-^ r«i^h/ artnea ship of 2ti guns, and Paul Jonep' ship, tlie ' Bon Homme,'
^^_<^^5ini^, with fiome smaller vessels, off Flamborough tfead ; and 1 am ^sorry
5| tli^t ^liw ra>cal Jonei* has now with him our two sbij)?;, with their Com-
r^ ^^^rs, who ao diHtinguisbed themseK ea in a miiipl gallant manner, though
! ''^'^^•^'i ut IftBt to surrender to superior force, after having made almoi^t a wreck
i:^^*^^e.s' own i^hip* The * Serui*is^ liad her mastic shot away, Severn! sailors
'^^ their escape, and have been examined this afternoon at the Key, but
^^*!^torie5 are d liferent a^^ to Jonew' hjHs ; ;^ome of them «ay he httd 140 men
■w^^" ^^*^ ^^^^ i^hip quite a wi^ck j tliey say that Jonea^ plan was to destroy
^^^^^zmnigh. Burton, and Hull, with some other placea ; and that lie intendefl
*- ^»^:»g atr Flanibortjugh yesterday uiomiiig, bnt tlie jsea ran too kigh'*
'-^immmfh^ Smtemh^ %'itk — "On Monday laat Paul Jonea with his fleet
■^*'ed about tnree leagues off this pbw^e, and, as supposed, having had
XL. 8
114 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, JANUARY 8, 1906.
information that the East country fleet was to pass this way, kept cruising
alK)ut till Thursday morning, when the Baltic fleet appeared, convoyed by the
* Serapis ' frigate of 44 guns and the * Countess of Scaroorough,' armed ship, of
20 guns, the enemy not then in sight, but about half -past six in the evening
they made their appearance, consisting of the ships mentioned in the annexed
affidavit. At seven a most desperate engagement began, which continued till
past eleven. It was observed by many that they lired sixty times in three
minutes. The * Serapis' and Jones' ship were so close in most part of the
action that they might have boarded each other."
September 24i/i, 1779.—" The Examination of Thomas Berry, born at North
Shields, taken upon oath before H. Osbaldistone, Esq., one of His
Majesty's justices of the peace for the East Riding of the County of
York.
" This deponent saith, that he was taken about eighteen months ago in the
* Hawk' letter of marque and carried into Port L' Orient ; that, in hopes of
getting his liberty, he entered six months since on board Paid Jones' ship, the
* Bon Homme Richard,' of 40 guns and about 350 men. That they sailed from
L'Orient about two months ago, their force consisting of the * Bonne Homme
Richard ' ; the ' Alliance,' an American frigate of 36 guns, which last is sup-
posed to have been taken ou the coast of Ireland ; that they sailed from
L'Orient to the western coast of Ireland, from thence to the North of Scotland,
where they took a valuable prize bound to Quebec, laden with military stores,
and another prize, a letter of marque from Liverpool ; also two other prizes and
several colliers were sunk off Whitby. That Jones' squadron had been six days
between * Berwick ' and the * Humber,' and his declared intentions were to
make a descent somewhere on the coast ; that on Tuesday last he ordered all
his oars to be muffled and his boats ready to be hoisted out ; that on
Wednesday morning the ' Alliance ' and * Pallas ' joined Jones off Flamborough
Head, and on Thursday evening about seven they met with the east country
fleet, convoyed by a 40 gun ship and an armed ship ; that the 40 gun ship
engaged Jones alone for about four hours till Jones' fire ceased, having been
several times on fire and very near sinking. That Jones called to the * Alliance '
for assistance, who came up and gave the 40 gun ship a bi'oadside, whicli, being
totally disabled, struck ; that Jones' officers called to the * Alliance ' to hoist out
their boats, as their ship was sinking, in one of which the de^wnent and six
other men made their escape to Filay."
VI.-FROM THE "SCOTS MAGAZINE," xl., 1778, and xli., 1779.
IVhitehaveny April 23rrf, 1778. — "A little before three o'clock this morning
a man rapped at several doors in Mai borough Street (adjoining one of the
piers) and informed the people that fire had been set to one oi the ships in
the harbour, matches were laid in several others ; the whole would soon be in
a blaze, and the town also destroyed ; that he wa^ one belonging to the
privateer, but had escaped for the purpose of saving, if possible, the town and
shipping from destruction. The alarm was inmiediately spread, and his
account proved too true. The * Thomson,' Cap. Rich. Johnson, a new vessel,
116 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, JANUARY 8, 1906.
appearance on the coast with three ships of force ; and that being in want of
provisions and fresh water, he landea a numl)er of men, who carried off a
parcel of sheep and oxen, for which he bountifully paid the owners, and
immediately weighed anchor without committing any sort of hostility. Seven
men landed at Inveragh, Aug. 23, in the morning, who said they had
escaped the preceeding ni«ht from Jones's sc^uadron, which had sailed from
France on the 10th. They had taken four prizes. At one o'clock the same
day, seventeen men landea, supposed to be in pursuit of the above seven.
Nine of these were taken and lodged in Tralee gaol. The squadron lay at
Skellix, in full view. The Lord Lieutenant caused communicate to the board
of customs the intelligence which his Excellency had received, which that
board published, dated Custom House, Dublin, Aug. 27, viz. : * That on
the 24tn inst. at one o'clock seven men landed at Ballinskellix, in the county
of Kerry, from a frigate called the * Bou Homme,' commanded by Paul Jones,
mounting 40 guns, having in company the * Alliance' of 36, the * Pallas' of
32, the * Revenge ' of 12, the * Le Grand ' of 14, and a large cutter of 18 gun^,
having on board in all about 2000 men. The people imagine that Jones's
intentions are to scour the coast and burn some principal towns, having a
quantity of combustibles shipjjed on board the vessels in France.' According
to a letter, dated Corke, August 31, Jones was then off Dingle; and the
* Tartar ' privateer, of 22 guns, tlien in Corke harbour, had had an engagement
for an hour with one of Jones s ships, but the rest coming up, he escaped by
his ship being a prime sailer. A naval armament of two two-decked snipe, a
frigate, and a sloop were seen for two hours, September 6th, off LerwicK in
Shetland. They carried away a boat and four men from the Island of Mousa ;
and after bearing down on Brassa sound, thev collected their force, tacked and
steered S.E.
"Expresses arrived at Edinburgh in the morning of Sept. 15, to the
commander in chief, and to the board of Customs, with accounts that three
ships were seen off Eyemouth in the forenoon of the preceeding day and liad
taken two prizes, and at the same time a ship supposed to mount 40 or 60 guns
was seen off Dunbar, within seven or eight miles of the shore, and had brought
to a three-masted vessel which had come out of the Frith, and carried her
along with them. At five p.m of Sept. 16 they were seen from Edinburgh
steering up the Frith ; and next morning they were nearly opposite to LeiUi,
above the Island of Inchkeith. But the wind blowing violently from the
south-west, they were drove so far down the Frith as to be out of sight by
night. Their intention seems to have been to burn the shipping in Leitn, had
not the wind forced them down the frith, but proper precautions were taken
to defeat such an attempt. In one day three batteries were erected, two at
the citadel and one near Newhaven, on which were moimted 30 guns, besides
carronades, howitzers, etc. ; the four incorporations of Leith petitioned the
commander in chief for 100 stand of arms for each incorporation, which were
forthwith sent them from Edinburgh castle ; parties of military and seamen
were on guard all night of the 17th, and stationed upon the coast at proper
places ; and the recruiting sergeants and their parties were likewise called in
to do duty. All the towns upon the coast were ffreatly alarmed. The largest
ship lay with her broadside opposite to Kirkcalay, and was but a mile from
that town. Several prizes were taken by them, some of which, after plun-
dering, they set adrift It was not certainly known whether these ships were
118 PROCEEDINGS OK THE SOCIETY, JANUARY 8, 1906.
Texel, namely, two French and one called an American, commanded by
Paul Jones, bringing with them two prizes taken by them in the open sea, and
called the *Serapis' and the * Countess of Scarborough,' descrioed in the
ambassador's memorial. That they have for a century past strictly observed
the following maxim, and notified the same by placards, viz., that they will in
no respect w'liateNer pretend to judge of the legality or illegality of the actions
of those who have, on the open sea, taken any vessels which do not belong to
this country, and bring them in to any of the ports of this republic ; that they
onlv open their ports to them to give theiu shelter from storms or other disasters,
an^ that they oblige them to put to sea again, with their prizes, without un-
loading or disiXKsing of their cargoes, but letting them remain exactly as when
they arrived ; that they will not examine whether the prizes taken by the
three frigates in (question belong to the French or the Americans, or whether
they are legal or illegal prizes, but leave all that to be determined by the
proper judgets ; and will oblige them to put to sea, that they may be liable
to be retaken, and by that means brought before the proper judge. Particularly,
as his Excellency the Ambassador must own, he would have no less a right to
reclaim the above-mentioned ships if they had been private property than
as they have been King's ships ; therefore the States General are not authorised
to pass judgment either upon their prizes or the person of Paul Jones. That
as to what regards acts of humanity, they have already made appear how ready
they are to snow them towards tne wounded on board those vessels, and that
they have given orders accordingly.
" At the same time it was resolved to authorise the Admiralty to order matters
so that these five ships do put to sea as soon as possible, and that they take
care they are not furnished with any warlike or naval stores but what are
absolutely necessary to carry them safe to the first foreign jwrt they can come
at, in order that all suspicion of their being fitted out here may drop.
" In a few days the British ambassador presented a new memorial renewing,
in the strongest and most pressing manner, his recjuest that those ships and
their crews may be stoppea and delivered uj), which the pirate, Paul Jones
of Scotland, who is a rebel subject and a criminal of the state, has taken.
*• To this, answer was returned : —
" Tliat the States General find themselves under the necessity of beseeching
his Majesty to believe that they still continue in their old maxim of rigid
neutrality ; and that, without concerning themselves with any decision respect-
ing the legality or illegality of the capture of those prizes brought into their
ports, they will compel them to put to sea ; that they issued, immediately on
the entry of Paul Jones into their harbour, a strict order that he should not
be supplied with any species of military anmiunition, nor any other article
of any kind, excepting only such as were necessary for him in goinc to sea
again, and for his reaching the first port where he could be receivea ; that
they will likewise give orders for him to depart as soon as his vessels are in
a condition to put to sea and there is a favourable wind ; and will even force
him to obey this injunction, in case there should be any occasion."
Hague, Nov. 25. — *' We are informed that the cities of Dordtrecht,
Haerlem, Amsterdam, Rotterdam, Schiedam, and the Brille, particularly the
third, have protested highly against the contents of the above answer, and
120 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, JANUARY 8, 1906.
with a complete broadside. The engagement immediately commenced, and
was carried on on each side with equal violence and fury, each party using the
while every possible manoeuvre to work himself into the most advantageous
position for annoying the enemy. I am compelled to acknowledge that the
enemy's vessel by various manoeuvres, infinitely superior to those of the *Bon
Homme Richard,' gained sometimes the advantage of situation, in spite of every
effort I could make to the contrary. Being en^ged with an enemy very much
my superior, I found myself under a necessity of being as close as I
could, to compensate as much as jxxssible for the inferiority of my strength.
My intention was to place the * Bon Homme Richard ' plump in front of the
enemy's vessel ; but as this oi>eration recjuired much address in the manner of
managing and governing our sails, and as some of our yard-arms? were by that
time gone, I could not 8uccee<l in this scheme in the full extent I at first
intended. The bow-sprit of the enemy happening, however, to come within
a little of the stem of the *Bon Homme Richard,' I availed myself of this
opportunity to fasten the two vessels together ; and the wind at the same time
upon the enemy's ship having her stem plump abreast of the * Bon Homme
Richard,' the two ships met almost in all their parts, their yards blended with
each other, and the mouths of their cannon respectively touched the decks of
each vessel. It was alx)Ut eight in the evening when this circumstance took
})lace. At this time the * Bon Homme Richard ' had received several eigh teen-
pounders under water, and consequently leaked considerably. My lottery of
twelve-pounders, upon which I built most, being served bv French and
American sailors, were entirely silenced and abandoned. As for the six old
eleven-pounders, which forme(i the battery of my first deck, they did me little
service : they only fired eight times in all ; and at there being first fired two
of them burst, and killed almost all the men appointed for their service.
" Before this. Col. de Chamillard, who commanded a party of 20 soldiers
placed on the poop, had abandoned his post, after having lost all his men
except five.
" I had now only two nine-pounders that were in condition to fire ; these were
f)laced in the poop, and during the whole of the action we made use of but one
arge cannon. Mr Mease, the purser, who had the charge of the gims on the
poop, having received a dangerous wound on the head, I was obliged to
ofiiciate in his stead. I had a great difficulty in rallying some of our men ;
but having succeeded in drawing our cannon from the leeward battery, we
had now three nine-pounders to play upon the enemy. During the whole en-
gagement the fire from this small oattery was seconded only by that of our
men from the masts, where Lieutenant Stock commanded. I directed the fire
of one of the three cannon, charged with bullets, against the enemy's main-
mast ; while the two others, which were well supplied with case shot, were
employed in endeavouring to silence their musketry and clear their decks,
which they at last effected. I learn that at this instant the enemy was upon
the point of asking quarter, when the cowardice or perfidy of three of my sub-
altern officers induced them at the same time to ask it of the enemy. The
English commander asked me if I demanded quarter ; and upon being
answered in the most determined manner in the negative, the combat was
renewed with redoubled fury. They were not able to keep their decks ; but
the fire of their cannon, particularly of their lower tier, consisting entirely of
eighteen-pounders, was incessant. Both vessels were on fire in several places,
122 PROCKKDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, JANUARY 8, 1906.
at the prospect of such peculiar horrors, and issues a groan at the reflection of
the sad ana terrible effects which arise from war. When the carpenters and
others of judgment in these matters had inspected the vessel, which operation
was performed about five in the evening, they gave that renort unanimously,
that it was impossible to keep the * Bon Homme Richard ' afloat for such a time
as would be necessary for maVing any harbour or coast, and that the attempt
would l)e dangerous should the wind increase the smallest degree in tne
world. I was, however, determined, if it was possible, to keep the *Bon
Homme Richard ' afloat and to conduct it into some port ; with that view the
Lieutenant of the ' Pallas ' was placed with a party of men to serve the pump,
and with boats in readiness to receive the crew in case it was impractible to
save it. In the meantime the wind increased during the night, and on the
morning of the 25th it ap],>eared plainly impossible to hinder this good ship
from going to the bottom. The men did not abandon it till nine o'clock. The
water then rose to the upper deck, and a little after ten, with a concern which
no words can express, I entirely lost sight of her. No person ])eri8hed with
the vessel, but it was impossible to save any of the provisions. I lost with her
the greatest part of my cloaths, money, and papers. Most of my officers have
lost their cloaths and effects.
" Capt. Cottineau had an engagement with the * Countess of Scarborough,'
and took her after an hour's contest. The * Countess of Scarboroueh * is an
armed vessel mounting 20 guns, six-pounders, and was commanded by the
Lieutenant of the Kin^s ship.
" I forgot to tell you, that immediately after the captain had come on board
the * Bon Homme Ilichaid ' the middle mizen and scuttle mast of the * Serapis '
fell into the sea.''
Official Report by Captains Pearson and Piercy of the Capture of their
Ships by Paul Jones.
Admiralty-office, October 12. — "A letter from Capt. Pearson of his Majesty's
ship * Serapis,' to Mr Stephens, of which the following is a copy, was yesterday
received at this office : —
"* Pallas,' French frigate in Congress service, Texel, October 6, 1779.
"*SlR, — You will be pleased to inform the Lords Commissioners of the
Admiralty that on the 23rd ult., being close in with Scarborough, about eleven
o'clock, a boat came on board with a letter from the bailiffs of tnat corporation,
giving information of a flying squadron of the enemy's ships being on the
coast, and of a part of the said squadron having been seen from thence the
day before, standing to the southward. I made the signal for the convoy to
bear down under my lee, and repeated it with two guns ; notwithstanding
which the van of the convoy kept their wind, A\4th all sail, stretching out to
the southward from under Flamborough head, till between twelve and one,
when the headmost of them got sight of the enemy's ships, which were then
in chase of them. They then tacked, and made the best of their way under
the shore for Scarborough, etc., letting ^y their top-gallant sheets and firing
guns ; upon which I made all the sail I could to windward, to get between
the enemy's ships and the convoy, which I soon effected. At one o'clock we
got sight of the enemy's ships from the masthead, and about four we made
124 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, JANUARY 8, 1906.
bring a guu to bear on her, I found it in vain, and in short impracticable, from
the situation we were in, to stand out any longer with the least prospect of
success ; I therefore struck (our main-mast at the same time went by the
board). The first lieutenant and myself were immediately escorted into the
ship alongside, when we found her to be an American ship of war called the
* Bon Homme Richard,' of 40 guns and 375 men, commanded by Capt. Paul
Jones ; the other frigate which engaged us to be the * Alliance,' of 40 guns
and 300 men ; and the third frigate, which engaged and took the * Countess of
Scarborough ' after two hours' action, to be tne * Pallas,' a French frigate of
32 guns and 375 men ; the * Vengeance,' an armed brig of 12 guns and 70
men, all in Congress service, and under the command ot Paul .Jones. They
fitted out and sailed from Port L'Orient the latter end of July, and came north
about. They have on board 300 English prisoners, which they liave taken
in different vessels in their way round since they left France, and have
ransomed some others. On my going on board the * Bon Homme Richard '
I found her in the greatest distress ; her Quarters and counter on the lower
deck entirely drove in, and the whole of her lower deck guns dismounted.
She was also on fire in two places, and six or seven feet water in her hold,
which kept increasing upon them all night and the next day, till they were
obliged to quit her, and siie simk with a great number of her wounded people
on Iward her. She had 306 men killed and wounded in the action ; our loss in
the * Serapis ' was also very great. My officers and people in general behaved
well ; and I should l>e very remiss in my attention to their merit were I to
<miit recommending the remains of them to their Lordships* favour. I must
at the same time h^ leave to inform their Lordships that Capt. Piercy, in the
' Countess of Scarborough,' was not in the least remiss in his duty, he having
given me every assistance in his power, and as much as could l>e expected from
such a ship, in eng^ing the attention of the ' Pallas,' a frigate of 32 guns,
during the whole action. I am extremely sorrv for the misfortune that has
hapj>eiied, that of losing his Majesty's ship I Iiad the honour to command ;
but at the same time I flatter myself with the hopes that their Lordships will
be convinced that she has not been given away ; but on the contrary, that every
exertion has been used to defend her, and that two essential pieces of service
to our country have arisen from it : the one, in wholly oversetting the cruise
and intentions of this flying squadron ; the other, in rescuing the whole of a
valuable convoy from falling into the hands of the enemy, which must have
been the case had I acted any otherwise than I did. We have been driving
about in the north sea ever since the action, endeavouring to make to any port
we possibly could, but have not been able to get into any place till to-day we
arrived in the Texel. Herewith I enclose you the most exact list of the killed
and wounded I have as yet been able to procure, from my people being
dispersed among the different ships, and having been refused permission to
muster them. Tliere are, I find, many more both killed and wounded than
appears on the enclosed list, but their names as yet I find impossible to
ascertain. As socm as I possibly can, I shall give their Lordships a full account
of the whole. — I am, etc. R. Pkarson.
"P..S. — I am refused permission to wait on Sir Joseph Yorke, and even
to go on shore. — Inclosed is a copy of a letter from Capt. Piercy, late of the
* Countess of Scarborough.'
WAX MEDALLION, AND AUTOGRAPH LETTER, OF PAUL JONES. 125
" Abstract of the list of killed and wounded.
" Killed 49. Wounded 68.
'* Amongst the killed are the boatswain, pilot, 1 master's mate, 2 midship-
men, the coxswain, 1 quartermaster, 27 seamen, and 15 marines. Amongst tne
wounded are the second lieutenant Michael Stanhope and Lieutenant Whiteman,
second lieutenant of marines, 2 surgeon's mates, 6 petty officers, 46 seamen, and
12 marines."
" * Pallas,^ a French frigate in Congress service.
''Texcl, Oct. 4th, 1779.
"Sir, — I beg leave to acquaint you, that about two minutes after you began
to engage with the largest ships of the enemy's s([uadron I received a broad-
side from one of the frigates, which I instantly returned, and continued
encaging her for about twenty minutes, when she dropt astern. I then made
sau up to the * Serapis,' to see if I could give any assistance ; but upon coming
near you, I found you and the enemy so close together, and covered with
smoke, that I could not distinguish one ship from the other ; and for fear I
might fire into the 'Serapis' instead of the enemy, I backed the main top-sail
in order to engage the attention of one of the frigates that w^as then coming up.
When she got on my starboard quarter she gave me her broatlside ; which as
soon as I could get my guns to bear (which was very soon done) I returned,
and continued engaging her for near two hours ; when I was so unfortunate as
to have all my braces, great part of the ruiming rigging, main and mizzen top-
sail sheets, shot away, 7 of the guns dismounted, 4 men killed, and 20 wounded,
and another frigate coming up on my larboard quarter. In that situation I
saw it was vain to contend any longer, with any prospect of success, against such
superior force ; I struck to the * rallas,' a French frigate, of 32 guns and 275
men, but in the service of the Congress. I likewise l)eff to acquaint you tliat
my officers and ship's company behaved remarkably well the whole time I was
engaged.— I am, etc. Tho. Piercy.
* To Ricliard Pearson, Esq.,
late Captain of his Majesty's ship * Serapis.' ''
London, Oct, 2\8t. — "The Royal Exchange assurance company have this
day ordered a piece of plate of one hundred guineas value to oe prepared for
Captain Pearson of the * Serapis,' and one of fifty guineas for Captam Piercy
of the * Coimtess of Scarborough,' as an acknowledgment for the noble sacrifice
they made in protecting the Baltic fleet under their convoy."
A Letter from the British Ambassador to Mrs Burnot, a sailor's wife
at Burlington.
"Mrs Bumot. — Hague, Nov. 26^/i, 1779. — As soon as I received your letter
of the 7th instant I lost no time in making inquiries after your gallant
husband, Mr Richard Bumot ; and have now great pleasure in congratulating
you upon his being alive and well, on board the ' Countess of Scarborough ' at
the Texel. I find he had been burnt with an explosion of gunpowder, but now
quite recovered. He sends me word that he, as you know, could not write,
and therefore hoped that I would let you know he was well, which I do with
126 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, JANUARY 8, 1906.
infinite satisfaction. It will still be greater if I can get him exchanged, which
I am doing my best endeavours for ; but as the people who took him are some-
times French and sometimes rebels as it suits their convenience, that renders
this affair more difficult than it would be if they allowed themselves to be
French, beciiuse I could then settle tlie exchange at once. I am happy to be
able to give such agreeable news to the wife of my brave countryman ;* and I
am, very sincerely, your most faithful humble servant, Joskph Yorke."
VII.— BIBLIOCJRAPHY.
Biographical Sketches of Distinguished American Naval Heroes in the War of tlie
RevoliUion. By S. Putnam Waldo. Hartford, 1823.
A Relic of the Revolution^ . . . also an Account of the several (^raises of the
Sffuadron uiuler the command of Paul Jones. By Charles Herbert.
Boston, 1847.
Diary of Ezra Green, M.D.y Surgeon on board the Continental Ship of War * Ranger '
under Paul Jones, 1777-78. Reprinted with additions from the Historical
and Genealogical Register for January and April 1874. Boston, 1875.
American Historical and Literary Curiosities By Smith and Watson. Contains
a fac-simile of a letter from Paul Jones.
Frost's Book of the Navy.
Poole's Index to Periodical Literature.
Paul Jones. By A. C. Buell. New York, 1900, 2 vols.
Paul Jones. By Hutchins Hapgood. Boston and New York, 1901.
Life and Adventures of Paul Jones. By J. S. C. Abbott. New York.
United States House of Representatives. Rejwrts of Committees, 29th
Congress, 1st Session, on " Memorial and other Papers of the legal
Representatives of John Paul Jones."
Article in American Catholic Historical Researches, to prove that John Barry,
and not Jones, was the " father of the American Navy."
" Life and Cliaracter of Paul Jones," by Rear- Admiral George E Belknap, a
paper read before the New Hampshire Historical Society, 1902.
Library of Congress : A Calendar of Jone^ MSS. Bv C. H. Lincoln.
Washington, 1903.
Memorial to justify Peter Landaif^ conduct during the late war. Boston, 1784.
Life, Travels, Voyages, and Daring Engagements of Paul Jones. Several editions
of this published : Albany, 1809 ; New York, 1809 ; Hartford, 1813 ;
Philadelphia, 1817 ; Norwich, 1836, etc.
Life and Correspondence of J. P. Jmies, including his narrative of the Campaign of
the ^ Liman.' From original letters and MSS. in the possession of Miss
Janette Taylor. New York, 1830.
Memoirs of Paul Jones, now first compiled from his original Journals and Corre-
spondence. London, 1843, 2 vols.
Life of Paul Jones. By A. S Mackenzie. Boston, 1841 ; New York, 1846 ,-
2 vols.
Life of Paul Jones, from original documents in the possession of John Henry
Sherburne. London, 1825 ; 2nd edition. New York, 1851 ; Washington,
1825.
WAX MEDALLION, AND AUTOGRAPH LETTER, OF PAUL JONES. 127
Het Uven van Paul Jones. Qroningen, 1829. A translation of the above, with
pirate portrait.
Commodore Paul Jones. By Cyrus Townsend Brady. >ew York, 1900.
Paul Jones. By Molly Elliot Seawell. New York, 1901.
The Rthel Commodore. By J. Lawson Johnstone. Edinburgh, 1894.
G. H. Preble^s (}ur Flag refers to the flag-raising incident.
Diplomatic Correspondence of the American Revolution. By Dr Francis Wharton.
Published by Act of Congress.
Life of Paul Jones. Anonymous. Edinburgh, 1826.
American Edition of the Edinburgh Life of Paul Jones. Gregg & Elliott.
Philadelphia, 1846.
Life of Paul Jones. By Edward Hamilton. Aberdeen and London, first
edition, 1842. Murray's edition (second edition), 1848.
- Recollections of Nathaniel Fanning. Pamphlet. New London, 1806 ; New
and enlarged edition, 1826.
Narrative of Henry Gardner. Pamphlet. Portsmouth, N.H., 1782 ; reprint
New Bedford, 1826, enlarged.
Life of Paul Jones. Anonymous. Lippincott, Philadelphia, 1875.
History of French Privateering. By Marchand. Paris edition of 1818.
Bataillen Xavales. By Troude.
Tooke's Life of Catherine the Great. London, 1789 ; 2nd edition 1798.
M^imres de Paul Jones par le Citoyen An/ire^ with portrait by Renaud.
Menwire du Combat. Pierre Gerard. Paris, 1781. Pamphlet.
Memoire de VAmiraX Paul Jones. Edited by Benoit Andr^. Paris, 1798.
Memoires, Joumaux et Lettres de l^Amiral Paul Jones. Anonymous. Paris,
1799, 1800. Imprime par ordre du Premier Consul.
Letters of an Englishvooman in Paris during the American War. By Miss
Edes-Herl^ert. Edinburgh, 1809.
Chap-hook History of Paul Jones the Pirate. London, Newcastle, and Glasgow.
Campbell's Naval History. Glasgow, 1841.
Beatson's Naval and Military Memoirs. London, 1804.
History of Scotland. Buchanan. Glasgow, 1848.
Richard Carvel. Winston Churchill.
IVaverley. Sir Walter Scott. (Appendix.)
Lives of Remarkabk Characters. Anonymous. Glasgow, 1804.
LHclionary of National Biography. •
Biography of Eminent Scotsmen.
Leith and its Antiquities. J. Campbell Irons. Edinburgh, 1897.
128
PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, JANUARY 8, 1906.
IV.
NOTES ON A SLAB WITH INCISED CRESCENTIC DESIGN, STONE MOULD
FOR CASTING BRONZE SPEAR-HEADS, A CUP-MARKED STONE,
HOLY-WATER STOUP, AND OTHER ANTIQUITIES IN STRATH-
NAVER, SUTHERLANDSHIRE. By Rev. ANGUS MACKAY, M.A.,
Wksteiidale, Halkikk.
An incised slab (fig. 1) was discovered on Angus Gunn*s fann at the
foot of Langdale during the spring of 1905, when they were trenching
the land. It stood upright on a dry ridge, and was sunk so deeply in
Fig. 1. Incised Slab found at Langdale. (^a.)
the ground that its upper end was about 16 inches beneath the surface.
At its base lay three rough boulders, each weighing about 56 poaiid%
but nothing else was found, notwithstanding a careful search.
The extreme length of the slab is 44 inches, its extreme h
27 inches, and it is about 3 inches in thickness. One face is
> pounds J
130 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, JANUARY 8, 1906.
clink when struck smartly. It measures 5 inches in length by 2 inches
in breadth. The hollow for casting is about ^w ^^^^^ below the plain
surface of the mould, and a narrow channel, about yy ^^^^ below this
second surface, runs longitudinally along the centre of the mould, getting
deeper and broader as it proceeds, until at the outside edge it becomes
1^^ inch in diameter. Unfortunately, when they were cleaning the
stone with a sharp knife after discovery, under the impression that the
longitudinal central line ought to run the whole length of the stone, a
scar was made by the knife along this line from the upper or point end
of the mould to the outside edge of the stone. The margin or outline of
the leaf -shaped hollow was also slightly deepened in the same way ;
otherwise the mould is practically uninjured. The higher surface of the
stone is even and well polished, so that it would lie close and flush with
its missing half. Round the funnel and along the back of the stone
there are unmistakable evidences of contact with molten metal. Indeed,
from little pockets on the back of the stone red metallic dust can easily
be picked out, but I have refrained from doing so. The stone-mould
is now presented to the National Museum.
A cup-marked stone (fig. 3) was found by me in the burial-place of
Grumbeg, Strathnaver, in September 1905, standing upright at the
head of a grave, and showing about 6 inches above the ground. It is
evidently a fragment of a larger slab : its extreme length is 20 inches,
and it is about 15 inches at its broadest part. The three upper circles
are 2 J inches in diameter and IJ inches deep, very symmetrically
hollowed out, but the fourth and lower circle is shallow and indistinct.
As the stones covering the other graves are for the most part what is
called rough mountain slabs, it seems to me that this cup-marked frag-
ment was found in its present condition elsewhere, and placed here to
conveniently show a lair.
Of the pre-Reformation church at Skail, which was then the principal
church of the parish of Farr, not a vestige now remains. A few years
after Strathnaver was cleared of its inhabitants, say about 1825, the
stones of the old church were carted away to form an embankment
CUP-MARKED STONE.
131
against the river opposite Riloisk. The stone font was removed along
\vith the other material, but half way between the church and the
embankment it was thrown out of the cart, us the driver did not wish
to see it put to such an ignominious use. It still lies on the grassy bank
on which it was placed that day.
The hollow for holding the water is oblong, and gently slopes from
either end to the centre, where it becomes about 3 inches deep. The
Fig. 3. Cup-marked Stone at Grambeg. {{,)
longest diameter of the stone is slightly over 2 feet, and it should weigh
about 2 cwts. The stone is of native grey striped granite.
I would like to take this opportunity of telling the Society of Anti-
quaries that there is a rich and practically unexplored field for
antiquarian research in the northern half of Sutherlandshire, and that
one of the richest nooks in that quarter lies along the valley of the
Naver. When that valley was cleared of its inhabitants during the
5*econd decade of last century, the people up to that time had such a
132 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, JANUARY 8, 1906.
dread of touching any old structure, lest they should incur the ill-will of
the spirits of the ancient dead, that brochs, barrows, cairns, tumuli, etc.
were left untouched. About four years ago the lower part of that
valley was replanted with tenants under the auspices of the Congested
Districts Board ; and now that the ground is being improved in a way
in which it never was before, interesting " finds " may be expected, and
should be looked for. Nay, more, the old dread of ghosts is not now
entertained by the new tenants, so that unless they are warned and
directed, interesting structures may be ruthlessly torn down for stones to
build drains, dykes, etc.
There is a plateau called Baile Margait (Margaret's town) on the west
bank of the Naver, and about half a mile from its mouth, to which I
would like to draw particular attention. Above it, on the rock of Ca an
Duin, stands the ruins of a broch, and below it the river forms into a
deep tidal pool called Pol na Marraich Mor (Lagoon of the Great
Seamen). The plateau was inhabited by tenants up to about 1780,
when the encroaching sand drove them away. In the spring of 1900,
after a very stormy winter which blew away a good deal of the sand, I
was enabled to trace out two brochs, one at the south and the other at
the north end ; one doubtful broch ; two objects which I took to be
large round houses, or more probably burial cairns ; seven circular rings,
which I took to be cattle-folds, all on the same model, and about 60 feet
in diameter ; nine smaller heaps, which looked like round houses j and
nine oblong structures, some smaller and some larger, evidently the
ruins of the 18th century buildings.
At the top of Carnachy (Cairn field), five miles up the Naver valley,
there is a very rich collection of remains. At the north end stands the
broch Dun Kealmie, at the south end the broch Dun Carnachy, and on
the opposite side of the river the picturesque broch Dun Vidden.
Three years ago Dun Kealmie was badly damaged in search of stones
for building a bridge and a dwelling-house.
Tradition has it that a battle was fought on Carnachy, and that the
mounds, etc. cover the dead. The tumuli, which lie toward the river,
ANTIQUITIES IN STRATHNAVER. 133
are like the ordinary small burial cairns found in groups all over the
country ; but the long mounds, serpentine and semicircular, lying
nearer the foot of the hill, cannot, in my opinion, be accounted for in
that way. At any rate I have never met with similar objects on other
reputed places of ancient burial. All the objects lie on an absolutely
level plain at the south-west end of the haugh, under the shadow of
Dun Kealmie, and separated from it by the Burn of Carnachy.
Monday, 12^/t February 1906.
DAVID MUEEAY, LL.D., in the Chair.
A Ballot having been taken, the following were duly elected : —
Fellows.
Rev. Canon Anthony Mitchell, M.A., B.D., Principal of the Theological
College of the Episcopal Church in Scotland, Coates Hall, Edinburgh.
John A. M'Innes, M.A., F.E.I.S., Lanrelbank, Leveu, Fife.
Corresponding Member.
John Sinclair, 28 Montrose Terrace, Edinburgh.
The following Donations to the Museum and Library were laid on the
table, and thanks voted to the Donors : —
(1) By J. A. Milne, Esq., of Melgum, Aberdeenshire.
Six small flattened and rounded Discs of Quartzite about | inch in dia-
meter; one Disc of Blue Glass, about the same size, convex on the upper
and flattened on the under side, and Portions of two similar Discs, broken;
one similar Disc of Vitreous Paste of variegated colours, blue, red, and
yellow, and Fragments of others, broken ; a Piece of a Cylindrical Rod of
Colourless Glass, like part of the stalk of a wine-glass ; and a small
134 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, FEBRUARY 12, 1906.
penannular Brooch of Silver, the pin beiit and flattened towards the
point, — all found, with several small Fragments of Iron, in a cist at
Waulkmill, Tarland, Aberdeenshire. [See the previous paper by 'Mr
F. R. Coles (vol. xxxix. p. 217), where they are described and figured.]
(2) By R. C. Haldanb, Esq., of Lochend, F.S.A. Scot.
Seven oval-shaped, smoothly ground Knives of Porphyritic Stone,
found together in Shetland. [See the subsequent paper by Dr Robert
Munro.]
(3) By Miss Isabella Winslow.
Eight Arrow-heads of Chert and Quartz, from Middlesbro\
Massachusetts.
(4) By the Parish Council of Kettle.
Mortcloth, formerly used in Kettle Parish, Fife.
(5) By Mrs John Mackay, 12 Cheyne Street.
Triple Candle Mould of Tinned Iron, from Skelbo, Sutherlandshire.
(6) By C. Ellis Stevens, LL.D., the Author.
Stevens Genealogy : some Descendants of the Fitz-Stephen Family
in England and New England. Privately printed. 4to. ^*ew
York, 1904.
(7) By Richard Brown, C.A., the Editor.
History of Accounting and Accountants. 8vo. 1905.
(8) By G. M. Fraskr, Librarian, Public Library, Aberdeen, the
Author.
Historical Aberdeen : The Green and its Story. 8vo.
Historical Aberdeen : The Castle and Castle Hill, the Snow Church,
the Woolmanhill, etc. Svo. 1905.
DONATIONS TO THE MUSEUM. 135
(9) By Lieut. H. L. Norton-Smith, F.S.A. Scot., the Author.
Annorials of the County of Orkney. Illustrated by A. M. Traill.
8vo. 1902.
(10) By James Mackenzie, F.S.A. Scot., the Author.
Life of Michael Bruce, Poet of Lochleven. 8vo. 1905.
(11) By the Trustees of the Hunterian Coin Catalogue Fund.
Catalogue of Greek Coins in the Hunterian Collection, University of
Glasgow. By George Macdonald, M.A., LL.D. Vol. iii. 4to. 1905.
(12) By George Macdonald, M.A., LL.D., the Author.
Coin Types: their Origin and Development. Being the Rhind
Lectures for 1904. 8vo. 1905.
(13) By the Keeper op the Records of Scotland.
Register of the Privy Council of Scotland. Edited by Professor
P. Hume Brown, LL.D. Vol. vi. New Series. 1635-37.
Accounts of the Lord High Treasurer of Scotland. Edited by Sir James
Balfour Paul, Lord Lyon King of Arms. Vol. vi. 1531-38.
There were exhibited : —
By W. J. Grant, Esq., of Beldorny Castle.
A Collection of Thirty Arrow-heads of Flint, found in various parts of
Aberdeenshire.
The follo^ving Communications were read : —
136 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY. FEBRUARY 12, 1906.
ON VITRIFIED FORTS, WITH RESULTS OF EXPERIMENTS AS TO THE
PROBABLE MANNER IN WHICH THEIR VITRIFICATION MAY
HAVE BEEN PRODUCED. By Lieut. -Col. A. B. M 'HARDY, C.B.,
Vice-PresideiU.
In asking the attention of the Society to some observations on the
subject of vitrified forts, it is not necessary for me to rehearse what
has already been written about them. The mystery of their origin has
never been cleared up in a satisfactory manner, although they have
attracted the attention of many antiquaries.
The first printed notice of vitrified forts seems to be that found in
Pennant's Tour in Scotland, published in 1774, where he says he saw on
the top of a hill near Fort Augustus, in a small oval area, a quantity of
stones cemented with almost vitrified material, and he could not make
out if they came from a volcano or a forge.
Shortly after this we have Williams' letters, in which he described
the forts of Knock Farrell, Craig Phadric, and others; his theory
being that a fire had been made along each side of the wall, and the
stones thereby vitrified ; but he puts the suggestion forward with
hesitation.
At that time it was believed that vitrified forts were to be found only
within a very small area in Scotland, but since then (1777) vitrification
has been observed in the remains of old fortifications in many different
parts of Scotland, in Ireland, Germany, Austria, and several regions of
France. Indeed, it is probable that this list of the distribution of so-
called vitrified forts is still far from being complete.
It is therefore clear that vitrification was well known among various
races, of whom it may be said, without defining in any way the exact
epoch when the work was done, that they must have been in a primitive
state of civilisation.
VITRIFIED FORTS. 137
The scheme on which the forts in Scotland have been disposed has
led me to consider the time of the Vikings a probable date for some
of them.
What is termed a vitrified fort of a normal character may be
described as a mound or parapet, roughly circular in plan, or traced as
an irregular polygon following more or less closely the edge of the flat
top of a hill or ridge.
If we examine the section of the parapet, we find on the soil a mound
of loose stones, varying m size, say 2J feet deep ; and overlying the
loose stones, a layer, say 2 to 3 feet thick, of similar stone held together
by a lava-like substance obtained by the complete or partial fusion of
some of the stones in the heap.
This may suffice for giving a general idea of the section of the
parapet, but more investigation is necessary, by careful excavation on
the ground, before the exact section of the parapet of a vitrified fort is
known, and probably considerable variety will be found.
The vitrified material is in most cases now found covered on the top
with a little soil and vegetation. The vitrified layer is not found, I
believe, perfectly continuous in every part of the para[»et, and often
appears only at certain points, notably at Tap o' Noth.
The size of the forts varies greatly, from the large fort just mentioned
to a heap of stone with no indication of an enclosure which could be
called a fort.
In position, the vitrified forts I have seen (seventeen) in Scotland are
situated either near the coast where it is deeply indented by the sea, or
at inland points which open .up a large valley, or a group of valleys
radiating from a common centre.
The rocks which seem to melt to form the slag are chiefly mica-
schists, felspathic rock, diorite, and moine schist, while the granite has
not been affected in the same way by the process. Through the kind-
ness of the late Mr Ivison Macadam, I am able to give a chemical
analysis of the slag from the following places : —
138 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, FEBRUARY 12, 1906
2.
3.
FiNTRAVEN.
Tap o' Noth.
Soluble in Acids^ Felspathic Sandstone.
Diorite.
Ferrous oxide
. 0-41
0-75
Ferric oxide .
. 012
3-64
Aluminic oxide
1-79
11-18
Calcic oxide .
116
1-26
Magnesic oxide
I 76
1-52
Potassic oxide
004
012
Sodic oxide .
0-02
OOG
Phosphoric anhydride
. 0-/2
1-22
Sulphuric anhydride
012
015
Carbonic anhydride
. 0-06
0-04
Soluble silica .
. 3-76
11-04
9-96
30-
Insoluble in Acids —
Ferric oxide .
2 22
5 22
Albuminic oxide
6-58
10-82
Calcic oxide .
0-96
1-24
Magnesic oxide
. 312
2 03
Potassic oxide
4-14
4 03
Sodic oxide .
0 92
147
Titanic oxide .
1-76
1-42
19-70
26-
Insoluble silica
. 70-11
43-34
Loss and undeterniiueil .
0-23
0-19
- 70-34
10000
- 43-53
Tbo^oo
1. Soluble in Acids —
Ferrous oxide
Ferric oxide
Albuminic oxide .
Calcic oxide
. Magnesic oxide
Potassic oxide
Sodic oxide
Phosphoric anhydride
Sulphuric anhydride
Carbonic anhydride
Soluble silica
ElLEAN-XAN-GoBHAH.
Moine Schist.
0-999
0-216
0-642
0-082
0-453
0-143
0068
0-026
0-666
0-053
4-212
7-560
VITRIFIED FORTS.
139
Jnaoluble in Acids —
Ferric oxide
Aluminic oxide
Calcic oxide
Magnesic oxide
Potassic oxide
Sodic oxide .
Titanic oxide
3. Insoluble silica .
Loss and undetermined
2-952
13-446
0-248
0-693
5-216
1-431
5-602
29588
62-531
0-321
62-852
100000
We now pass on to consider how it is that the vitrification of these
forts has come about. Various opinions have been expressed :
(a) Some that it was done incidentally as the result of beacon^fires,
or great fires for religious or other purposes.
{b) Other authorities see in these forts the intended result of structural
operations, believing that the intention was to strengthen the
parapet by fusing together the small stones of which it was
composed.
The interdependence which can be observed in some of the groups
of vitrified forts lends support to the view that they were used
for signalling purposes, and I think that that may be assumed as
certain, although there seems no reason to suppose that they only
were used for that purpose any more than other forts in similar
situations, which, being composed of different and more refractory
materials, have not left the result of the fires so distinctly marked
by the slag.
(a) I shall refer to the possibility of producing vitrification by beacon-
fires later on.
(b) Turning at present to the view that the vitrification was inten-
140 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, FEBRUARY 12, 1906.
tionally done to strengthen the parapet, we are met by some
(litficultics.
In thft first place, it is almost certain that vitrification of the larger
masses often met with, if intended as a structural method, must have
been a troublesome business, and a process to which recourse would have
been had only when ordinary building was impossible. But we find in
various forts, notably at Tor Duin, near Fort Augustus, and at other
places, that the loose stones below the vitrification are supported by
ordinary masonry, which apparently might have been carried up the
whole way had the builders so desired.
Another difficulty which presents itself is that the vitrification is not
as a rule continuous all round the parapet, although for structural pur-
poses, if that were the object, it would seem to be equally required at
every point.
But not only is this the case, but we find that the greatest amount
of the slaggy mass occurs often — I think I may say generally — where
a strong parapet is least needed. At the top of an inaccessible
cliff" is often found the bulk of the vitrification. This is well seen at
Shielfoot, Dunagoil and Ard Ghaunsgail (Arisaig). The last-named
fort, which stands on a peninsula, has on the land side a defended
entrance which would appear to be the weakest point ; but the parapet
is there devoid of vitrification, or nearly so.
It will also be admitted that, if the builders were determined to have
solid walls, they were not very wise in setting them up on a foundation
of loose stone, for they might have anticipated that the vitrified blocks
would slip down the hill, as we find a great many of them have done, by
the foundation sinking.
Lastly, I think it may be fairly assumed that, if the builders had
designed a wall built with a mortar of semi-melted stone, they would
have restricted its width to much less than a thickness of say 4 to 6
feet. In this connection, what are we to say to the mass of vitrified
matter (described by Fraser-Tytler more than a hundred years ago)
^
^nis
VITRIFIED FORTS. 141
-^feziciix^g along the east end of Craig Phadric, 40 feet wide and 70
^o:*^ "fhese among other reasons, it seems unlikely that vitrification
-^:3ertaken as a structural method.
^ ^i^Xne air of mystery still hangs over vitrified forts, it occurred to
^ ^-«^^^^'^ it could be to some extent dispelled if we could reconstruct a
^^^^i^. parapet ; and my purpose to-night is to explain the experiments
^ "^^^^th this object during the last five or six years, at long intervals
^^'^•'^'5- th insufficient leisure. The positive results have been poor, but a
^ -■^^■c^ any negative results have been obtained.
^on-fires seemed, at first sight, the most likely source of the
try heat ; so their results were first examined. Undoubtedly
^ amount of slag can be obtained from burning grass or straw.
^an be easily seen by inspecting the site of any large stack fire.
:fortunate enough (if I may use the expression) to see the results
large stack-yard fire which occurred at Hay Mount Farm, near
^« There fifty-seven stacks of grain and eight of hay were con-
^y*^^^<i. It was found, where the stacks had been recently erected and
%traw was strong, producing an open texture in the heap, so as
^^^^\\y to admit the air, as is the case with a rick of wheat, that there
,^^^^-^ no slag at the bottom. The silica had gone off in vapour, which
^^ partially condensed on the lee side of the rick in the form of
^^^11 pellets about the size of a pea. These could be found in con-
^^^erable number on the ground. Where the material was closer in
^Xture, as in the older oat ricks, some slag was seen at the bottom
^Jnong the debris ; but most of the slag was found at the bottom of the
closely packed haystacks, where it lay in a nearly continuous crust, in
places about 2 inches in depth.
I should have said that the wind was very high when the fire occurred,
and that the combustion of the oldest stacks alone was at all 9]ow.
The chemical analysis, by Professor Macadam, of the slag from this
fire is given below, as it may be useful in further investigations : —
142
PBOCEKDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, FRBBUAKY 12, 1906.
1. Soluble in Acids —
Ferrous oxide 0-77
Ferric oxide .
0-18
Aluminic oxide
4-68
Calcic oxide .
9-73
Magnesic oxide
Potassic oxide
2 03
8-96
Sodic oxide .
0-57
Phosphoric anhydride
i^ulphuric anhydride
Carbonic anhydride
Soluble silica
713
0-21
0-16
. 35-62
70-04
2. Insoluble in Acich —
Ferric oxide .0*11
Aluminic oxide
443
Calcic oxide .
0-21
Magnesic oxide
Potassic oxide
0-38
2-59
Sodic oxide .
0-32
804
3. Insoluble silica 21 '7 6
Loss and undetermined 0*16
21-92
10000
As the stack fires, when nearly burned out, had been extinguished
with water and otherwise, and as the stone bottoming might have thus
escaped fire action, the following experiments, among others, were
carried out to ascertain the action of open fires having a base of
selected stones. The first experiments were made on the high moorland
near Riccarton. To begin with, on a base of stones constructed like a
saucer, having a diameter of 5 feet, 100 stones of old moorland hay
were burned. The process took about eight hours. The result on the
stones was nil, but some very small streams of slag were found outside
VITRIFIED FORTS. 143
the lip of the saucer on the lee side of the fire. The stones in the
bottom were covered with ash. They were chiefly whinstone.
The next fire was arranged with the stone heap raised in the centre
and having a diameter of 10 feet. On this, some hay and an imlimited
amount of bracken were burned for six hours. The heat was so great
that with difficulty could the men pile on the fuel. The result on the
stones in the heap at the bottom was that many of them were fractured
and burned, but there was no vitrification.
The third experiment was carried out on the sea-shore at Arisaig —
that district being selected because it is the site of a group of vitrified
forts. On the stone heap in this case a mixture of four loads peats, four
boat-loads brushwood, twelve cart-loads of sea- weed, and a boat-load of
gniss was burned, and the blaze was kept up for thirty-nine hours.
The result on the stones below — they were principally moine schist —
was, as before, fracture and roasting, but no melting or approach to
fusion.
With this experience I had become satisfied that a beacon-fire —
understood in the sense of an open blazing mass — had not produced
vitrification of stones lying in a heap below it. Another solution had
therefore to be found.
In a good many papers on the subject of vitrification, it is explained
how easily it can be produced ; but it does not seem such an easy matter
in the field, when you tie yourself down to use only the materials
found on the ground. It may be convenient here to refer to a remark
made by Mr Ramsay of the Geological Survey, writing in 1859, and
repeated later by others.
The observation was to the effect that he thought the vitrification at
Knock Farrell had^ been produced by burning with wood, and explained
how the rocks near Barnsley were more or less vitrified by being
burned in heaps with coal and brushwood. The stones were described
as sandstones. I thought this so interesting that I communicated with
the Borough Surveyor, Barnsley, Mr J. H. Taylor, who informed me that
144 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, FEBRUARY 12, 1906.
never had any stone been burned, but that some clay shale used to
be burned in clamps about sixty years ago, so as to harden it for use on
roads with light traffic, or for blinding — as we now see the same thing
done on railways for ballast. That is a very different thing from
fusing pieces of mica schist such as are found in vitrified forts, and I
think some mistake seems to have been made by Mr Ramsay as to the
sufficiency of the explanation.
To return to the experiments at Arisaig : What had already been done
and observed led to the conclusion that the burning was too rapid, and
that the supply of air had to be reduced.
A rough stone square enclosure was therefore set up, the walls being
about 3 feet higli and the sides about 4 feet long. A layer of loose
stones was put in the bottom of the enclosure, and over them peat and
brushwood were filled in up to the top of the wall, and a fire set agoing.
When the fuel was about half burned, more wood was added, and a layer
of stone about 1 foot thick was placed on the top and covered over with
peat. As this sank down, hay was added to check the draught.
The result of this was that incipient fusion, producing a sort of glaze,
was noted on some of the stones which had been placed on the top and
had sunk down into a part of the fire where there was little or no
draught. The remainder were only burned. The burning lasted six
hours, but the enclosure remained hot for twenty hours.
Another experiment was made under similar conditions, except that
the walls were less open and damp moss was placed on the top ; but no
vitrification resulted.
A third trial was made in the same built enclosure, with 2 J feet of
small branches below, with some peat and then 1 foot of stone above,
and the top was kept covered with rough hay. Tlie stones which
hud most heat were burned ; where they were out of the draught they
showed signs of commencing fusion on the surface. This took about
nine hours.
Some other similar experiments were made.
It will be seen that the attempt to vitrify by heat above the stone
146 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, FEBRUARY 12, 1906.
Aft«r about eighteen hours the pile had risen to about 4 feet high
and the base was 6 feet in diameter, and a great heat was emitted. It
was noted that the top surface of the pile, as the experiment was going
on, was so hot and flat that it would have sufficed for cooking purposes.
When the heap was examined, a vitrified portion was found in the
centre, weighing about 8 lbs. and situated about 18 inches from the top.
Up to the present time I have had no opportunity for continuing
these experiments, but, as they have already been spread over some years^
it seemed to me desirable that they should be recorded for the use of any
others who may care to continue the investigations. 1 have come to
believe that vitrification in these ancient fortfe was brought about some-
what after the manner of the last experiment, but the rate of combustion
requires still to be largely reduced, and the heat which escapes from the
mass conserved. It is in this direction that I hope to make further
trials when opportunity occurs.
With the small results already obtained, I think it is fair to assume
that vitrification was produced by a very slow process : not by a great
fire in the open, but by a slow heat with a very limited supply of oxygen.
The delicate impressions of the fibre of the wood (as shown in figs.
1 and 2) could not have been taken except in an undisturbed environ-
ment, and with a liberal supply of time, with a moderate temperature.
This is in keeping with the investigations of Professor Joly, who has
pointed out that rock solids can be fused at a comparatively low
temperature if it is kept up for a long period. These schists would
probably require from 1000' to 1200' F. Further, it is difficult to
believe that the inhabitants of these forts had a large command of fuel
— certainly not in some districts such as Arisaig, or on the barren
islands along its sliores.
Looking at the subject generally, I think it is clear that the occupiers
of the vitrified forts in Scotland did not possess the command of the sea,
and that the so-called forts were in many cases simply signalling stations,
which necessarily, with such a purix)se, would be occupied for considerable
VlTK!t'lE[> FORTa
perioiis iit one time— pmbahly during fcbe aummcr hidf*year nt least,
Tlie tiitenor line of forta in the series wotild contain a certain number
of men* who would rlefend the position or retire as they ostimated the
strength of the iitUw-k. I suggest that n smouldering fire wo«ld be
required in sueh forts, which could bt^ stirred up at any moment a^ a
signal ; and at the aame time it might lie u^ied for cooking, aa I belie va
Fig. 2. Porti^R of Vitrifieri lUsa fniin Tai Diliu, showing imprrsajcina
nf woody liVtre. {\,)
ia now done in some of the Pucihc islands^ iSuoh a fire would in
lime prmluce a large amount of slag in a region where Uie atone waa
easily made viscous, while in nther places tliere might be no trace of
vitriiii^atioD.
The group of forts near the Sound of Arisaigp jwst north of the f»en-
innula of Anlnamnrcfian, may he taken usi nn lUitstration.
From the bro*id arm of tht^ sea culled tlie Suund of Ariaaig there run
la the eastward into the land two loeha, marking the bottom lines of two
148 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, FEBRUARY 12, 1906.
extensive valleys. On the north end of the east side of the sound is
Loch nan Uamh, and at the south end Loch Ailort.
At the mouth of Loch nan Uamh, on the north side, stands the
vitrified fort of Ard Ghaunsgail, on a small headland from which the
valley at the head of the loch is open.
At the mouth of Loch Ailort, on a small island, stands the double fort
of Eilean nan Gobhar. This island is close to the shore on the south.
These two forts are in view of each other ; but, if they were to some
extent to be used for sentinels, it is evident that they could give little
notice of a fleet from the north, as the north side of the sound is covered
by the projecting headland which ends in Rhu Arisaig. But, on making
close inquiry, I found tliat there were vitrified remains on an island near
the north-west angle of the sound called Eilean na Ghoil. There is on
this island a fine example of the raised beaclies so common on the west
coast. On the top are remains of a fort with sporadic vitrification, and
on tlie low beach other traces of vitrification. The places in both cases
are more or less triangular. From this point the forts at Ard Ghaunsgail
and Eilean nan Gobhar are visible, but there is a very limited sea-
view to the north. Further inquiry was made, and an islet called
Kilean Port na Muirach was ultimately found with vitrification on the
toj), whence a fine open view was got of the sea from Ardnamurchan
to the Sound of Sleat. Thus, then, tliere could have been telegraphic
communication by smoke or fire to the valleys at the mouths of the
lx)clis nan Uamli and Ailort of a ship rounding Ardnamurchan Head from
the south, or coming down the Sound of Sleat from the north. Now,
while on no system of defence would it have been reasonable to isolate a
small garrison on Eilean na Ghoil, and while in the case of Eilean Port
na Muirach there was no space for a fort or garrison, these islands pro-
vided a perfect system for warning the inhabitants of the valleys round
the Sound of Arisaig and its eastern lochs of the approach of an enemy,
and this, I suggest, was their purpose.
The group of forts just described is a very small one, and I think
150 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, FEBRUARY 12, 1906.
This discovery permits of the following suggestion being made as to
the line of military signalling and communication from the north-east
along the line of the lochs.
Starting from Craig Phadric, which commands a far view of the
M^ray Firth, communication could be carried to Dunreachie Fort on
Ashie Moor. The stones of which Dunreachie is formed are of a very
refractory nature, as the district belongs to the Old Red Sandstone, and
no vitrification appears there.
From Dunreachie the fort at Castle Unjuhart was visible, and would
be now, were it not for the tall trees in Erchite Wood.
From Castle Urquhart, Dunjardel is well in view, and there is a clear
though long line to Tor Duin, near Fort Augustus. It may be that
there was another fort somewhere near Glen Moriston. But the dis-
covery of that and of the communication south west from Tor Duin
remain for further investigation.
STONE KNIVES FOUND IN SHETLAND. 151
II.
NOTES ON A HOARD OF ELEVEN STONE KNIVES FOUND IN
SHETLAND. By ROBERT MUNRO, M.D., LL.D.
At the request of their owner, R. C. Haldane, Ksq., seven of these
knives are now presented to the National Museum.
The following letter from Mr Haldane sufficiently explains the reasons
for which these interesting objects were put into my hands, as well as
the conditions on wMiich they henceforth become national property.
Lot'HEND, OLLABERKY, SHETLAND,
2ith March 1906.
My dear Dr Munro, — I send to-day, by jiarcel post, seven scrapers. They
were foimd at Rsheness, Nortlniiavine, in making a road, 9 inches deep in a
gravelly subsoil. They were i>acked closely together with the edges upper-
most. There were eleven in all, but !i«evei*al were broken, and I bought the
best. The other four I did not see, and do not know what became of them.
Nothing else was with them, an<l they api>ear t(» have been a store which had
not been disturbed. There was no trace c)f any building near, but the Brough
of PriesthouUand was about half a mile distant. Before these were found the
superincumbent peat had been removed. The tinder thought a total depth of
4 feet of peat ana soil had covered the scrapers. Tliere are said to have been
two or three Picts* houses not far away, one at a place near the churchyard
called Saebrig and one at Hogaland. They were found in the year 1900.
When you are done with them, if they are of sufficient interest, please
present them to the Museum frf)m me. If they do not care to have them, I
will keep them. Should they keej) them, I would like them all kept together.
I am afraid I can give you no more information al>out them, and must leave
it to you to spin out their liistor>\ — Yours sincerely, R. C. Haldane.
A mere glance at these objects shows that they possess certain
characteristics which place them in a special category among ancient
stone implements. They are large thin blades made of volcanic rock
known as rock-porj^hyry, irregularly oval or suV)quadrangular in form,
aiid highly polished on lx)th surfaces, with the margin all round ground
to what may be called a cutting edge.
With the assistance of Mr B. N. Peach, LL.D., F.R.S., whose know-
ledge of the geology of Shetland is unrivalled, I have drawn up the
following descriptive details of each specimen in this hoard, so as to
PROCKBTifNGS OF THI BOCtKTY, FEBRl^ARY iJ. HWf,
make them ;ivmla1>le for com pari ^ju wilh similar diJicoveries elsewhere
recorded : —
Xo, 1. The Viick of wliich this implement is timde h quartx-porphyrj,
attd ahowi double pymmidB of fjtiarw and porphyritic cryafcalat of oitho-
cliise in a crypto-crystaliinrt ^round^m.isH. It is .sul>qimdraiigtilar in form,
with a portion lirokeii off at one end, and inea«iireM 5 liy 5 inches.
No, 2, This 3|ieciineii (fig. l) has the samt* comijoaitiou m No* 1, hut
ill addition shows platy flow-structure oblique to the Hat iiurfacea of the
Fig. 1« Oval Kiiitf ot tjuart;^-j>i>rphyry (Now Hj Irom I^Jiliene^, Sh«tknd. |).)
implement. Its shape is oval, ^^^th a i^ood mi t ting edge all round, and
it nieoaurea 6 by 4 J inches*
No* 3. All tlie rt^mnrki* made on tlie niineial strin-ture of the two
former are applicable tu thin specimen, with theadditum that aonie layers
are spheTuiitit^ i)v&] m iorm^ with one end nifarly straight. Its
diameters are 5 J and 4 J inches.
No, 4, Mfale of %ery hue-grained quartZ'jiorphyry witli few |Kjr-
phyritic elements, suggesting that it came froin the chilled outer edge
of the volcanic iiiass. This implement ifig, 2) ii* irregularly quad-
rangular, three aides being nearly straight, and tlu* fourtfi curved out-
8T0NE KNIVK8 FtJUNH IN SHETLAtfD.
Ion
Wiirda, with u recUliguhir noU^h \mU mi iucli ilt^cp* TIrtt rimrgin c>f this
nob^^h in, however, groiiml down to au edge like the resjt of tbe perimeter
III tha implement.
Na. 5* Thia apeeinien him the same L'omposition as No. 3^ hut the
(low-layers are nearly ut right jiu^W to the surfaces of the implement,
Spherulitic structure well deveh^pei]. It is ohlong in shti{>e, having u
ccjrner portion hroken f^W^ iiivl mm^mv^^ 6 hy 3 inches?.
ScK 0, Like Mo8. 2, 3, and 5, hut strongly spherulilic, and stntoture
I
V
Ki|?, 2 Kiiifi* *if Qt»Art3f-pni phyry frf»rn EHlium-s**, Shatktitl. f J. )
Imtter men. This* implement I mis one end hroken otf, and the other is
rectjmgular. The remaining partirm meaaures 4 hj 4 inches.
Ko» 7. Horphyritic and sjihernHtie elements well shown. It i.^ ^n
irregular oval and a thicker specimen than any of the others, having a
maximum thickness of nearly half an inch. I in greatest and least
difimeters are 4^ and 3| irielie.H.
Parpbyritic mcka are aliundantly met with iei Shetland, ami it would
appear that all the ahov^-deMerihed iiuplemetilr^ had he^^n mauufactured
froni the siime qunrry* Dr PeiU'li iiifornjs me that tlria kit id of nu^k, on
hjtig exp<»Bure bo attno^pherie agencies, breaks up into thin hiniimje^ like
154 PROCEEDINGS OK THE SOCIETY, FEBRUARY 12, 1906.
slaty materials, so that in reality nature performs the first and most
difficult stage in the manufacture of these knives.
It may also be noted that their position under a depth of 4 feet of
peat, together with the whitish layer of patina which covers them all
over, gives them, primd facie, a claim to considerable antiquity. Though
no two specimens are precisely alike, there is a general, indeed striking,
resemblance between them all ; and only in one instance does the ratio
between their longer and shorter diameters go beyond 6 to 4 inches —
the exception. No. 5, measuring 6 by 3 inches.
I shall now proceed to inquire how far the characters of the Esheness
implements, and the circumstances in which they have been found, tally
with the records of other discoveries which come under the general
category of Picts* knives, as they are called in Shetland.
The earliest notice of this kind of implement which has come within
the range of my knowledge is to be found in Ix)w's Tour through Orkney
and Shetland^ 1774, pp. 82-4. After describing and figuring what was
shown him as a " thunderbolt," but which is nothing more nor less than
un ordinary stone axe, he goes on to say that he " was shewn likewise a
stone instrument quite diflferently shaped from that described on the
other page. This was broad and thin, much shorter than the other ;
seemed to have ))een made use of as a knife, or instrument for cutting
by the hand, as the other for striking. Its edges were all well sharpened,
and was supposed hy the owner (Mr W. Balfour of Trenaby) to be a
knife made use of in sacrifice. I procured one of the latter, the figure of
which follows." This figure shows a subquadrangular implement, 5 by
3^ inches, with one corner knocked off. The sides are described as
" well ground," with " a fine edge." ** The greatest thickness of this
instrument," he writes, ** is scarce three-tenths of an inch, the edges
canelled on both sides like a carpenter's axe." ^
On landing at Vaila Sound, near Walls, from Foula, Mr Low writes as
follows : —
' Tli»*se stone objectn were shown to Mr Low at tlie house ct Sir John Mitchell at
Sandhouse, j)arish of Aithsting an«l Sandstin<r.
156 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, FEBRUARY 12, 1906.
thus indicating a little antioury, from which a nuiuber of weapons might be
distributed on an emergency, by the hand of some chief, to a small band of
natives met together, on the alarm of common danger. Assemblages of these
weapons have been found in the parishes of Walls, of Del ting, and in the island
of Unst. Tlie larger steinbarte may have been ased both as an offensive and
defensive weapon, either by throwing it from the hand, or striking with it,
when the combatants came to close quarters ; and the smaller steinbarte, it is
probable, was formerly used for domestic purposes, and held a similar place in
the eighth or ninth century which a knife does in the nineteenth. Tliat they
are a very ancient instrument is without doubt ; for even tradition itself is
silent, both as to the time when and the people by whom they were used."
Mr Bryden combats Dr Hibbert's opinion that these flat knives were
inserted into wooden handles and used, either as warlike weapons, or
as halberts.
With regard to the classification of the flat Shetland knives — the
double-edged steinbartes of Dr Hibbert and Mr Bryden — it seems to me
that they may be appropriately divided into discoidal and semilunar.
Although there is no typical example of the latter among the Eshcness
group, we shall immediately see tliat the characteristics of many speci-
mens in the national collection, and elsewhere, justify the adoption of
some such classification. In using a knife showing a sharp margin all
round, one part of it must be held in the hand, and in some instances
I have observed a corresponding blunt portion. Other writers have
recorded finger depressions on one of the surfaces, to give a better hold
of the implement. But the semilunar knife is clearly defined by having
an elongated shape, with one of the long sides thick and blunt, while the
other is ground down for cutting purposes. A Shetland knife in the
possession of Sir John Kvans is thus described : —
" I have a specimen, 4h inches long and 3^^ inclies wide at the base, formed of
|>orphyritic greenstone, and found at Hillswick, in Shetland, which was given
me by Mr J. Gwyn Jeftreys, F.R.S. Its cutting edge may be described as
forming nearly half of a pointed ellipse, of which the thick side for holding
forms Uie conjugate diameter. This side is rounded and curved slightly in-
wards ; one of the angles between this base and the elliptical edge is rounded,
and a portion of the edge is also left thick and rounded, so that when the base
is applied to the palm of the hand the lower part of the forefinger may rest
uiK)n it. When thus held it forms a cutting tool not unlike a leather-cutter's
knife." (Ancient Stone Implements^ p. 308.)
STUNK KNIVK8 FOUND IN SHETLAND. 157
0£ t twenty-two specimens recorded in the Catalogue of the National
Afiisoi^iixx, and now exhibited there, four oblong specimens, made of dark-
coJoux-^d jwrphyry, were found together in a l)og in the island of Uyea,
Unst; ( I-^roc, 5. A, Scot, vol. xix. p. 332). One, made of porphyry, was
fouiacl i jn. each of the following localities, viz. Hillswick, Busta, Fyal Bank
(Uiis^^, «nd Northmavine ; twelve of porphyry and one of serpentine are
MritHovxti any assigned locality ; and one of hornblende rock, from Houland,
'Wa.ll^^ l-ias the peculiarity of l)eing polislied and thinned to an edge from
^'^^ ^->«^Cik. In other words, it is a semilunar tool measuring 7J by
3i i»A^C5>:i.e8.
^-^* *^ ^K^aansacking tlie volumes of the ProtutedintfS of the Society since
^ ^^— •• ti^rlie date of the publication of the Catalogue, 1 find nine specimens
^^exctxx^^yg Qf |;jj(> Modesty hoard) recorded among the purchases for the
^ ^^x:i.X^i. These are all stated to be made of porpliyritic rock; one is
*^ ^ ^-^nst, and the other eight from Northmavine. Tlie Unst specimen
' ^ ^*'^"*> ^l*es 4 J by 2^ inches, and ditfers from the normal type inasmuch
** ^*^ brought to a sharp edge only on one of the two longer sides.
^^*^^ the eight from Northmavine, one is differentiated from the
^■"^ by having the form of a segment of a circle, almost crescentic in
V I ^^xirance, like the well-known flint knives or saws of Scandinavia. It
"S^ inches in length and 2^ in its greatest breadth.
^^^ now come to the consideration of one of the most important
^^^veries of the kind hitherto made in Shetland, viz. a hoard of nine
^^^e axes of the ordinary types of the Stone Age, and about fourteen
.^J^^cimens, whole or fragmentary, of the knives now under review.
*^« circumstances in which this assortment of objects was found are
*^1|8 briefly described by Mr George Kinghorn : —
'*When spending my holidays in Shetland, and residing at the house of
Mr Laurence Laurenson at Moilesty, about four niile.s north of Bridge of
Walls poHt-office, I was shown three stone axes and three large, oval, and
polished stone knives found by his boys in a grassy knoll in front of his house.
The knoll is about 20 yards long and 10 yarJs broad. On the east and west
it slopes gently and on the south abruptly, ihe ground being broken when the
axes were found.
\
158 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, FEBRUARY 12, 1906.
" The strata are composed of —
(1) Grasfc, turf, and aandy peat, about 8 incheH.
(2) Yellow })eat ashea, alxmt 5 or 6 inches.
(3) Decoinpo«5ed charred wood, about 4 or 5 inches.
(4) Subsoil, red gravel, and rock.
** The axes were found in the charred wood layer.
" About eighty or ninety years ago, previous to his house being built, a l)ank
of i)eat, about 4 feet thick, had been removed from the site of the house and the
knoll, and this may account for the shallow depth at which the relics were
found." {Proc. S. A. Scot., vol. xxix. pp. 7 and 49 ; xxx. p. 39.)
Oil making further search in the knoll, three vessels or urns of steatitic
clay, some more stone implements, and a pair of saddle-quern stones
were found. Fragments of the so-called urns show that the pottery was
about half an inch thick, and made of very coarse materials mixed with
small stones and what looks like the stalks of withered grass. The
whole of the Modesty relics, consisting of nine polished stone axes of
diorite, porphyrite, or hornblende, and fourteen oval knives of differ-
ently coloured porphyrites, are now preserved in the National Museum.
Also, from the same place are two masses of heavy clay, apparently
moulded or kneaded by hand, and fragments of charred faggots of
branches or roots, from 1 to 1^ inch in diameter.
With regard to this find there are a few {)oints which claim
attention.
(1) The urns would seem to presuppose burial, but not necessarily,
as the vessels might have been used for domestic purposes. Hence, I
would provisionally suggest an alternative hy|M)thesis, viz. that the
green knoll was the site of a wooden habitation which had been destroyed
by fire, thus accounting for the amount of peat-ashes and charcoal as
the embers of the fallen roof, which originally consisted of rafters and
turf. This hypothesis cannot be summarily set aside on the ground that
wood no longer grows in Shetland, because at the bottom of many peat-
bogs in that locality remains of timbers several inches in diameter are to
be found. Now, in the Ciise of the Modesty habitation, the purport of
the evidence goes to show that the remains belonged to a period anterior
to the growth of peat in that locality ; vso that brushwood, or even trees.
160 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, FEBRUARY li, 1906.
car|. enter's axe'* (see page 9). Indeed, a large number of these knives
show more or less of a serrated edge which in some instances may have
been due to re-sharpening the instrument.
(3) As to tlie antiquity of the find, the evident conclusion to be
derived from the association of so many of these knives and of so many
ordinary stone axes of Neolithic types, with a saddle-quern, kneaded
portions of clay, fragments of three coarse vessels, together with such
abundance of peat-ashes and charred wood, is that it dates back to the
Stone Age, whatever the chronological horizon of that period may be in
these northern latitudes.
.Sir Daniel Wilson, in \\\b Prehistoric Annals of Scotland (vol. i. p. 183),
gives the following information of the discovery of these curious knives
in the valley of the P^orth, which is the only recorded instance of their
having been found outside of ^Shetland :—
" In the Shetlan<l and Orkney Islands esnecially, st^ne knives are common ;
and in other disitrii'ls, knives uf flint, styled In- the Shetlanders Pechs' knives,
are found. Tliese are shaped like a shoemaker's jmring knife, with the semi-
circular line wrought to an edge, while the straight line is left broad and
blunt. Others are oval or irregular in form, and thinning otf to an edge round
the whole circumference. One of the latter, in the Scottish Antiquarian
Museum, formed of a thin lamina of madreporite, was found at one of the
burghs or round towers of Shetland. It measures 4 J by 4 inches, and does not
exceed, in greatest thickness, the tenth of an inch. Similar implements, in
the collection of the London Anticpiaries at Somerset House, are mentioned by
Mr Al))ert Way, as probably the ancient stone instruments transmitted to Sir
Joseph Banks l)y Mr Scott of Lerwick, in Shetland, and communicated to the
Society, March 9, 1820. Sixteen were foimd bv a man digging peats in the
parish of Walls, Shetland, placed regularly on a horizontal line, and overlap-
ping each other like slates upon the roof of a house, each standing at an angle of
45 degrees. They lay at a clepth of about 6 feet in the peat-moss, and the line
of stones ran east and west, with the upper edge towards the east. A con-
siderable number of implements, mostly of the same class, were found on the
clay under the ancient mosses of Blair- Druiumond and Meiklewood.* Some of
them are composed of slate, and others of a com])act greenstone. They are
' The antiquities of stone and bronze found under Blair- Druramond moss were
exhibited at a meeting of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland on March ISth,
1871, and I understand from Dr Joseph Anderson, who was present and examined the
collection, that it contained no stone implements that could be mistaken for any of
the Shetland knives. (See Proc. &m'. Ant. Scot., vol. ix. p. 179.)
STONE KNIVES FOUND IN SHETLAND. 161
from four to six inches long, flat and well polished. There were also along
with them a number of stone celts and axe-lieads, mostly made of the same
hard greenstone."
Of the sixteen above referred to as being found in a peat-moss in the
parish of Walls, two are in the British Museum and figured by Sir
John Evans in his Ancient Stone Implements (6gs. 262 and 263).
Besides these there are several other specimens, from various localities
in Shetland, preserved in the Museum. " A note attached to one of
them," writes Sir John Evans, loe. cit, p. 310, ** states that twelve were
found in Easterskild, in the parish of Sandsting. An engraving of one
of them is given in Horce Fercdes (PI. II. 15.)"
Mr J. W. Cursiter of Kirkwall, who owns a large and well-selected
collection of antiquities from Orkney and Shetland, has kindly sent me
the following notes on the Shetland knives in his possession : —
"There are in my collection 21 knives whole and 9 portions, all from
Shetland, and I know of none but sandstone ones having been got in Orkney.
They are nearly all formed of quartz-porphyry, the exceptions being two
of felstone, one of strij^ed gneiss, and one of liornblendic gneiss. There are
one or two specimens which my limited knowledge prevents my finding a
mineralogical niche to put them in.
" Only one of those in my posse-ssion, so far as my notes show, formed part of
a hoard, viz. one of five found at the back of the yard dyke, Scarvester,
Sandsting, in 1885 ; the other four being in Mr Umphray's collection.
Nearly all my specimens were obtained from crofters who had them in their
possession for some time, and who as a rule found them in course of their
agricultural operations. They are very averse to part with them, for such
reasons as that they ser\^e to avert lightning, that condensation on them
foretells rain, etc. I send four outlines of my largest specimens to give vou an
idea of their size." Their dimensions are as follows : (1) 10^ bv 5 Inches,
(2) 8 by 5J, (3) 7| by 5, (4) 8 by 4 j. No. 1 is semilunar, anJ* all the others
more or less oval."
Mr J. Goudie, Montfield, Lerwick, writing on March 3rd, 1906,
informs me that he possesses ten specimens of the Shetland knives, of
which the following particulars are known : —
No. 1. This is the largest sj)ecimen 1 have seen, measuring no less than
13 in. by 6^ in. It is semilunar in shape, and made of a dark grey, polished
stone ; found in walls.
Nos. 2 and 3. Two of a group of five found under 6 feet of jjeat moss, near
VOL. XL. 11
162 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, FEBRUARY 12, 1906.
Loch of Greesta, Tingwall, and measuring 10 in. by 4^ in. and 9 in. by 5^ in. ;
both are semilunar in shape.
Nos. 4 and 5. From Northmavine ; dimensions 6 J in. by 4 in., and 5^ by
4 in.
Nos. 6, 7, and 8. Three of a group of four found near Sandy Loch, Lerwick,
and all measuring about 4 inches in length and 3 in breadth.
No. 9. From North Hammersland, Tingwall ; 5 in. by 3^ in.
No. 10. From Northmavine ; 4i in. by 3 J in.
" These implements," writes Mr Goudie, " share with the Celts a certain,
though inferior, superstitious respect. They are frequently found in groups
and usually at a considerable depth in the subsoil under the moss. Among
those in my possession are two, found at Loch of Greesta, which are notched
and flattened on the back, as if to be used with a shaft. When found they
were placed on edge. Other two from Northmavine formed part of the
Esheness group, the larger portion of which was secured by Mr Haldane, now
in your possession. The very large knife in my possession. No. 1 , was said to
have been used for flenching whales."
In addition to the stone knives in the Museum of the Society of
Antiquaries, London, already incidentally referred to. Sir John Evans
states that there are some fine specimens from Shetland in the Ethno-
logical Museum at Copenhagen; and no doubt careful search would
disclose the existence of a few more in private keeping.
Summarising the somewhat scattered details of the various discoveries
thus brought before you, it will be observed that 10 were hoards, each
containing from 4 to 16 specimens — 79 in all. Of these, 25 are in the
National Museum, viz. Esheness 7, Uyea 4, Modesty 14, — the other
54, except the few in London, and in the collections of Mr Cursiter and
Mr Goudie, having been dispersed. The total number at present known
may be stated in round numbers at 100, thus accounted for: 52 in
National ^luseum, Edinburgh ; 30 in Mr Cursiter's collection ; 10 in
Mr Goudie's collection ; and 8 (approximately) preserved in museums in
London and Copenhagen.
It may also be mentioned, as a point of further specialisation of these
knives, that none of them is formed of flint ; nor is there any record of any
of them having been found out of Shetland, with the exception of the
Blair-Drummond specimens (if such they were) referred to by Sir D.
Wilson. The special purpose for which this class of implement was
originally intended is still a matter of conjecture. It is clear from their
164 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, FEBRUARY 12, 1906.
and elsewhere, there is reason to believe that it was the same people
who constructed them. Although no stone knives of the Shetland type
have hitherto been found in any of the brochs investigated, it does not
follow that they were not used by the people of the Shetland brochs.
The spade alone can decide this question ; and until this is done we have
fair presumptive evidence for assigning these Shetland knives to the
period which preceded that of the brochs.
III.
REPORT ON STONE CIRCLES SURVEYED IN THE NORTH-EAST OF SCOT-
LAND, CHIEFLY IN BANFFSHIRE, WITH MEASURED PLANS AND
DRAWINGS; OBTAINED UNDER THE GUNNING FELLOWSHIP.
By FRED. R. COLES, Assistant Kekper of the Museum.
In the report for the year 1903,^ the most westerly site in the
northern portion of the Buchan district was at the Standing Stones
of Auchnagorth, three miles to the west of New Pitsligo. For an
area westwards of Auchnagorth measuring ten miles by four, there
are no sites recorded on the maps. The absence both of cairns and
of circles is very marked. Doubtless, this is in great part due to the
highly cultivated condition of the land in that district.
In the district dealt with in our last survey, the results of which are
contained in the present report, the recorded sites are fairly frequent ;
but, on the majority of them, the actual megalithic remains are lament-
ably meagre. The district surveyed is a very wide and a very irregular
one, and it will be most easily represented by being divided into four
portions, viz. — (I.) Sites in Banffshire to the north-east of Huntly, and
mainly in the parishes of Gamrie, Alvah, Boyndie, Marnoch, Ordiquhill,
and llathven ; (II.) Aberdeenshire sites in the parishes of Caimie and
Glass; (III.) Sites to the north and the north-west of Huntly ; and
(IV.) Sites to the west of the river Spey, in Elginshire.
* Proceedings^ xxxviii., p. 281.
STONE CIRCLES SURVEYED IN THE NORTH-EAST OF SCOTLAND. 165
I. Banffshire Sites to the North-East of Huntly.
No. 1. North BurrddaleSf Mounthlairy^ Alcah. — This site is marked
^
9
(
0
^■■1 n n n 1 ? n f"^
Fig. 1. North Burreldales Circle ; Ground-Plan.
on the six-inch Ordnance map by the words " Stone Circle, site of " — a
misleading record, for there are in reality four Stones still in situ.
They stand in a roundel of wood on the south-east of the farm-road
166
PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, FEBRUARY 12, 1906.
going up to Brownside Wood, at an altitude of 400 feet above sea-level,
and distant three miles N.N.W. of the Circle ^ in Whitehill Wood, Forglen.
If the hills were bared of wood, the two sites would probably be visible
from one another.
The ground is flat, and the site is not conspicuous, being, except to
the south-east, below the level of closely adjacent fields.
There are four Stones, all of grey granite, and placed as shown in
the ground-plan (fig. 1). The south Stone (A) has fallen forward towards
the centre of the Circle; if placed on its base, the diameter of the
Circle, due north, measured from the inner face of this Stone to that
Fig. 2. North Biirreldales Circle ; View from the West.
of Stone C, would be 21 feet, and the corresponding diameter, east
and west, is 20 feet. The west Stone (B) is 3 feet 4 inches in height,
with a very slight lean towards the centre. Its top is flat, and 21
inches in breadth. The north Stone (C) is quite vertical, has also a flat
top, and is 3 feet 4 inches in height. The east Stone (D) is less regular,
a good deal thinner, and stands only 1 foot 9 inches clear ot the ground.
Near the south Stone, and elsewhere, lie several comparatively small
blocks of stone, and the whole of the interior space bears evidence, in
its unevenness, of having been disturbed. In the view (fig. 2), I show
this group as seen from the west.
Mountblairy estate has already yielded the following relics, as recorded
by John Alexander Stuart, ^ who also notices this Circle at Burreldales ;
* See Proceedings, xxxvii., p. 138. '^ In Proceedings, vol. ii., p. 370.
STOij.^:^ CIKCLES SURVKYKD IN THE NORTH-EAST OF SCOTLAND. 167
®n tl^^ farm Qf Newton, one large Stone marking the site of another
^ircl^^ j^nd a Circle on the farm of Wardend ; on the Mains of Auchen-
*^^^» <2lo8e to the Ha' Hillock, a bronze armlet similar to the Belhelvie
^xaixx^z^Xe in the Museum ; and, on the Gallow Hill at Newton, a cinerary
^ ■^^^^^^^nd in or near a Stone Circle. (See the Catalogue of the Museum,
■^ "^^O This urn is described and figured by Dr Anderson.^ The
^^^^^^=:^n Circle was excavated by the late Mr Morrison of Bognie. The
^ ^-^ ^oes not record any Stone either at Wardend or Newton.
^^^ ^ 2. Mains of Aucftenbadie, — Shown on the map, and correctly, as
- ^^ "^^nly, on the sloping field north of the farm-steadings, and but a
^, ^^^^3ore yards above a pool on the river Deveron called Thief s Pot.
- ^^eifijht above sea-level is 127 feet. The site is 2i miles N.N.E.
of tV^^
rp, ^^- ^ Burreldales Circle and IJ mile S.E. of the Kirktown of Alvah.
m, ^ map records the discovery of " bronze armour " at this site.
^^ probably refers to the armlet already noticed as being found many
*- *^ ago.
"^^^o. 3. Gavenie BraeSj Kirkdde^ Gamine. — This site is almost due
^^li of Auchenbadie 2| miles, but on tlie eastern bank of the Deveron,
^J^^ only 1 mile south from the Coastguard station in tlie town of
"^^^nff. The site, 100 feet above the sea, is near the western extremity
^ a long-extended ridge running east and west towards the river, and
^Xoping to the north. The Stones have been placed on the flattest
^Xirface of the ridge. Their present unsightly condition is but another
instance of the deplorable want of respect for megalithic remains which
lias been so prevalent throughout these northern agricultural districts.
Five Stones remain, but only one stands on its original base. The
ground-plan (fig. 3) shows two bases, almost contiguous, and at right
angles to each other, an arrangement not in keeping with the plans of
the Stone Circles proper. The question arises, which of these two
Stones, both quite erect, is the more likely to be still in situ ? This it is,
I think, possible to answer by an examination of the Stones themselves
and their relative positions. In the ground-plan, the base of the Stone
* Scotland in Pagan Times : The Bronze Agc^ pp. 116, 116.
168
PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, FEBRUARY 12, 1906.
A is that of the less tall of the two monoliths ; it is altogether a smaller
Stone than Stone B (see the views, figs. 4, 5).
Mineralogically, it is a somewhat uncommon stone, being of a dark
greenish-grey schist, very smooth and weather-worn, and full of numerous
little warty protuberances of a brownish-grey colour.^
The other and more massive Stone (B) is of whinstone, and is so set,
with its longer axis east and west, as to be truly in the normal position
of the East Pillar of a Circle from which the Recumbent Stone has
been removed. The position of the schistose block (A) does not conform
#"
Ji\^**
'U^
Fig. 3. Gavt?nie Braes ; Remains of Circle ; Ground-Plan.
to this arrangement. Therefore, of these two, I consider that it is
Stone A that was moved from its original site, but I am unable to
suggest where that may have been.
This schistose Stone (A) stands 4 feet 10 inches in height, girths at
the base 4 feet 4 inches, and has a pointed top.
The other erect Stone (B), quite vertical, and with broad smooth sides,
stands 6 feet 7 inches above ground, has a basal girth of 6 feet 9 inches
and a pointed top.
The other three Stones shown in the plan, and in fig. 6, are all prostrate ;
that lying most to the east is a very .coarse laminated whinstone thickly
^ On examining the specimens in the Banff Museum, I found pieces of the
identical rock labelled ns Knotted Schist ; and there are also specimens from Portsoy
and the vicinity of Gavenie Braes in the Museum of Science and Ai-t, Edinburgh.
170
PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, FEBRUARY 12, 1906.
veined with quartz. Its extreme dimensions are : length, 5 feet 8 inches,
breadth, 3 feet, and thickness, 2 feet 6 inches. The other Stones are also
roughly quartz-veined blocks of whinstone about 3 feet in thickness.
There is a distinct stony mound of roughly semicircular contour about
this group, the result, no doubt, of many seasons' ploughing, after the
removal of the rest of the Stones.
Fig. 6. Gavenie Braes ; View from the West.
In the three annexed views these Stones are shown from various
points ^ (figs. 4, 5, 6).
Rev. Dr Garden, with regard to another site in this vicinity, writes '^
(in 1692) : ** I was likewise told by an ingenious gentleman, who lives at
* During our drive to Gavenie Braes, we jNisscni two sites named on the map as
antiquities. One is Barbara's Hillock^ a ver}* steeply conical mound, due, I think,
entirely to natural causes ; the other, Carl in-Kisf- Cairn, at Boghead, a long, low
mound overgrown with broom and brambles. The tenant of the adjoining farm
remembered seeing jiart of the Cairn and a big Standhig Stone, but could not say
when they were removed. The name Carlinkist is, by the wiiter in the Xew Slafis-
tical AeciMnt of Alvah parish, api)lied to the Stone itself.
^ A rchaolo(fia, vol. i., j). 340.
STONK CIRCLES SURVEYED IN THE NORTH-EAST OF SCOTLAND. 171
a place called Troup, in the shire of Banff, and parish of Gamrie, that
not far from his house, there is a den called the Chapel Den, from one
of those monuments [i.e. a Stone Circle] which is near by.'*
From a recently published book ^ I take the following paragraph :
"Opposite the top of the Strait Path [in Banff] there was formerly
visible a large grey-coloured Grey Stone, which was a popular place of
resort, and which has given its name to the adjoining property. The
stone is now buried l)elow the surface of the street."
In another local publication ^ it is recorded that, ** on the site of the
now ruinous windmill overlooking Sandend Bay, stood, up till the year
1760, a Circle of Stones 14 feet high and 60 feet broad [circle-diameter].
A stone coffin and a deer's horn were found in it. Another Circle stood
at a hundred paces."
We must therefore include in our enumeration five sites of Circles and
Standing Stones not named on the Ordnance maps, and of which only
the above brief notes are known.
No. 4. Boyndie Church. — The map-record here, at a height above
sea-level of 183 feet, is of the site of a Stone Circle, close to the south
wall of the churchyard. There is now no vestige of any such remains to
be seen; but the Ne^o StaiisticaJ Account records that "a huge red Stone
used to stand near the manse offices, where a stone coffin was found."
The Rev. J. Ledingham, M.A., the present minister, writes, in reply
to inquiries, from the Manse of Boyndie : —
"Dear Sir, — I have seen the notice in the Statistical Account t<»
which you refer. I have looked for the stone and coffin again and again,
but without success. My impression is that the stone had been broken
up and used in building of new offices. The district here is very ricli
in Stone Circles. A good one on the glebe was cleared off some thirty
years ago, much to the disappointment of Sir A. Mitchell."
The Ne^c Statistical Account mentions a Standing Stone at Buchragie
in this parish.
* Illustrated Guide to Banff ami Macduff, 1904.
- The Banffshire Field Club Transact ioui*.
172 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, FEBRUARY 12, 190(5.
Xo. 5. St Braiidan's Stanes, — The few stones now left of this Circle
are at the southern extremity of a long strip of fir plantation running-
down from Bankhead Farm, at a point 2^ miles south-west of the site
at Boyndie Church and half a mile east of the bum of Boyndie.
Tillynaught Station on the Great North of Scotland Railway is distant
slightly over half a mile on the north-west.
The farm-land is called Templeton, and is so named, I was informed
W^
Fig. 7. St Brandan's Stanes ; Ground-Plan.
by the tenant, from these Standing Stones. The site is 300 feet above
sea-level.
The ground-plan (fig. 7) shows the positions of the two great Pillars
with an interspace sufficient for a Recumbent Stone fully 8 feet in
length. Unfortunately, it is not possible to examine the whole bases of
these Stones, on account of a huge and unsiglitly heap of field-wrack
being piled up against them on the south. In front lie four large
blocks, and close to the east face of the East Pillar is an almost square
block, 3 feet in height, and a])})arently earth-fast, also quite vertical,
Sro:i^K CIRCLES SURVEYED IN THE NORTH-EAST OF SCOTLAND. 173
waiclx may be the beginning of the inner stone-setting so frequently
^oaixci in Circles of this type.
-^otlx the Pillars are tall and massive blocks of grey granite, vertically
®®t> CLnd. impressive in height and bulk. The East Pillar is 5 feet
*^^<^l^es in height, above the small stones covering the ground at its base.
^'^ll height (on the outside) and its girth at the base could not be
^^ti^ined, for the reason above stated ; but from what of the girth was
^^^Virable, that dimension can be estimated to be about 16 feet. Its
^^^*^^ t.e. its northward, face shows signs of having ])een in modern
Fig. 8. St Brandan's Stanes ; View from the North.
^^"J^es split and robbed of much of its bulk (see fig. 8). Quite prob-
'^^ly some of the larger fragments lying close to this part of the Stone
^tice formed a portion of it.
The West Pillar is 5 feet 1 1 inches in height, and has one very broad,
Vertical, and smooth face towards the interior of the Circle. It is a
more shapely block than its fellow-pillar, and, near its base, displays a
well-preserved group of large and deep cup-marks, as shown (drawn to
scale) in fig. 9.^ There are eight distinct cups, and the highest is
* In, or before, 1866, this Stone was examined by Dr Black, who recoids
"twelve cup excavations of the usual size " (see Proc.^ vol. vi., p. 14 of the Apj)eii-
dix). The discrepancy may be accounted for by the growth of grass and weeds around
the Stone.
174
PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, FEBRUARY 12, 1906.
almost precisely in the middle of the breadth of the Pillar. These cup-
marks are also noticed by Dr Cramond, of Cullen, in the second
volume of the Transactions of the Banffshire Field Club.
Of the other Stones, all prostrate, little need be said, except that they
are blocks of rugged whinstone, of lengths varying from 5 feet 6 inches
Fi^. 9. Cup-marked West Pillar in the Circle called St Brandan's Stanes.
to 3 feet 8 inches, and showing above ground from 16 to 33 inches in
thickness.
There was no story obtainable from the tenant of Templetou, bearing
upon the name attached to the Stones, or upon the date or alleged reason
for the demolition of this Circle.
It is, however, recorded ^ in connection with this locality that,
" near the Parish Kirk is a Druid Circle, and another a mile north-east
' Xew Statistical Account,
176
PROCKKDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, FEBRUARY 12, 1906.
and between every couple a dike has been built, and the interior planted
with a few small trees. In one respect, this treatment merits commenda-
tion, as the conjoined dike assures the security of the Circle Stones,
while it, of course, also renders it impossible to measure all round
each Stone, and the trees within impede the mensuration of the
Circle itself.
The Stones, though differing considerably in size and contour, are all
vertically set up, on a circumference which is not that of a true Circle
but of a triangular oval figure (see fig. 10), the diameters of which are
— - ■-^_
Fig, 1 1 . Thorax Circle ; View from the South-East.
22 feet 4 inches (B to E) as against 17 feet 9 inches (A to C), the latter
dimension being due north and south.
The heights and characteristics of the Stones are as follows : —
A, 3 feet 7 inches, whins tone, triangular and pointed,
whins tone, top sharp-edged,
whinstone, rough and thick at the top.
grey granite, pointed.
„ „ rounded.
„ „ pointed.
The Stones B and D are specially massive, B being 9 feet 8, and D
10 feet 9 inches, in computed girth near their bases.
B,5
» 5
C,4
„ 8
D,4
„ 4
E,4
,, 7
F,5
„ 5
178 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, FEBRUARY 12, 1906.
any alteration in form through weathering or other interference. The
absence of grooves is also to be noticed. This Stone is figured on
PI. IV. of Simpson's Archaic Sculpturings, A pp. to vol. vi. of the
Proceedings.
No. 7. Brodie Stone^ Graigfjourach Moor, MamochJ — The rugged
block of whinstone, known by this name, crowns the summit of the
steep moorland here, at the height of about 800 feet above sea-level
Fig. 13. Brodie Stone, Craigbourach Moor.
(see fig. 13). Its longest and straightest side lies due north and south,
and it is there 5 feet 4 inches in length.
At the base, the girth is 18 feet 8 inches ; measured over the top, in
a line from east to west, it is 12 feet 10 inches. The height is 4 feet
6 inches.
* During our rambling drive in search of this Stone and others, over an almoet
trackless moorland, we noticed a huge mass of whinstone outcrop, which, according
to the Ordnance map, rejoices in the very odd name of Maggie Redhead. Beyond
sundry fissures and ice-markings, there was nothing noteworthy on its hoary surface.
Anotlier curious example of local nomenclature exists in the Court Stone, over half a
mile south of Brodie Stone, and on an extremely wild rocky slope of the same hill.
This ap{)ellation, printed in the O.M. in Old English letters, is given merely to
another vast outcrop of the whinstone. Unless the name Court be a corruption of
Corth^ Cortlui, or Corthie, the common forms of the Gaelic word for a pillar stone, and
may thus indicate the site of a now lost Standing Stone, there seems no meaning in it.
STONE CIRCLES SURVEYED IN THE NOKTH-EAST OF SCOTLAND. 179
Though this Stone seems to be fairly well known in the vicinity by the
name here quoted, no information reached me in explanation of that point ^
No, 8. Mamoch Church, Caimhill, — The map-record here is of the
remains of a Circle, close to the walls of the church itself, which stands
on a gently rising eminence about 250 feet above sea-level. The church
is surrounded by a nearly circular wall, and, on the map, this wall is
shown as if terminating in the two Stones, on the south, like the
extremities of a penannular ring. Some disturbance must have taken
CHURCH
VE5TRY
B|
Ki-^p — % — r
Fig. 14. Standing Stones at Mamoch Church.
place since the Ordnance survey was made, or else the drawing on the
Ordnance sheet is far from correct ;2 for the present positions of the
two Stones are as shown in my ground-plan (fig. 14, A and B).^ As
^ On the southern slope of the moor is a small farm called Brodiefield. It would
appear, therefore, as if there were some connection between this Stone and the farm ;
and, if so, probably their joint history is quite modem. But my reason for including
the Stone in the report is that its name occurs on the O.M. in Old English lettering.
^ In a letter from Rev. Dr Allan, minister of Mamoch, who kindly responded to
my request for information on this point, it becomes clear that, on the Ordnance
map, what was taken by me for the plan of a Standing Stone was really meant for the
•* Loupin'-on Stane," which still exists. Dr Allan further remarks that he had never,
up to the date of my letter, heard anyone speak of the taller Stone as St Maman's
Chair ; but that in the Banffshire Journal of the same week, a writer, in describing
various objects of interest in the |)arish, mentions this very Stone and its name.
' There are several sites to be recorded in which either a pre- Reformation chapel
or an early Established church has been built on or close to the site of a Stone
Circle. As far as my notes at present extend, these are at Kinellar, Midmar, Daviot,
Culsalmond, Auchleven (Insch), Marnoch, and Boyndie. The present church of
Mamoch is not on the site of the older.
180
PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, FEBRUARY 12, 1»06.
the space between them is 1 35 feet wide nearly north and south, it is
hardly probable that they are both in situ members of the same Circle.
Probably the smaller one (B) on the north has been moved from its
original site, on that side, and set up as a rubbing-stone for cattle ; and
this conjecture receives some support from the fact that this Stone stands
outside the wall surrounding the church, and close to the farm-steading.
The great Standing Stone on the south (fig. 15) is called locally
Fig. 15. Standing Stone (A) soath of Marnoch Church.
St Marnan's Chair. It is a conspicuously tall Stone, being 8 feet
4 inches in height, and nearly 3 feet in breadth. At its base, it girths
8 feet 5 inches, and at about the middle of its height, it is over 9 feet
in girth. It is a squarish-sided block of whinstone, and stands quite
erect at a distance of 22 feet from the south wall of the church.
The small Stone on the north (fig. 16), near the farm-steadings, is also
of whinstone, somewhat pyramidal in form, 4 feet 7 inches in height,
and has a basal girth of 7 feet 1 inch, and a pointed top.^
* Here the opportunity may be taken to record a fact disclosed to me, during the
present survey, regai*diug the Circle at Rothiemay home farm — my plan of which is
STONE CIRCLES SURVEYED IN THE NORTH-EAST OF SCOTLAND. 181
No. 9. Bellman's Wood. — The remains here, on the farm of Sheep-
park, are in a field half a mile north-east of the last. The site is
344 feet above the sea, and there is a bench-mark on one of the Stones.
The East Pillar still remains based on its original site, but with a
heavy inclination towards the S.S.E. The West Pillar, drawn in
thickened outline on the ground-plan (fig. 17), is prostrate, and there
is a space left between these two stones for a Recumbent Stone of
nearly 10 feet in length. Upon the slight knoll where these Stones
Fi^. 16. Standing Stone (B) north of Marnoch Church.
now rest, there are also the ?i\Q other blocks shown in the plan, all of
considerable size and weight, but none large enough to have formed one
of the true Standing Stones of the Circle. As a dike runs within
20 feet of the site, on its south, it is probable that the majority of
the Stones were, as usual, utilised in building it.
All the Stones are of the blue whinstone common in the locality.
given in the Proceedinga^ vol. xxxvii. , p. 184. Close to the gate at the road on the north
lies a huge oblong block of whinstone. I was assured by persons on the spot that
this Stone had originally stood on the circumference of the Circle several feet to the
south of the Recumbent Stone. .My plan showed that in this Circle (as in others)
this must in all likelihood have been the original arrangement, and this statement
confirms my observation.
182
PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, FEBRUARY 12, 1906.
The East Pillar measures 5 feet above ground, and girths at the base
11 feet 9 inches. It is rudely square in section. The fallen West Pillar
is 7 feet 9 inches in full length, 4 feet 9 inches in breadth, and from
2 feet 6 inches to nearly 3 feet in thickness at various points. The thick-
ness of the largest block lying to the north of it is about 2 feet 5 inches.
Though the rest of the Stones of this Circle must have extended north-
Fig. 17. Remains of Circle at Bellman's Wood ; Ground-Plan.
wards of the present remains, there is not, on the surface, the slightest
indication of their positions ; therefore it is presumed that the removal
of these megaliths took place at a somewhat distant date.
In the illustrations (figs. 18, 19, and 20) the remains are shown from
three different points of view.
No. 10. White Stone, Whitemuir, Mamorh. — This is recorded on the
Ordnance map in Old English lettering, but no further clue is given as
to its attribution as an antiquity, or as to its ])ossible association with
184
PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, FEBRUAKY 12, 1906.
other stones as part of a group. Locally, it is well known, and is also
supposed to cover a hoard of gold.
The site is in a field, near the eastern edge of Bellman's Wood, on the
farm of Whitemuir, and is distant from the Circle just described about
900 yards to the N.KW.
The Stone is a massive block of very pure white quartz. It is only
2 feet 7 inches in height, rudely hexagonal in contour, and measures
in girth 12 feet.
Fig. 20. Bellman's Wood Circle ; from the North.
II. Sites in Cairnie and Glass, Aberdeenshire.
Before continuing the Banffshire northern sites, it will be here
convenient to record all that is known of four sites many miles to the
south, in the parishes of Cairnie and Glass.
No. 11. Nether Dumeath, Glass. — Regarding this site, only the follow-
ing particulars are now obtainable. Mr James Macdonald, late of The
Farm, Huntly, states^ that the Circle was "about 40 yards in circumference,
when perfect ; six Stones remain, two are erect and four thrown down,
with drill-holes in them. Four have been removed. The Stones measured
7 to 8 feet in length, 3 to 4 feet in breadth, and about 2 feet in thickness."
Quite recently, in a letter from W. J. Grant, Esq., of Beldorney, on
whose estate this Circle stood, I received information to the effect that
all the Stones had been blasted with gunpowder, by the tenant, and
removed. I did not, therefore, after hearing this very explicit account,
think it necessary to visit this empty site.
' Plaa-Nmncs of Strathbofjief \). 12S,
STONE CIBCLES SURVEYED IN THE NORTH-EAST OF SCOTLAND. 185
It is clear, however, from the notes taken by Mr Macdonald, that
here was once a fine megalithic group of massive Stones, ten in
number, set on the margin of a Circle about 40 feet in diameter;
evidently, too, from there being no notice of a Recumbent Stone, this
Circle belonged to the simple type.
No, 12. Gingomyres, Hill of Milleathy Caimie, — Here, 4 J miles
to the W.N.W. of Huntly, on a lofty plateau, comparable to
but a very few others in the county for extent of view, the Circle-
builders had raised the stones of a great Circle.^ The site, just north
of the now wooded summit of Hill of Milleath, and bounded on the west
by the still wild and uncultivated Ba* Muir, is level, and being at the
almost unique altitude of 900 feet above sea-level, probably commanded
views of other Circles on the south and east.^ It is one mile north of
the river Deveron at Mains of Cairnborrow.
All the more vexatious is it to record that, on this remarkable site,
not one single Stone, or a fragment of a Stone, has been left to mark the
ground set apart here by the prehistoric people.
On recognising the fact that I was assuredly treading on the very
site of the Circle, and yet could discern nothing of it, I directed my
steps to the nearest dike, and there found over sixty great blocks, their
fractures all comparatively recent, utilised as building material. Count-
less other stones, rounded blocks, and smaller slal)-like pieces are also
there, all testifying to the fact that, when the Circle was destroyed, it
was utterly annihilated.
By inquiry at the neighbouring farm of Blackhill, I ascertained that
this wanton act of destruction (committed without any reference to the
laird) was effected by one Dick, farmer at Gingomyres, in or about the
year 1875.
My informant, who remembered the Circle, said that it measured
about 60 feet in diameter, and that the Recumbent Stone was rather
over 4 feet in thickness. Mr Macdonald states that it measured 13 feet
^ It is noticed by Mr Macdonald in Place- Nanus of Strathhogic,
2 The Circle called Auld Kirk of Tough is 300 feet liigher.
186 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, FEBRUARY 12, 1906.
6 inches by 6 feet. These measurements give a cubical content of 312
feet, yielding, as result, a weight for this Recumbent Stone of 19 tons.
In a notice ^ by Dr John Stuart, printed in 1853, it is recorded of
this Circle " that there were three or four Stones only now remaining.
A large Stone .... lies partly on the ground, and is opposite to the
opening to the south or south-east. It is 12 feet long, 6 feet deep, and
14 inches broad. In the centre of the Circle was a flat Stone which is
now removed. The surface presented a barren moor-like appearance,
while the interior of the Circle was of a rich green colour, which induced
the Rev. Mr Cowie, the minister of the parish, to dig downwards, when
he found a layer of charcoal and bones of animals."
The great Stone, 12 feet long, must have l)een the Recumbent Stone ;
and it is of some interest to note that its position was rather to the east
of south. If this observation was correct, this Circle at Gingomyres is
the second example, only, having the Recumbent Stone so set. The
other is at Old Bourtree Bush, Kincardineshire, surveyed in 1899.^
To the west of Blackhill, there are several large Cairns on Cairnmore,
the edge of a lofty and desolate moorland. In one of these, partially
explored some years ago, an urn of the " drinking-cup " variety wa»
found, and broken in the finding. It is now preserved in the Brander
Library at Huntly.
No, 13. Corshalfochj Glass. — This site is distant from the last de-
scribed just over 3 miles in a W.S.W. direction. The farmhouse is
situated at an altitude of 924 feet above the sea-level, and is about 1|
miles to the north of the Market Inn, on the lower road into Huntly.
The position of the Circle is given on the Ordnance map as within a
score of yards to the west of the house. This field, on the day of our
visit, was in standing corn, above which there was not visible a sign of
any stone whatsoever ; and I was assured by the present tenant that there
were no stones either set up or prostrate in that field or elsewhere, to
his knowledge, on the farm.
In subsequent communication with Mr George Watt, formerly tenant
^ Proceedings^ vol. i., p. 141. -^ Ihid,^ vol. xxxiv., p. 142.
188
PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, FEBRUARY 12, 1906.
"About the year 1830, there were found, about 18 feet south-east of
that Stone, at a slight depth below the surface, several articles of silver,
consisting of a chain al)out 4 feet long, and what appeared to the
uninitiated like buckles, pins, and brooches. These are now, it is said,
all either in the Antiquarian Museum, Edinburgh, or in the possession
of the proprietor. Sir Robert Abercromby."
This discovery is also noticed by Stuart ^ as of " relics within a Stone
Circle at Gaul Cross in Banffshire."
Fig. 21. Remains of one of the two Circles at Gaul Cross.
Whether fouml within the Circle or not, these silver objects l>elong
to a much later period than that of the erection of the Stones. Stuart
figures 2 three objects : a portion of a silver chain, a fine pin of silver,
and an armlet also of silver ; and these are all described by Mr George
F. Black in his report on the Museum at Banff.^ The pin is of the type
described and figured in my recent notice of the Moredun cist.*
' Sculptured Stones of Scothiml, Apj)endix to Preface, II., Ixxxii.
- Ibid.y PI. ix. -^ Proceedings, vol. xxii., p. 370.
* From inquiries I tind that the pin and the chain are still in the Museum at
Banff, both, however, benig labelled as having been found beside an urn at Gaul
Cross. Mrs Cowieson, the curatrix, further states that "on a large card is written,
* An amulet and pin found along with the chain.'" Amulet is no doubt a mis-
s|)elling for Armlet. But this object itself is no longer in the Museum.
STONE CIRCLES SURVEYED IN THE NORTH-EAST OF SCOTLAND. 189
Dr Cramond further notes that an urn of cinerary type (now in
Banff Museum) was found several hundred yards to the east of these
two Stone Circles. This discovery is recorded on the Ordnance map.
The one Stone now left (fig. 21) lies semi-prostrate and propped up
with small stones placed under its western end. It is a rounded
boulder of diorite, about 2 feet in greatest thickness, and measures
6 feet by 3 feet 3 inches. It is in the form of an irregular pentagon,
and its girth is 14 feet. The site of tliese two so closely-adjacent Circles,
Fig. 22. Pittenbrinzean Standiog Stone.
400 feet above the sea, would have commanded a wide prospect to the
south and east, and towards the sea on the north ; but it is closed in on
the west by the Pittenbrinzean Woods and the Bin of Culleu.^
No. 16. Pittenbrinzean Stone. — No map, so far as I know, puts this
Stone on record. For the knowledge of its existence and its position
I am indebted to Dr Cramond. It stands at an altitude of 780 feet,
close to the north edge of the Clunehill Wood, at a point half a mile
nearly due north of Clunehill, and one mile and a half W.N.W. of
Ley Farm. It is situated outside of the wood, which is here bounded
^ It is of some interest to record that Pennayt {Jour., sect. i. p. 159), after
describing the Cottown Hill Cainis near Cullen, says : ** not far from these are two
circles of long stones called Gael Cross.*'
190 PKOCEKDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, FEBRUARY 12, 1906.
by a strong wire fence. The Stone is a pyramidal block of whinstone
(%. 22), 2 feet 9 inches in height, tapering sharply upwards from a base
8 feet in girth. Dr Cramond could add no information as to the con-
jecture of this Stone being the remnant of a group ; and it does not
seem to be known, commonly, in the immediate vicinity.^
No. 17. Core StaneSy Greenhanky Letterfourie, — This site, in the
parish of Rathven, is 3 miles to the south-east of the busy little fishing
village of Buckie, and 6 miles due north of the town of Keith. On
the south, in the direction of that town, and for many square miles to
the westward of it, the maps show no sites of any archaeological interest,
except one named RanalcVs Grave in the wood of White-ash Hill, near
Fochabers — a site too remote to visit on the occasion of our explorations
in Rathven.
At Greenbank, less than a furlong south-east of the present farm-house,
the map places the ** site of a Stone Circle " at the height of about 500
feet above the sea. (Jn the east flows the now wooded Whitefield Bum,
and on the west the Core Burn. Despite the wording of the map-record,
and the rumour ^ that many of the Circle stones had been used in the
building of Letterfourie House, I hoped to find something tangible
on the site. Expectations were, however, again doomed to disappoint-
ment ; and, although the ground, then in stubble, was carefully gone
over, no trace of any Stone or of any mound now remains to mark
the spot.^
No. 18. Meiklehill Wood, near Newton^ Letterfourie. — "Remains of
Stone Circle'' is the description on the O.M. at this site. Only one
Stone remains. It is close to a sharp angle of the wood, at its extreme
^ About one mile to the south, and near North Blairock, on the west of the Ha'
Bum, is a mound called on the map Ha' Hillock^ and drawn as a clearly conical
oval mound.
*-* See Old Statistical Account for the parish of Rathven.
3 The passage in the O.S.A. runs thus : " Druidical temples are common ; on the
heights of Corridown there was a remarkable one called the Core Stanes, the stones
of which were employed in building the new house of Letterfourie. Mr Gordon has
searched three of them to the bottom, and found only charcoal and a whitish soft
substance, resembling the ashes of wood or of bones. "
STOSE CIECLES SURVEYED IN THE NORTH-EAST OP SCOTLAND. 191
fOiith end and on its west side, and distant from Core Slanes 1 mile in
the direction of W,S. W. Tlie height above seadevel is 500 feeL
The Stone ((ig. 23) is an ineonspicuou.^, low, and broad block of light
grey quartziferoua aandstoue, pentagonal in conti>ur, the sides measuring
(south) 2 feet 10 inches, (north-west) 2 feet 6 inches, (north) 2 feet
I inch, (north-east) 2 feet 5 inches, and (Aoutii-east) 1 foot 8 incliee,
tliiis giving a girth of 1 1 feet 6 inches. Above the ground, its height
-J
^*'
L
^ -^^^^^M^i^i/^
' rJ-fMtr^i^i
7^ \'
Fig. 23. R«ai«tD» df Circle in MeiklehlU Wood.
^'i^.
i« only 1 foot 7 inches, and its longest diameter across the top 3 feet.
The view of this Stone la from the south-east. No one in the vicinity
was within reach to give any information uoncemiDg the removal of the
other Stones I but the presence of a drill-hole, made by a mason's
■* jumper," to a depth of several inches near the eentre of the 8tone,
id highly suggestive of the fate wliich befell them.
No. 19, Andiintea^ RalhveiL — This, also a site only, is situated
2 mileB N,N.W. of the laat, and akmt 1 mile KS.E. of Port Gortion,
The fields here are very open and level, and the site is shown on the
map a few yards to tlie north of the public road, at Stonies Bridge
192
PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, FEBRUARY 12, 1906.
School,^ at a height of about 40 feet above the sea, and within a furlong
of the steadings at Upper Auchintea.
No, 20. Cotciemuir, BelHe, Elginshire. — At the bum of Tynet, we
-5^ S-C
^
Fig. 24. Remains of Circle at Cowiemuir ; Ground-Plan.
cross over from Banffshire into Elginshire, and, three-quarters of a mile
due south-west of the stream, at a point where two roads now cross each
other, we come upon this interesting and somewhat peculiar relic of a
Stone Circle. The distance from the sea-beach at Spey Bay is a bare
^ Possibly this name carries ^vitli it the tradition of tlie Stone Circle.
STONE ClttCLES SUHVKYED IK THK NORTH-EAST OF SCOTLAND. 193
mile on the north, and the distance westwards to th& river Spey is a mite
ind a half. The height above tlie sea is scarcely 50 feet.
Two great Stones fltiU remain nearly in miu, and 25 feet apart (see
the ground-plan, Hg, 24), They lie east and west of each other, and
rest on the feermiiuitions of an irregularly curved ridge^ somewhat of the
shape of a horse-shoe. The ridge has an average height of ahout 2 feet
6 inches over the wide central portion. At the north end, and well
within it, is a roughly circular hollow about 17 feet in diameter. It is
slony and uneven^ and the same epithets may he applied with accuracy
Fig. 2G* Ram&ins of Circle nt (3owiemiiir ; from the East.
to the lafger area of bushy ground between the edge of the hollow and
the two Stones,
Tlie Btone on the east (the nearer one in the view, fig. 25) in a huge,
unHliapely mass of conglomerate, furroweil with clefts and fissures, and
rough with pebbles and ridgee of quartz. It is, I presume, a fallen
Stone, and its Vja>5*R was probably its lotig south etlge, which measures
4 feet 2 inches. The opposite edge, on the north, is 2 feet 9 inches wide \
the east side is 6 feet in length, and the west 6 feet 5 inchfs. As it
lies at present, it \^ 2 feet 6 inches in thickness. Betweeti the two
Stcmes, the ground is flat and more smooth than elsewhere, almost
sn^^estive of its having been UBe^l as the most convenient roadway Uv
and from the interior of the Circle when it waa destroyed.
VOL, XL 13
194 PROCKKDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, FEBRUARY 12, 1906.
The Stone on the west, lying only 8 to 10 feet in from the road-
fence, is a rough angular block of red granite, measuring 6 feet 3 inches
in greatest length and 4 feet 8 inches in breadth. Its thickness above
ground is 3 feet 9 inches, and it is gable-shaped.
The whole length of this site, measured from the crest of the ridge on
the north to a point at the middle of the horizontal line of the bases of
the Stones, is 55 feet ; and the whole width, between the crests of the
ridges east and west, 40 feet. If this ridge really carried the other
Stones, we should have a pseudo-circular group, the circumference of
which is, in contour, comparable only to that of the greater Auchquhorthies
Circle at Kincausie, near Aberdeen, which we measured during our first
survey.^ Further, if the spaces between the Stones now lost were the
same as that between the two remaining Stones, four others could be
placed on the ridge, thus making a complete group of six Stones.*
No, 21. Hatton, Aberlour, Banffshire. — Apart from its being situated
on a rising ground near Ben Rinnes, whence a beautiful prospect of a
portion of Strathspey is obtainable, this site, now unfortunately very
I Proceedings^ vol. xxxiv., p. 146.
* Within a very short distance of this site are the remains of what seems to have
been a Cairn -circle, which in Forsyth's Survey of the Froviiice of Moray (Aberdeen,
1798) is thus described : — " Upon tlie farm of Upper Dallachy, about a mile from the
shore, there lately was a low conical mount ; it was known by the name of the Green
Caim. It remained unWoIated till a few years ago. It consisted of about 12 feet
deep of rich mould incumbent uix)n an accumulation of small fragments of stone,
mostly of the same height [i.e. at the same level], surrounded at the base by a double
row of stones erect similar to the circles of the Druid Temples [italics mine]. Among
this great accumulation of fragments was a stone coffin of unpolished flags : a small
quantity of black ashes was its whole contents. Near the circumference, about
2 feet under the surface, was also found an urn, the rude workmanship of the potter,
about 8 inches in diameter, and 1 foot in height ; and on shaking out the
mould with which it was filled, a piece of jiolished gold a])peared, in form like the
liandle of a vase ; it was i^ of an inch thick, its ends about an inch asunder ; on
them the solder, or the api)earance of silver, remained, which, by the application of
aquafortiSf was dissolved."
This '* piece of polished gold " was in reality a |)enannular armlet of a well-known
type. The discovery is noticed by Dr Anderson,* and an armlet corresponding with
this, but found at Alloa, is figured.
* Scotland in Pagan Timet: Brome and Staiie Age, p. 63.
STojsra
CIKCLES SURVEYED IN THE NORTH-EAST OF SCOTLAND. 19S
^^^X^lete, has an interesting record. It is one of the very few Circles
J ^O. in a written record of a date considerably over 200 years ago.
., *^tter to John Aubrey, from which I have more than once quoted,
^ "^^^-^v. Dr Grai-den,^ of Aberdeen, says of this Circle : —
""^^oiother place in the shire of Banff and parish of Aberlour is called
il Beandick, which, as my informer told me, is as much as the
^^ Chapel, from another of those monuments, which lately stood
► in a cornfield, and is now destroyed."
^ date and tenor of Dr Garden's letter to Aubrey both possess
'^38t, because, ere concluding, Dr Garden says : ** I have found noth-
int,^.
Fig. 26. Remains of Circle at Hatton of Aberloar ; from the East.
^^^g hitherto either in the name of these monuments, or the tradition
^liat goes about them, which doth particularly relate to the Druids or
^X)int them out."
This evidence, taken in conjunction with the date, enables us to
^)roperly compute the age of the "Druidical theory" regarding Stone
Circles. And the name attached to this Circle at Hatton being in its
Gaelic form adds another note of interest to the site.
The field where the megaliths formerly stood is on the south of the
farm-steadings and at a height of 600 feet above sea-level (fig. 26). The
remains now visible on the ground are merely either portions of some of
the monoliths, or^ more likely still, parts of a circular setting of biggish
stones set up edge-wise. Such as they are, they are all carefully set
down on the ground-plan (fig. 27), which shows the contour of a well-
* ArehcBologia, vol, i.. p. 339.
196
PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, FEBRUARY 12, 1906.
defined mound 36 feet in diameter, and about 3 feet at its highest point
above the surrounding field. ^
As the demolition of the great Stones took place before 1692, there is,
W^ ?-
^? — ^
jpr^t^
Fig. 27. Remains of Circle at Hatton of Aberlour ; Ground-Plan.
of course, no possibility of estimating their number or positions. Of
those that still remain on the rim of the mound, only one exceeds 3 feet
in length, that on the south verge with a thick broadisli block outside of
* The tenant told me that the field was called " the doo-cot field " ; and this, not
because there ever was a dove-cote in it, but because its sha|)e resembled the outline
of a dove-cote.
STONK CIRCLES SURVEYED IN THE NORTH-EAST OF SCOTLAND. 197
it. It is of grey granite, and is only 10 inches above the ground. The
five small blocks on the western side are of about the same height. Of
the three larger blocks close together on the east, the two larger are of
red granite and are 1 6 inches above ground ; and the smaller of the two
on the extreme east slope has tlie same height.
On the slope near the north-east curve of the mound, there lie
five rather large, nearly flat, but not very thick slabs of stone. These,
the tenant informed me, were placed there some twelve years ago by his
own hands. They had formed the sides and ends of a cist which he
found, minus the covering-stone, in the field about 30 feet to the north-
east of the edge of the Circle-mound. The cist had evidently been dis-
covered long previously, as it contained nothing but the soil turned up
by successive years of cultivation. The side and end stones were care-
fully removed and placed where they now rest. In its original position,
the longer axis of the cist lay nearly east and west. The slabs, which
are of red granite and whinstone, measure respectively : one side-stone,
3 feet 2, by 1 foot 4, by about 5 inches in thickness ; one end-stone,
1 foot 10 by I foot 6 ; the other end-stone (both of red granite), 2 feet by
1 foot 5. The other side of the cist was made of three broken pieces
of whinstone.
The tenant also told me that more than seventy years ago " two, or
three, of the great Stones of the Circle were standing," i.e. during his
father's occupancy of the farm of Hatton.
The Hatton Circle is rather over 1 mile east of the Spey, and 9 miles
due west of the site at Corshalloch above described. If this line be
taken as the base of an oblong figure 13 miles long north and south,
by 9 miles broad east and west, we have an area of 117 square miles
richly varied with streams, hills, forests, and glens, yet absolutely devoid
now of megalithic remains. It is at the north-west angle of this wide
area of romantic Spey side scenery, and at a point 3^ miles west of
the Spey, that we find the first of the three sites in the province of
Moray, which, as a group, form the limit of our present survey.
198 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, FEBRUARY 12, 11K)6.
IV. Sites to the West of the River Spey.
No, 22. Inn&smUl^ Urquhart, — The remains of this great Circle possess
several features of special interest. First, as to nomenclature, they are
known by three distinct names : viz., The DeiVs Stanetf, The Nine Stanes,
Fig. 28. Innes Mill Circle ; Ground- Plan.
and, simply, The StaiMng Stanes of Urquhart. With regard to the first
appellation, this is the first occasion, in Scotland, on which local super-
stition has connected " the Deil " with a Stone Circle. I was told that
the superstition goes a step beyond the mere name, and asserts that if
one walk three times round the Stones at midnight, " the Deil " will
200
PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, FEBRUARY 12, 1906.
As will be readily seen from the ground-plan, the space across from
Stone B to Stone E is unusually great. It measures within these Stones
115 feet, and therefore constitutes a Circle of outstandingly great
diameter, the largest yet measured in the north-east of Scotland. When
the measurement is taken, not from the inner faces, but from the centres
of the opposite Stones, we obtain the diameter of 1 20 feet. The circum-
ference of this Circle, when perfect, would therefore have been 362 feet.
The heights and characteristics of the Stones are : —
; ■
Fig. 30. I lines Mill Circle ; from the West.
Stone A, 6 feet ; red granite, the top ridged.
B, 4 feet 10 inches ; red granite, top ridged.
C (fallen), 3 feet 10 inches long; of red granite.
D „ 6 feet 3 inches long ; grey granite.
E, 3 feet 5 inches ; grey granite, flat-topi)ed.
F, 3 „ 4 ,, red ,, pointed.
G, 5 „ 6 „ ,. „ top ridged.
The distances l>etween the Stones as they now stand, centre to centre,
Stone A to Stone B,
85 feet
., B „
„ c,
. . . 84 „
„ c ,.
„ D,
7 „
„ I> .,
.. E,
. . 32 „
„ E „
., F,
•27 ,.
„ F,.
.. G, . .
. . 32 „
.. o,.
„ A, . .
35 „
6 inches
6 inches
STONE CIRCLES SURVEYED IN THE NORTH-EAST OF SCOTLAND. 201
If the two Stones, C and D, now prostrate, were placed at the points
on the north-east arc marked with a short cross, and the interspacing were
equal, we should then have a complete Circle of eleven Stones, leaving a
space for a Recumbent Stone of, let us say, 12 feet in length. That
this great Circle probably possessed a Recumbent Stone is borne out
by the disposition of its stones : the shortest being on the north and north-
east arcs, and the taller and much more massive ones towards the south.
And there is corroboration of this in the words used by the minister of
Urquhart ; ^ " Near Innes House are nine tall stones in a circle, two of
them at the entrance to the * altar.* "
The Rev. James Morrison, in referring to Stone Circles in Moray,^
says, " The largest remaining one, called the Nine Stanes, is incomplete
and rude, the stones being just huge unshapen boulders, standing about
6 feet in height. The ground within the Circle has been examined,
but there were no traces of graves." But there may have been evidence
of burials notwithstanding.^
Two illustrations (figs. 29 and 30) show this fine Circle ; the view
from the south-east taken from the best point, in order to show clearly
its great breadth. In the other, the view from the west, the two fallen
stones on the north-east are not shown.**
No, 23. Bogton Mill, Lhanlnryd, — The remains here stand on the
* N.S,A.y vol. xiii. ^ Trans. Inverness Sc. Society^ vol. ii., p. 44.
^ In a communication to our Proceedings (vol. ix., p. 256) the same writer recoi-ds
that ** about half a mile to the north of these [i.e. the Nine Stanes] there were, thirty
years ago [circa 1840], several upright stones of the same character and size, which
were broken up and carted away to build cattle sheds. "
* Through the kindly proflFered help of Mr John Geddie, several inquiries of mine
connected with this Circle were most promptly answered by his brother, Mr T. Geddie,
Mr Taylor and Mr Brown, all zealously interested in the megalithic antiquities of
this part of Urquhart and Speymouth. " One of the Stones," \%Tites Mr T. Geddie,
'' was taken away to be built into a new steading at Yiewtield. Mr Brown thinks this
was prior to the building of the Innesmill steading, which dates from 1843. No
sooner had the Stone been deposited in the ' toon,' however, than uncanny signs and
omens began to manifest themselves, and it was resolved to get rid of it. While it
was being taken back to its original position, the horse stuck or fell when taking a
somewhat steep little brae, and the Stone was taken no further, but buried where it
was. The spot is about 80 or 100 yards from the Circle. Mr Brown says that, from
202 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, FEBRUARY 12, 1906.
north bank of the mill stream, a quarter of a mile S.K from the railway
station at Lhanbryd, and over 2 miles S.S.W. of the Innesmill Stones.
The height above sea-level is 150 feet.
Two Stones only remain, situated as shown in the ground-plan (fig.
31); and, from the manner in which their broader sides face the north
and west, we may safely conclude that the area enclosed by the other
lost Stones is in that direction. The Stones stand 49 feet apart. The
#
^_4 — T t . f^-
Fig. 31. Remains of Circle at Rogton Mill ; Ground-Plan.
more southerly one is 5 feet in height, and is oblong at the base, where
its girth is 13 feet 5 inches. Its rectangularity and bulk continue almost
to the top. It is of grey granite mixed with very large crystals of white
quartz. The otlier Stone, which is of similar mineral composition, stands
5 feet 8 inches above ground, and at the base it measures in girth 13 feet
10 inches ; at a height of 3 feet 3, the girth lessens to 12 feet 8 inches.
Views of these Stones are appended in the illustrations (figs. 32, 33).
information supplied by his father and by Mr Anderson of Viewfield, he believes that
he would have no difficulty in bringing it to light again.
* One circumstance Mr Brown mentioned which, I think, is worth recording, vi*.,
that a great many flint arrowheads were formerly found within and around the
Circle ; but they have been too well hunted, and are now rather rare.**
204 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, FEBRUARY 12, 1906.
It is recorded by Rev. James Morrison that this circle " was destroyed
in 1810, to aid in the erection of a bridge."
I must here record the fact that on the Bogton Mill site there yet
remain, in addition to the two erect Stones, four other Stones belonging
to the Circle. These, however, were at the date of ray visit hidden by
the growth of turnips. The Stones are prostrate, and deeply sunk into
the ground, which, as the name implies, is probably composed of peat.
For these details I am indebted to the courtesy of Mr A. Geddie of
Speymouth School, who kindly sent me a measured plan of the present
positions of the fallen Stones in relation to the two still erect monoliths
— which clearly proved that at some unrecorded date the Stones had
been moved out of the Circle and left lying as they now are.
No. 24. Haerstanes, Lhanbryd, — This site is shown on the map at a
point three-quarters of a mile S.S.W. of the last Stones, at about 160
feet above sea-level. On the farm, we heard long-handed-down tradition
of the Circle, and the site was, but rather vaguely, pointed out. The
only allusion I can find in print is the following, by the Rev. James
Morrison : — ' " We have remains of two so-called Druid Circles, and
during the last half -century three others have been swept away. One
of these was in horse-shoe form and was called the Haer Stanes." ^
1 "Arch. Finds in the East of Moray," in Trans. Inverness Se. Society, vol. ii., p. 44.
* With regard to this word, the following notes may be of interest. The name
Haer Stane, occasionally, as in the present instance, misspelt Hair on the map, also
occurs in connection with Stone Circles at Feith Hill, Inverkeithney, near Premnay
in Insch, at Stirling Hill, Ciniden, at Kirkurd, Peeblesshire, and at Ancrum, Rox-
burghshire. In connection with Cairns, there are Haer Cairn (where cists and urns
were found), near Marcus Lodge, Forfarshire ; Hare Cairn, 1000 feet high, site of a
tumulus, in Southdean, Roxburghshire ; Haer Cairn, where a stone cist was found,
at Morganston, Bendochy, Perthshire ; the Haer Cairns, a group of six, on the Moor
of Gormack, Bendochy. The name Haer Law or Hare Law occurs at Rattray, Perth-
shire, Eddleston, Peeblesshire (with a kist-vaen on it), at Maxton, Roxburghshire, at
Ferry-Port-on-Craig, Fife and Kinross, and at Auchterderran ; also on Gladsmuir and
at Garvald, Haddingtonshire, the last with a fort on its summit, which is 1200 feet
high. We have the word, |»robably, in still another form, viz. Haimy Law, in
Morebattle, Roxburghshire, with a tumulus on it ; while Hare Stane occurs on the
Boroughmuir, Edinburgh, and Harestane Hill, with the Whitestone Cairn on it, is
in Garvald parish.
206
PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, FEBRUARY 12, 1906.
Circle at Rothiemay, which was not observed at the date of my first visit
to that site. The cup-marks, which were noted but not figured in
Simpson's Archaic Sculpturings^ occur close to the ground on the Stone
standing considerably to the east of the Recumbent Stone. They are
large, clearly circular, and about f of an inch deep.
These additional localities for cup-marks found on Stones of the Circles
bring up the total to twelve.^
I append the usual Tabular Summary.
Name.
Size.
•Type of Circle.
Relics.
North Burreldales .
20'8''x20'3*'
Thorax .
23' X 19' 8"
St Brendan's SUnes
...
Recumbent Stone.
Gaul Cross (North) .
about
60' X 60'
1
Gaul Cross (South) .
)*
1
Sandend Bay .
♦ 1
1
Gingomyres .
)>
Recumbent Stone.
1
Bellman's Wood
>)
Cowiemuir
65''x'40'
Core Stanes .
Ashes of Bones.
Hatton, Aberlour
87'x85'
Innesmill
120* x 120'
Probably Recum-
Insufficiently ex-
bent Stone.
amined.
^ See Proceedings y vol. xxxvii. p. 227.
COPY OF THE FIRST FOLIO SHAKESPEARE. 207
IV.
NOTE ON A COPY OF THE FIRST FOLIO SHAKESPEARE IN THE
LIBRAEY OF THE SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF SCOTLAND. By
W. K. DICKSON, Secretary.
There is in the Library of the Society a copy of the First Folio
Shakespeare, the famous edition of 1623, the existence of which is, I
believe, unknown to the public, and indeed to many members of the
Society. It is not included in Mr Sidney Lee's ** Census of Extant
Copies," and apparently there is no record of it in our Transactiomf, It
is, so far as I am aware, the only copy in Edinburgh, and (now that the
Scott and MacGeorge copies have changed hands) one of the only four
copies in Scotland, the others being one in the library of Glasgow
University, one in the library of the late Mr A. B. Stewart, Glasgow,^
and one belonging to Mr W. L. Watson, Ay ton, Abernethy. I have
noted a few particulars regarding ours.
I need not dwell on the exceeding interest and value of such a
possession. Mr Sidney Lee has said of the First Folio that it ** forms
the greatest contribution made in a single volume to the secular
literature of any age or country. By the English-speaking peoples it
must always be regarded as the proudest monument of their literary
history. Its publication first gave permanent record to the full range
of Shakespeare^s work. Of the thirty-six plays which appeared in the
volume, only sixteen had been printed at earlier dates — fifteen in the
author's lifetime, and one, * Othello,' posthumously. ... No less than
twenty dramas — of which the greater number rank among the literary
masterpieces of the world, — nine of the fourteen comedies that were here
brought together for the first time, five of the ten histories, and six of
the twelve tragedies, were rescued by the First Folio from urgent peril
of oblivion. Whatever be the typographical or editorial imperfections
of the First Folio, it is the fountain-head of knowledge of Shakespeare's
^ Athenceum, 10th March 1906, p. 300.
208 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, FEBRUARY 12, 1906.
complete achievement." "That book," writes Mr W. E. Henley, ''is so
demonstrably the greatest gift ever made to English letters, that praise
too liberal, or gratitude too lavish, to them that made it could not be.
Since it came to us life and art have been of another colour, another
inspiration, another purpose, than in its absence they must have shown
themselves ; so that to consider Shakespeare at all is to be for ever
beholden to the two playmongers, his yoke-fellows in trade, who with
the help (so Mr Justice Madden very plausibly suggests) of Ben Jonson,
his comrade in art, did what was in them to secure for their fellow such
immortality as is within the provision of paper and print."
During the past century and a half the Folio has vastly increased in
money value. It was originally published at the price of £1. In the
middle of the eighteenth century a good copy could be bought for £3, 3s.
In 1790 the copy now belonging to the Duke of Devonshire at
Chatsworth was bought at the Watson-Reed sale by the Duke of
Roxburghe for £35, 14s., then considered a great price; it was sold at
the Duke's sale in 1812 for £100. During the nineteenth century
prices rose steadily, and in our own time the appearance in the market
of the American collector has sent them to enormous figures. In 1891
a copy was sold in New York for 4200 dollars — £840 — then the record
price. In June 1899 Mr Pierpont Morgan bought a copy from a London
bookseller for £1000. (Mr Morgan, by the way, owns three copies.)
In the following month Mr B. B. MacGeorge of Glasgow paid at
Christie's for the Belleroche copy £1700; and in 1901 the Dormer-
Hunter copy was bought at Christie's by Mr Bernard Quaritch, junior,
for £1720. (Both this copy and Mr MacGeorge's have gone to America.)
I quote the following paragraph from an article recently published
by Mr Alfred W. Pollard:— "A Gutenberg Bible and a fine
First Folio Shakespeare are now the prizes most valued by Americans.
There are five Gutenberg Bibles at present in New York, and I do
not know how many First Folios. If these come into the market
when their owners die, the game may go on. If they are all
left to public institutions, the supply cannot be kept up, and when
210 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, FEBRUARY 12, 1906.
ledge their constant indebtedness to Mr Lee's work. A detailed collation
of the Folio is given by Lowndes (BibliograpJiere^ Manned, ed. 1863,
part viii., pp. 2254-5). It is sufficient here to refer to these authorities.
Our copy has been in the Society's possession for 121 years. The
minutes of a meeting held on 2nd November 1784 bear: "There was
also presented from Miss Clark of Dunbar Mr William Shakespeare's
Comedies, Histories, and Tragedies, published according to the true
original copies by John Heminge and Henrie Condell, small folio, the
first edition." There is no other record of its history. It has been
bound in dark brown morocco, with gilt edges, by Messrs (Jrrock & Son
of Edinburgh, apparently about thirty-five years ago. Mr A. Orrock, the
present head of that firm, has been good enough to search their books
for any entries relating to it, but without success.
Although not perfect, it is in fairly good condition as First Folios go.
It measures 12 J inches in height by 7| inches in width. (The largest
known copy measures 13 J by 8f in.) The title-page has been re-backed
and mended ; the first three letters of Shakespeare's name and the
imprint at the foot of the page are torn ofi" and have been supplied by
the pen. The Droeshout portrait is in fair condition. The lower right-
hand corner has been slightly torn, and an injury to the left eye of the
portrait has been mended, apparently at an early date — not very skilfully.
The fly-leaf has also been re-backed, apparently early ; its margins are
entirely gone, but the printed portion, facing the portrait, is complete,
with Ben Jonson's well-known lines : —
To THE Header.
This Figure, that thou here seest put.
It was for gentle Shakespeare cut ;
Wherein the Graver haa a strife
With Nature, to out-doo the life ;
0, could he but have dra\vne his wit
As well in brasse, as he hath hit
His face ; the Print would then surpasse
All that was ever writ in brasse.
But, since he cannot, Reader, looke
Not on his Picture, but his Booke.
212 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, FEBRUARY ]2, 1906.
printed 233 ; and in " Richard 11./' p. 37 was misprinted 39. All these
mistakes are corrected in our copy. On the other hand, our copy con-
tains the misprinted signatures Vv instead of V in the Comedies, and 1 3
instead of m 3 in the Histories, which \vere afterwards corrected. It has
to be kept in mind that sheets which had been worked off before a
correction was made were not destroyed ; in making up a copy of the
book they were bound up indifferently with otliers which had been
corrected. Thus our copy contains, and the Chatsworth copy does not,
the misprint in " King Lear " of p. 307 for 309, and the Chatsworth
copy contains, and ours does not, the well-known misprint in " Othello,"
by which the words " And hell gnaw his bones " are grotesquely mis-
placed in the dialogue between Roderigo and lago (Act iv. sc. 2).
The torn leaves which I have mentioned have been carefully repaired.
There has, however, been no attempt at restoration or at the insertion
of facsimile pages. So far as I can judge, the book, though imperfect,
is entirely genuine. The Society is fortunate in its possession, and it is
matter for satisfaction that so good a copy is permanently preserved in
Edinburgh.
DONATIONS TO THE MUSEUM AND LIBRARY. 213
Monday, 12/^ March 1906.
DAVID CHRISTISON, M.D., Vice-President, in the Chair.
A Ballot having been taken, the following were duly elected
Fellows : —
Alexander M. Bisset, Bertha Cottage, Bathgate.
Adam Brown, Netherby, Galashiels.
Henry B. Marshall, of Rachan, Peeblesshire.
Dr E. M. Modi, Sleater Road, Bombay, India.
The following Donations to the Museum and Library were laid on
the table, and thanks voted to the Donors: —
(1) Bequeathed by the late Hugh J. Rollo, W.S.
Chessboard, folding in two leaves, and elaborately inlaid in ivory with
portraits and scenes from ^sop's Fables,
Table-Clock, in shape of a large watch, the cases ornamented in open
work of brass gilt. [See the subsequent communication by Mr
A. J. S. Brook.]
Conical Bottle of Clear Glass, 4 inches diameter at the bottom and
7J inches high, with a crowned monogram cut on one side, and floral
scrolls.
(2) By Spencer G. Perceval, Esq.
Two Perforated Discs of Stone, 3 J inches in diameter and I J inches
in thickness, and 3 inches diameter and 1 inch in thickness, the
perforations about 1^ inches in diameter, and made from both sides ;
probably weights for digging sticks, from South Africa.
214 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, MARCH 12, 1906.
(3) By Rev. Angus Mackay, Westerdale, Caithness, through
James Maci>onald, W.S , F.S.A. Scot.
Half of a Stone Mould for casting Bronze Spear-heads, found at
Langdale, Strathnaver, Sutherlandshire. [See the previous communi-
cation by Rev. Angus Mackay.]
(4) By Robert H. Paterson, S.S.C.
Axe of Indurated Sandstone, 6 inches in length and 2i inches in
greatest breadth, polished towards the cutting-edge, found near Dulnain
Bridge, Strathspey.
(5) By C. W. Dymond, Hon. F.S.A. Scot.
De Danske Runemindesmaerker, af P. G. Thorsen. Forste Afdeling.
Runemindesmaerker i Slesvig. 8vo. Kjobenhavn, 1864.
(6) By the Franco-Scottish Society.
Transactions of the Franco-Scottish Society. Vol. iv. Part 1.
(7) By Ralph Richardson, F.S.A. Scot., the Author.
Scottish Place-names and Scottish Saints. Reprint, pp. 9.
(8) By Rev. William Blair, D.IX, F.S.A. Scot.
The Tea-Table Miscellany. By Allan Ramsay. Two vols, (four
parts) ill one. 12in{).
(9) By J. J. Maclehose & Co., the Publishers,
Old Glasgow Essays. By J. O. Mitchell. 8vo. 1905.
The Scottish Parliament. By C. S. Terry. 8vo. 1905.
(10) By Professor G. Baldwin Brown, the Author.
The Care of Ancient Monuments. 8vo. Cambridge, 1905.
(11) By John Edwards, F.S.A. Scot., the Author.
Duns Scotus : His Life and Times. Reprint, pp. 22.
216 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, MARCH 12, 1906.
of the Vikings on the west coast of Scotland. The pommel is five-
lobed, the middle lobe being an inch in length and f inch in thick-
ness, the others diminishing in size outwards from the centre. The trans-
verse bar, which unites with the lobes to form the pommel, is 2|
inches in length and ^ inch in breadth. A similar form of five-lobed
pommel survived in the Western Highlands for centuries, and is found
portrayed on the ornamented grave-slabs of Argyllshire. The guard,
which is straight, is 4^ inches in length and ^ inch in depth, rounded
oflf at the ends, where it diminishes to J inch in width, swelling in the
middle to f inch in breadth. The double-edged blade has been at least
2 J inches in width at its insertion into the guard. Only a few
fragments of its length remain, including the point, which forms an
acute angle, with sides about 2^ inches in length, the width of the blade
where the point begins to slope being about IJ inches.
The spear-head is 3J inches in length, broken off at the neck. It is
leaf-shaped and If inches wide in the middle, the lower half of the
blade with slightly rounded edges, the upper having the sides tapering
in a straight line to the point.
The whetstone is quadrangular in section, 5f inches in length, | inch
in breadth, and | inch in thickness. It is a fine-grained, slightly
micaceous schist, and is much worn by use on all its sides.
The following Communications were read ; —
\
218
fROCElDlKGS 0? Tltfi SOCIETY, MARCH 12, IfiOS.
with a proper gate into the Qoire,'^ a deliverance wliich c^n only mean
tliat tlie Uulding was originally covered by an inner and mi outer vaialt-
ing^ the latter vooftnl with slabe^ m at Corstorphine. Presumably the
inner arch provetl unfit to carry the burden thus imposed upon it, and
soon the strut; ture beeume the roofless ruin which now we see.
From instructions given in 1 784 to the liuilders of the present parish
.^: ftntffam!^-.C&iirfc - 6trnt_
Kij^K I. Koiiiinii-- "I .iji'j* 111 < 'I'.iK'fi -A Ciiii'
church, we gather that the ancient sanctuary was »n exceptionally long
and narrow structure. The ruined choir measures 31 feet in lengrth,
23 feet In breadth, the ivy-clad walls being 9 feet in height and
33 inches in thickness. Repairs have obliterated nearly every detail of
ancient work» Tait the exterior of the south wall shosvs two remarkable
features, a door and a window, built up, but clearly traceable. These
have arched lintels hewn from single stones^ ub sliow^n in the meaaured
CHURCHYARDS OF CURRIE, KIRKNEWTON, AND THE CALDERS. 219
c5^rawing (fig. 1) prepared by Mr John Watson, F.S.A. Scot., who assigns
ft^lie work to a period not later than the fifteenth century. The sill of the
''^^Tindow is now level with the ground outside, and only 3 feet 6 inclies of
*fche doorway is there visible. Investigation is difiicult through elaborate
;X>ointing and the growth of ivy, but it is fairly obvious that the window
^was splayed towards the interior, and quite clear that both openings are
chamfered round ther exterior angles.
Mr R. B. Langwill, who contributed interesting annals of his father's
parish to the local supplement of Life and Work, observes : " Under-
neath the pathway to the west of the * quire/ are traces of masonry
showing that the north and south walls are continued in that direction."
These foundations point to transeptal buildings, and regarding the built-
up door and ^vindow Mr Langwill speculates: "Adjoining the * quire' on
the south side, and communicating with it by means of the little doorway
already mentioned, there may have been a small chapel or confessional."
The idea is attractive, but it is not supported by constructive evidences.
The chamfering of the angles points not to interior but to exterior condi-
tions, and the splaying of the window further supports that view. Thus
the window was simply one of the choir 'lights, and the door a means of
entrance and exit for those in official positions. In any case, this remnant
is of remarkable interest, and worthy of attention, study, and preservation.
Within this enclosure are a number of mural tombstones, the most
important of which dates from 1670, and l^ears the following inscription
in Latin : —
HIC SEPVLTVS EST GE
NEROSVS lUVENIS ROBE
RTVS CLYHILLEVS FILIV
S PRIMOGENITVS DOMI
NI DE INNERGOWRIE QVI
HgC ACCEDENS VT AVU
NCVLVM INVISERET HV
JVS LOCI PASTOREM FATALV
FEBRE CORREPTVS 13 AGUSTI
ANKO SALVTIS 1670 AC
ETATIS SyjE 21 OCCVBUIT
220
PHOCEEDXNGS OF THE SOC££TY, HAECH 12, 1000,
Rol>ert Clayliills, eldest son of tlie Laird of Iiivetgowrie, near Pmidee,
is commemorate*.! here* He died of fever in his 21st year, while on a
viiit to his imcie, the minister of Currie, Some of the lietaila of this
mural monument (fig. 2) Imve suffer^^ but in the main it is in good
^■1
Fig, 2. The iuvuigawrie Tumbstoue.
praservation, and of pleasing character. The winged diamb head is
particularly good^ and the mouldings are excelleiitly wrou^^ht. This
tablet showi the only arniorial bearings to be seen at Currie, most of the
neighbouring estates having places of family buriaL
The most imposing nionimient m this churcliyard is that of the Rev.
Matthew Leighton, an old minister of the parish, and the son of its tir&t
CHURCHYARDS OF CURRIE, KIRKNEWTON, AND THE CALDERS. 221
post-Refonnation cleric. It is a lofty structure of classic style, and
also bears a Latin inscription well worthy of recoixi : —
MATTILEUS LIGHTONIUS
SEPULTVS EST EVANGELI
QUI PRiEDICANDI MUXERE
iSSTATIBUS ^lUAMPLURAMIS
PERFUNCTUS EST FIDELITER
NUNC VITA <1U0D PRiECONIO
RESPONDERIT FRUISCITUR
QUAM PRiEDICABAT GLORIAM
Freely translated, this epitaph records that Matthew Leighton is
buried here, who performed faithfully the duty of preaching the Gospel,
for as many summers as possible, and that now he enjoys the life which
in his preaching he promised, and the glory which he proclaimed. Very
evidently this tomb was originally more elegant than now appears, for it
collapsed during repairs, consequent on the removal of the old southern
wall to which it was attached, and was rebuilt from memory by a local
mason.
Nearly in the centre of the ground, and in line with the east gable of
the church and the Leighton monument, stands a memorial of 1700
(fig. 3), which shows several quaint and unusual features. Whimsical, if
not humorous in feeling, are the lines disposed round an initialled oval
panel, for they serve admirably as legs and arms to a device whose
efiTect is crowned by the whiskered face, presumably, of the tenant of the
tomb.
Under this shield, which is on the west face of the stone, is the
inscription — " Heir Lyes John Ingles Husband to Jean Moubray Who
Dyed the 10 of November 1700 his age 69 years." The east face shows
the cherub-head winged and crowned, a scroll with inscription in Latin,
an hour-glass, skull, and cross-bones of the usual type.
Seven paces eastwards is the memorial of George Ferrier, who died in
1721. It shows a winged cherub-head on a moulded pediment, single
and crossed spades in the four panels of both flat pilasters, an hour-
CUUBCHTABDS OF CURRIE, KIRKNEWTON, AND THE CALDERS. 223
glass, two death-heads, and the Memento MoH legend. There are several
stones of this class, which, though they differ in details, do not call for
special remark or reproduction.
In design, proportions, and execution, the memorial of Andrew A ken
a work of 1708, is really admirable. The east face shows a skull,
cross-bones, a star, an inscription, and the initials A. A., a cable mould-
ing being effectively placed on the lower portion of the sloping sides.
On the upper portion of the west face, shown in fig. 4, appears a large
winged cherub-head, with a couple of cinque-foils, the inscription tilling
the lower panel, which shows at the upper corners two faces in profile.
The date, 1708, is cut over the cherub-head, the Memento Mori legend
appearing under the inscription.
Very striking also is a monument of 1750 (figs. 5, 6), situated near the
centre of the ground, and commemorating "Grizel Anderson, late spouse
to Alex' Ranken." Symbolically this slab is quite uninteresting, but
it is a singularly fine example of a richly floriated type of memorial
common here and in many districts of Scotland. The west face, which
shows an iron stayband, is of excellent character, the inscription, of
mixed Roman and script lettering, appearing on the east face of the slab.
The coffin-shaped stone lying over the graves of the Napier family is
also worthy of notice. It is a very realistic representation of a coffin,
having carved handles and other ornamental details, the top being
divided into six panels, all of which are inscribed. One of these in-
scriptions is delightfully naive : —
" Here lies the corpse of William Napper
Who was a very honest man
His word bound him like writ on paper
Excel him Reader if you can."
In another part of the ground may be read a child's epitaph, dating
from 1806, and presenting this curious blend of pathos and bathos : —
" Sweet Mary now her frame is at rest
No more shall Croup her breath annoy
Life's bands are loosed and she is blest
An angel joined in Realms of joy."
226 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, MARCH 12, 1906.
and figures it in his Old ami Neto Edinburgh. Unfortunately,
again, it has shrunk 14 inches by 8 inches since the measurements
were noted in Old and New Edinburgh, Its form seems also to
have changed, for in the work just cited it appears much wider at
the top than at the foot, while in situ its sides run parallel.
The distinguished appearance of this memorial among those of post-
Reformation type is striking and instructive. In design it is simple
and cliaste, the absence of name or record intensifying its dignified
simplicity. A bead is worked round its upper angles, its ornamentation
otherwise being the cross and sword common to monuments of its class.
The stemless cross, of Maltese type, occupies a circular panel, round
which the roll bead is membranated ; and the lines of a scabbard are
distinctly traceable by the side of the long, cross-hilted sword.
The insignia of the hammerman's craft, a crown and hammer,
appear on one of the few remaining table stones, and other detached
symljols, both secular and sacred, are common in the older portion of
the ground. The only representative of the sculptured figure type of
memorial (fig. 8) is a very curious example. The upper portion of its
front or east face is covered by a winged cherub-head, under that being
a couple of circular-headed and finely moulded panels, each containing a
crude but graphic delineation of the human form. That on the left
is clothed, and labelled in Latin, "HOC QUOD JAM FUI"— This is
what I was ; the other, a skeleton, being charged with the motto, " HOC
NUNC SUM " — This now am I. The general effect here is quaint and
striking, and has little or no correspondence with the prevalent character-
istics of the churchyard otherwise. The back of the slab is covered with
lettering. "Here lyes the daughter of Jean Alexander . 1733," it
begins, and immediately breaks into a flowing gush of Latin, " Sol Cadet
In Fluctus," etc., the gist of which is that, though the sun sinks suddenly
beneath the waves, it rises again, but when the light of life flies away,
night comes and lasts throughout eternity.
The memorial of Charles Brown (fig. 9), which dates from 1705,
shows several peculiar and interesting features. The west face is literally
228
PROCEKDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, MARCH 12, 190tt.
covered with emblems, suggestnig that if the artist did not exhaust his
artj he certaiEly exhausted liis space » He has *^rawded into it hKJth
the ** Memento Mori " and ** Remember Death " mottoes*, twa roses, a
cherub-liead, two stars, two single bones, a death-head, two setff of
cross-hones, one spade^ one shovel, anti an hour-glass ! A couple of
cheru1>heads adorn the upper angles, the slopitig edge between 8 ho wi tig
s?
Fig. 10. Calvary Crtras-skbs,
the iuitials C.B. B-P. The east face has some good foliation, and l>ejvrs
within a aemieirctilar panel the quaint epitaph : —
** Death's step arc sure, And yet no noise It makes,
And it8 hands unseen, But yet most Mirelv take^/*
From tlie archasological point of view the most interesting relics nf
the past are a couple of small stones (fig. 10) now preserved within the
Parish Chun-lu These were discovered a few feet under ground when,
in 1898, the grave tif the Kev, Dv I.*angs\ ill was being dug. The lai*ger
slab shows a croas in low relief, an articulated lie^id forming a circular
CHURCHYARDS OF CURRIE, KIRKNEWTON, AND THE CALDERS. 229
panel around it ; an incised shaft, very crooked, with Calvary, capital,
and a couple of projecting steps or sub-bases. A cross-hilted sword
appears on the right side of the cross shaft, and a slightly worked bead
has surrounded the whole. This stone measures 34 inches long, 11
inches wide, and is 4 inches in thickness. The second stone, which is
4 inches shorter, 13 inches broad, and 5 inches thick, is of a type some-
what less crude than its neighbour. The cross shaft is straight and
unbroken, the cross itself standing in a truer relationship to the shaft
than in the other example. The device incised here is a pair of shears,
and it is not without significance that these are clearly attached to the
shaft of the cross. If there is any reason in the theories formulated
in explanation of these ancient symbols, a soldier is commemorated by
the sword, and an ecclesiastic by the shears, which are regarded as
suggestive of the tonsure.
With reference to the modem church nothing need be said except
that it is an excellent example of "Heritors' Gothic." Under the
shadow of what a local poet terms "Currie's steeple tow'ring to the
sky," stands one of the finest specimens of dialling anywhere to be
found ; and nearly a quarter of a mile due west of it is another
memorial of a character surely unique. Within a small plantation on
the road to Malleny, the passer-by will find a moulded slab on which
is graven the following inscription : —
^* In this small Enclosure
are a number of Stone Coffins
of various dimensions. They were
discovered in December 1820, and
this stone is Erected
by the Proprietor
Lieut.-(jeneral Thomas Scott
of Maleney
In order to point oat the spot, and to
Facilitate the Research of the
Curious into the nature of such
interesting Relics of
Antiquity.*'
r
230 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, MARCH 12, 1906.
KiRKNEWTON.
In the year 1750, the parish of Calder Cleir, or East Calder, was con-
joined with Kirknewton, a new church being built on a central site for-
the service of the united congregations. The deserted churches weres=
allowed to fall into decay, and, eventually, their areas became place^=
of family burial. Their old churchyards are still used for interments^ -.
Kirknewton Parish Church having no burial ground attached to it ; andE
within these ancient enclosures many valuable relics of the past are tea
be seen.
The old churchyard of Kirknewton is situated half a mile eastwards^
of the church — a prominent object in the neighbourhood of Mid-Calder«
Station — and at the eastern end of the picturesque, old-world village. ^
The site of the ancient church is indicated by a remnant of its walls, «
which measures 36 feet long, 8^ feet high, and 37J inches thick. The ^
only elaboration left is a buttress projection, or wall return, the masonry
throughout being of the square ashlar type common to mediaeval
structures.
This old wall forms the east side of the enclosed tombs of the
Campbell Maconochies of Meadowbank, now known as Kirknewton
House. A modern tablet over the entrance reads — "From 1662 The
Burial Place of the Campbell Maconochies, of Meadowbank, Formerly of
In vera we. Till in 1790 the first Lord ^leadowbank Selected the present
Cemetery in Ratho Parish." This tablet is surrounded by an older
framework, in the pediment of which is an oval panel bearing a much-
worn monogram.
The fine memorial of Captain James Johnstone of Hill House, who
died in 1782, is built into the east side of the ancient masonry. It is a
large and well -executed work in classic style, with fluted pilasters, and
quaint capitals in which the acanthus leaf, thistles, and roses are inter-
twined. Under the pediment is a delicate floral scroll, resembling the
old Adams ornament of Italian origin.
The imposing tomb of. the CuUens of Omiiston occupies the site of
CHURCHYARDS OF CURRIE, KIRKNEWTON, AND THE CALDERS. 231
the choir of the ancient church. This elaborate structure is of a
modern classic style, slightly Elizabethan in feeling, and of excellent
effect. Lonl Cullen, "an eminent judge, an elegant scholar, and an
£iccomplished gentleman,'* lies buried here, as does his father, the
celebrated Dr Cullen, whose profile in bronze adorns the western facade
of the mausoleum.
Lying near the remains of the church is a remarkable sandstone slab
which measures 5 feet in length, 12 inches in breadth, 10 inches in
thickness, and having its upper angles very broadly splayed. The top,
the splays, and one of the sides show eacli one line of a rhyming epitaph,
which, though much worn, may fairly be recorded as stating, in a strange
blend of Roman and Scriptic characters : —
Christ • Jesus * came * my • soul • to • save '
He • is • my * onlye * choice *
Qhilk • causis * me • tho * corpis * in • grave *
In • soule • for * to • rejoice *
Curious and old though that unclaimed memorial undoubtedly is,
its interest pales under .the venerable supremacy of its near neighbour,
the Hog-Back Stone, lately described, figured, and measured by Mr
Thomas Ross {Proceedings, vol. xxxviii. p. 426). The importance of this
notable relic warranted its elevation for a space from its grassy lair, so
that the accompanying photograph (fig. 11) might be made by Mr Moffat
of its characteristic lines and pecidiar ornamentation. Very remarkable
and unusual is the single line of membranated ornament appearing
along the left side, directly under the lower band of the sloping
"shingle." This somewhat resembles the dog-tooth ornament of early
work, but inclines strongly to the lozenge or diamond facet, though
preserving a character all its own. (Dimensions : 5 feet 7i inches long,
18 J to 14f inches wide, 13 inches deep at top, and 12 inches deep
(or thick) at foot.)
In the same way it was considered advisable to secure a photographic
record of another relic (fig. 12), the figured slab noticed by I)r Christison
on page 366, vol. xxxvi. of the Society's Proceedings, This small slab
CHURCHYARDS OF CURRIE, KIRKNEWTON, AND THE CALDERS. 233
was lifted from its socket in order that the entire figure should be shown.
Its dimensions are 29 inches high, 14 inches broad, and 3 J inches
thick ; the circular- topped panel being ornamented with a crudely
worked bead and cavetjo moulding. The sculptured effigy fills the
panel, the letters I.L. appearing on either side of its shoulders. From
the hair and features the figure might be deemed that of a female, but
the sex is indeterminate. The left hand grasps a trefoil, and there are
traces of under-cutting round the head and hair which are very quaint,
and unusual in such rude sculptures.
There are a number of very interesting details exhibited on the tomb-
stone (figs. 13, 14) of James Smith, smith, who died in 1736. The
east face bears the incised inscription, which is elegantly framed within
a boldly cut leaf ornament, the hammer and crown insignia of the Guild
of Hammermen being boldly relieved on the upper portion of the stone.
The comers show a death-head and a cherub-head, the cherub appearing
in a full-bottomed wig, a curious adornment, and a striking concession
to the prevalent fashion of the period.
The west face of this interesting monument shows a recurrence of the
foliation, arranged now to emphasise the contour of the pediment.
Under it appears the legend VIVE • MEMOR ' LETHI., which, being
interpreted according to local tradition, refers not to any stream of
classic origin, but to the Water of Leith which murmurs near at hand.
Then follows a plethora of emblems, an anvil bearing the I.H.S.
legend, an hour-glass, a vice, a coffin, a skull and cross-bones, all
crudely cut but powerfully realistic, the whole forming a combination of
symbolism and realism that could scarcely be excelled.
It seems easy and safe to conclude that the next example served as
the prototype of the foregoing memorial. It appears to be generations
cruder in point of skill, yet has a sturdy grace of line which has
escaped the later designer. Only the date, 1719, and the age, 73,
remain clear in the much-worn inscription, and the cherub- and death-
heads at the upper angles are also sadly battered. Lying across the top
of the stone is an hour-glass, an effective and uncommon ornament in
238
PROCEEDI^^GS. OF THE SOCIETY, MABCH 12, 1S0«.
pa&tr ; and iUfi spirit of the nine teen th-centiiry breathes from the marble
ttiblet erected in 1S08 on one of the old buttresses: ** To the Memory
of David Burn— Let Candour Tell the Rest."
There are several tabkts within the church, one of which reecjtcU :
** This church was founded by Peter Saniiilauds, pastor of Calder before
A.D* 1541, and enlarged anil reatoreil by the Heritors and Feuars of
Mid-Calder, a.d^ 1863," Mucli of the ancient work remains both
outside and inside the beautiful building, a full description of which in
Fig, 18. Ancient Pew-buck at Mid-Culder*
givea in Mr M 'Call's History of the pariah. Proniiueot among these
ancient remains is nn excellent example of a carved i>ew-back in oak
(fig* 18)j an en^aving of which appears in the work just mentioned. It
dates from 1595. Prior to its removal to the manse pew in the eastern
end of the church it occupied a central position opposite the ancient
pulpit. On the upper portion of the middle panel appear the initials
I»S., and LL., the shield which they support showing a strange rendering
of the Saudi lands arms, a eurious Norman doorway with turrets and
flags filling the lower part of the panel. The ilate and initials R,A»W.
240 FROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, MARCH 12, 1906.
with the fresh and lively quotation : " To die young, said one, is the
leaving of a superfloues feast before the drunken cups are presented.**
The only churchyard remnant of an artistic character is a quaintly
designed slab which shows a couple of winged cherub-heads, a skull
and hour-glass over the pilasters flanking the undecipherable inscription.
The only other slab that is worthy of record is the memorial of a
carpenter (fig. 19), a much-worn monument, now placed against the south
wall of the churchyard. The emblems of mortality, a skull and cross-bones
superimposed, are of the usual grisly type ; a fractured hour-glass leads
the thought towards the secular symbols, a square carved in bold relief,
and an incised axe. Very evidently the axe was an after-thought (as
the design is completely proportioned without it), and has been added
to demonstrate that no mere mason lay buried here. A joiner's compass
and a spade appear on the other side of this stone, but no date or
inscription is traceable.
East C alder.
The burial ground of St Cuthbert's Church, East Calder, is as rich in
graveyard symbolism as its western neighbour is poor. But there is not
in this roadside "howff"" the variety of design found in many church-
yards, a strong family resemblance affecting the whole, and making doubly
welcome a trio of notable remnants, the reputed twelfth-century church,
the fragment of a mediaeval cross built into its western gable, and the
massive " Templar Stone " which, in itself, would redeem any site from
contempt.
Winged cherubs, life- and death-heads, hearts, bones, and other sym-
bols of mortality abound, and on a comparatively modem monument
occurs the only representation of costume to be seen here, a bewigged
figure of the Georgian period, supported by a miU-rhynd under an open
book, and a coffin over an hour-glass. A very crude stone of 1 688 shows
several quaint details, among them a curious portrait face. " Mento
Morom " is its rendering of the common legend, and it bears three hearts,
one of them being inverted. An interesting stone of 1722 shows a
242 PROCKBDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, MARCH 12, 1906.
and in a line, are a couple of hearts inverted and a couple of ribs inter-
sected, both of these emblems being a distinctive feature of the some-
what insipid and much-rounded sculpture of this churchyard. The east
face bears the inscription, the date 1753, a couple of small heads placed
horizontally^ neck to neck — another original feature — a monogram, and
a couple of spiral pilasters supporting winged cherub-heads. Serpents
ornament the panelled sides, and the slopes of the top bear some rude
projections which it is impossible to characterise.
The ancient church of St Cuthbert was founded in the twelfth century,
and if the existing roofless but well-preserved building cannot boast of
the great age claimed for it by some writers, it certainly is a very vener-
able structure.^ The remains of fifteenth-century tracery appear in its
east window, the old doorways near it are of contemporary work,
and the west gable shows, by the insertion now to be noticed, that
it cannot be regarded as being older than these other portions of
the fabric.
The west gable of the church might be described as being partly
ancient and partly the result of very old repairs. The picturesque
belfry is, presumably, of fifteenth-century work, and is a pleasing object
both to artist and antiquary ; but the great charm of the gable is a
remarkable sculptured stone (fig. 21) an insertion which bears clear traces
of fourteenth-century influences, and has an appearance at once distin-
guished and artistic.
This interesting fragment shows very clearly the elaborately carved
head of a Maltese cross, with a portion of its stem. This is not only
attached to the circular nimbus, but runs right through it to a forked
apex, a feature rather unusual in nimbus-bound crosses. Foliation of a
somewhat elaborate character springs from the shaft and the nimbus^
giving to the whole an effect peculiarly rich and pleasing. The stone
measures about 20 inches by 14 inches, and has originally been about
20 inches in width, as may be determined by the proportions
remaining.
^ It measures 70 feet long by 24 feet wide, exteraally.
latter syniboi, which may well demand Ji revised reading. The opposing
bevel shows u hand or gbve, life-size, with a few worn lines that
suggest a sword with an ornamental hilt and, presnmaHy, a scal^hnrd*
The ilat or base portion of the same side bears the long inciaed figure
of a key, the ward checks appearing quite rlearly^ thuugh the encrusta-
tion and weathering are not very hel[jful in deciphering the details,
No design is appJireut on the Hat portion of the side shown in the
illustration, and the sloping end, not shown, is similarly destitute ol
246 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, MARCH 12, 1W)6.
the main road, on the south side of the little Lochan nan Carraigean,
" Loch of the Standing Stones." The site of the circle seems destitute
of any decided features ; it is not the highest point of the moorland, nor
is it notably an elevation at all. One hundred and forty feet, centre to
centre, to the south-east of the circle is a low, almost structureless cairn.
This rises about 3 feet above the surrounding ground, has a diameter of
about 22 feet, and seems to have been disturbed. On the north side of
the lochan is another cairn, showing even less structure, and easily over-
looked.
The stone-circle (fig. 1) consisted at one time of three concentric circles ;
the outer one, of eleven or perhaps twelve megaliths, had a diameter
of about 103 feet ; the middle one, of stones somewhat closely set,
a diameter of about 56 feet ; and the inner one, also of stones closely set,
a diameter of about 24 feet. The ring enclosed between the second and
third circles, about 16 feet wide, is entirely filled with loose stones, to
the level of the tops of the set stones of these circles, thus forming a
sort of low circular wall, a " ring cairn " as Sir A. Mitchell calls it. The
space within the third circle was probably originally left free from loose
stones, but now there are many lying in it, but not to any depth. A
twin-stemmed pine-tree (A) grows in this inner space. Round the
outside of the second circle there is a slight embankment of earth and
stones.
The outer circle consisted originally of either eleven or twelve
megaliths ; of these but two remain, and they are prostrate. The south-
westerly one (B) is just over 9 feet long, and has a trapezoidal section
with a major diameter of over 3 feet. The more westerly one (C) is
7 feet long, aiid in section is an oblique parallelogram with a major
diameter of 3 feet 7 inches. These have fallen, the first one outwards,
and the second one inwards. Sites may be seen for four more (D, E,
F, G), slight depressions in the ground, with small loose stones lying
near, which I regard as packing to fix and steady the megaliths. Nearly
due east of the common centre there is no sign of the former presence
of a megalith (H), and the current account is that no stone stood there.
STONE-CIRCLES AT GRENISH, AVIEMORE, AND DELFOUR. 247
The sites of four megaliths on the northern side cannot be determined
because of the growth of long heather, and to the north of east a site is
doubtful (J). It seems that nine or ten of the megaliths have been
Fig. 1. Stone-Circle at Grenish.
removed, some of them to ])e used in the foundations of the
threshing mill at Aviemore House. In connection with the removal of
another of these stones a curious story is told. It was taken to be used
as the lintel of the doorway of a byre. When the b}Te was finished.
248 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, MARCH 12, 1906.
difficulty was found in getting the cattle to enter or stay in it ; they
seemed overcome with fear. The farmer sent for one of the " men *' of
Duthil, and asked his advice. After religious " exercises " the " man "
informed the farmer that the cause of the terror of the cattle was the
presence of this stone as the lintel. The stone was removed and an
ordinary stone substituted, and thenceforward the cattle occupied the
byre in peace !
The second circle consisted of about seventy stones, of which sixty-six
are visible in their places, one (K) has slightly fallen from its place, and
a few are hidden in the growth of turf. There are three well-marked gaps
in the circle : one on each side of the south stone, and one a little to the
east. The tallest and most regularly shaped stone of this circle (L) is the
fifth one to the west of the south stone. This is a slab of greyish
granite, 3 feet 5 inches high, 4 feet 1 inch wide, 1 foot thick, and very
regular in shape. No other stone of its circle quite equals it in
appearance, but the stone next west from it is not much inferior. In
general, the stones diminish in size and shapeliness each way from these
two. The decrease is not regular, but is clearly intentional.
The third or innermost circle is much less obviously complete ; this is
partly due to the overflow of the piling of loose stones. It probably
consisted of nearly forty stones, of which twenty- two remain visible in
place, and one (M) has been displaced inwards. Here again the tallest
and shapeliest stone (N) is in the same common radius with the
tallest stone (L) of the second circle, and with the megalith (B) which
is said to have been the biggest of the megaliths. Stone (N) is
about 2 feet broad, and 10 inches thick. Its height is about 3 feet
6 inches, but probably not more than 3 feet of its inner face was
originally exposed.
The stone packing in the ring between the second and third circles
consists of loose stones of varied size. The largest I could see weigh
about a hundredweight, the least are less than one's fist. In some
places they have been howked out ; hundreds of them have fallen or
been pitched into the inner circular space, and some have tumbled out
STONE-CIRCLBS AT GRKNISH, AVIEMORE, AND DBLFOUR. 249
through the gaps in the second circle. There is, of course, no actual
evidence that this packing is part of the original structure.
Of the cromlech reported by James Robertson there is no remnant.
The authorities of the Seafield estate seem to have no official
knowledge of the circle, and there is no provision in the rules of the
estate for its protection.
The Aviemore Stone-Circle, — The Aviemore stone-circle stands about
half a mile north of Aviemore railway station, not more than 60 yards
from the high-road, and just behind the United Free Church. As in the
case of the Grenish circle, the site is not possessed of any notable
features. As far as I know, there are no cairns in the neighbourhood
of the circle.
The circle (fig. 2) is in some respects less complete than that at Grenish.
Like that one it consisted originally of three concentric circles ; the outer
one, of detached megaliths, had a diameter of about 75 feet ; the second,
of closely set stones, a diameter of about 42 feet ; and the inner, as to
which the evidence is imperfect, a diameter of about 26 feet.
The outer circle probably consisted of twelve stones, for in this case there
was and still is a megalith (A) in the eastward place. The south stone
(B) stands 4 feet 10 inches high, and has a shape roughly suggestive of
a cloaked human figure. The rest of the south-west quadrant has no
stone, nor any evidence of the former presence of one. The north-
west quadrant has no megalith now standing in its proper place ; but
there are some large boulder-stones lying against the outside of the
second circle, and it is easy to suppose that three of these (C, D, E)
may be the somewhat shapeless megaliths rolled inwards. The
farm-steading was at one time close to the west side of the circle, and
such displacement may well have taken place. There are also some
other largish blocks of stone similarly placed (F, G), which probably did
not belong to the circle ; their fresher surfaces suggest that they were
placed here when turned up by the plough, as have been also many
smaller pebbles. In the north-east quadrant there are three stones that
may have been megaliths (H, J, K), and three others that are probably
250
PROCEKDINGS OF THE SOCIEIT, MARCH 12, 1906.
intruders (L, M, N). The most northerly of the megaliths (H) lies close
in to the second circle, and has, I am informed, probably been recently
moved into its present position. The second megalith (J) does not
*••»•
AViEMORt
1
- ^
/
-1 f
f
.%'-
w
*
/
1
^^^^■•l
\
\
^ 1
I
\
1
u
\
x
M
t-
•
/
y
\
r
y
'#
C 6C
Fig. 2. Stone-Circle at Aviemore.
look as though it had been moved, but it is only 13 feet from the second
circle, whereas the south stone is 16 feet 8 inches, and the two easterly
ones are 17 feet 3 inches. The third stone of this quadrant (K), a low,
flattish block, is only 5 feet from the circle, and has almost certainly l>een
STONE-CIRCLKS AT GRKNISH, AVIEMORE, AND DELFOUR. 251
moved. In the south-east quadrant there are three stones, two (A, 0)
standing, and one (P) fallen. These are well shaped, somewhat pyra-
midal blocks, 3 feet 10 inches, 4 feet 9 inches, and 4 feet 9 inches
respectively in height. The fallen one has perhaps been shifted some
distance outwards, as its nearest point is 23 feet from the second circle.
The second or middle circle is fairly complete. It consists of probably
thirty-six stones. There is a considerable gap to the east of the south
stone (Q), for which no stones appear, and there is another gap still
farther round on that side. It may be noted that the stone to the south
of this latter gap (R) is the handsomest of this circle, being 3 feet 3
inches high, fairly regular in shape, and light grey in colour. The
tallest stone of this circle is the prostrate south stone (Q). This would
. be 4 feet high if standing on its base, which is upon the line of the
circle. The stones next west from it are also large, standing each 3 feet
high, the one 3 feet 7 inches, and the other 3 feet 10 inches wide. No
other stone equals any of these four in size, but it can scarcely be said
that there is a gradation of size round towards the north. Just behind
the south stone, or rather behind its neighbour, is a large shapeless
stone nearly a yard high, suggesting the " recuml)ent *' stones found in
many stone-circles. There is a slight, irregular eml)ankment round the
outer base of this middle circle.
The third circle, the innermost one, is very imperfect. Indeed wc
found but five, or possibly six. stones to indicate its position, and only
one of these (T) is at all elevated. It stands about 2 feet high, but the
others barely show above the ground. It is not easy to suppose the
former existence of a complete third circle, still less to suppose what
Mr Angus Grant asserts, that there was a ring of loose stones here like
that at Grenish, for only in the north part of the ring are loose stones
present in any notable quantity. Of the cromlech reported by James
Robertson there is no remnant. Mr Cree, a member of this society,
found what we took to be a " cup-mark " in a loose stone (U) which had
been used as a prop for one of the [>osts of a wire-fence that cuts the
circle ; the cup is 3x1^x1^ inches.
252 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, MARCH 12, 1906.
It seems evident that this circle has suffered considerable disturbance.
It is not easy to account for the removal of stones from the imiermost
circle — if they ever were there. The megaliths have in several cases
obviously been moved, and some of those on the west side have been
taken away. It may be noted, however, that while three stones are
missing from the south-west quadrant, there seem to be three intruders
(L, M, N) in the north-east quadrant
This circle is on the Seafield estate, and, like the Grenish one, is
ignored by the estate officials.
The Delfour Stfrne-Cirrle, — This circle (fig. 3) stands about 4 miles
south-west from Aviemore Station and 2 miles N.N.K from
Kincraig Station. It is about half a mile w^est of the high-road, and
may be approached by a farm-road leaving the high-road a little south
of the eighth milestone from Kingussie.
But for the presence of one standing stone (A) of striking appearance,
this circle might at first sight be supjwsed to be merely a heap of loose
stones collected from the land around, for there are several such heaps
in its neighbourhood. The New Statistical Account speaks of an inner
circle 25 feet in diameter. This is now completely hidden in a pile of
stones that quite fills all the space within the middle circle. I am,
however, informed that for at least thirty-five years there has been
neither addition to nor subtraction from the pile as it now stands, and
that the factor allows no interference with it.
()f the outer circle of megaliths, if it ever existed, only one (A) now
remains. This stands at a distance of 22 feet 6 inches to the south-
west of the middle circle. It is a remarkably fine slab of quartzite,
9 feet 6 inches high, 1 foot 6 inches thick, 5 feet 6 inches wide at the
base, and tapering irregularly upwards, so as to present a rough
resemblance to a cloaked human figure.
The main or middle circle is 60 feet in diameter. Of its set stones
only twenty-nine or thirty are visible, constituting about five-eighths of
the circumference. The entire north-west quadrant and about half of the
north-east quadrant show no set stones, these being hidden by the loose
STOME-CIRCLES AT GREMISH, AVIEMORE, AND DELFOUR. 253
stones, which in many places have been piled right over the retaining wall
of set stones. Outside the circle of stones there is a banking of earth and
stones, at its widest about 9 feet wide. The highest part of the " cairn "
% -
•'•
\
\
W-r ':::■■ ■■.:]■:-■■■■ --^^^
\
\
\
\
\
I
\
I
I
I
I
Fig. 3. Stone-Circle at Delfour.
is about 6 feet above the lowest outer base of this bank. As is usually
the case, the largest stones of the circle are towards its south-west part,
and there is a diminution each way around the circle. The tallest stone,
the south-west one (B), stands scarcely 3 feet 6 inches above the bank,
and the diminution is carried so far that at about the north-east point the
254 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, MARCH 12, 1906.
set stones disappear into the upper surface of the bank, which itself is
here much less built up.
Further, the whole surface of the " cairn " drops towards this point,
and it is easy to suppose that this was a place of entry for barrows loaded
with the collected stones. Such entry would naturally be at the pre-
viously lowest point of the circle, and stones so carried and thrown down
would make a mound gradually rising from the point of entry towards
the remoter parts of the circle. The present appearance of the " cairn "
strongly suggests such a procedure.
This involves the complete burial of the third or innermost circle
mentioned in the New Statidiecd Account,
Outside the middle circle, on the west side of this ** entrance," there
is a considerable pile of loose stones (C), looking as old, weathered, and
lichen-covered as those of the main pile ; and against these are two large
blocks (D), whose relation to the general structure is not apparent. Near
the east side of the ** entrance" there is a pile of fresh-looking stones
(E), about which I made special but fruitless inquiries. They are not
a very recent addition. Just here one stone of the circle (F) has been
forced outwards from its place, and lies on its side, and the loose stones
))ehind it have been much disturbed.
TRACES OP THE CULTU8 OF THE NINE MAIDENS IN SCOTLAND. 255
III.
TRACES OF THE CULTUS OF THE NINE MAIDENS IN SCOTLAND.
By J. M. MACKINLAY, M.A., F.S.A. (Lond. and Scot.)
The story of the Nine Maidens forms a picturesque chapter in the
annals of Scottish hagiology. These Nine Maidens were sisters, daughters
of St Donevald, otherwise Donald, a Scot, who settled among the Picts.
Their exact date is uncertain, but they are said to have flourished early
in the eighth century. They lived in what is now the parish of Glamis,
in Forfarshire, where St Fergus died later in the same century. Their
home there was in the Glen of Ogilvy, now forming part of the possessions
of the noble family of Strathmore.
In his Kdkndary under 15th July, Adam King has this entry : "The
9 virgines dochters to s. donevvalde vnder king eugenius ye 7. In
Scotland."^ The tradition is thus given by Bellendcn, who, it is to
be noticed, assigns seven instead of nine daughters to St Donevald : ** In
his (Eugenius's) time was Donevald, the haly man; quhilk levit ane
sobir life at Ogilvy, haldin amang Pichtis in gret veneratioun. It is said
that he had VII douchteris, quhilk levit with him in gret pennance, on
beir breid and wattir. Thay eit nevir bot anis on the day; and the
reside w thairof occupyit in continewal labour and orison." ^ The names
of only two of the Nine Maidens are recorded. Stewart, in his metrical
version of Boece's Chronicles of Scotland^ says : —
" The eldest hecht Mazota to her name
The secund sister callit Fyncana ;
Quhat hecht the laif I cannot to zow sa,
For quhy my author schew thame nocht to me ;
Thair namis now thairfoir I will lat be." ^
Mazota seems to have been a person of some energy, for we are told
that she " maid inhibitation to the wild geis, to eit hir faderis come, and
^ Forbes's Kalenclars of Scottish Saints, p. 157.
'"' History and Chrmiides of Scotland , bk. ix. ch. xxv. •* Vol. ii. p. 329.
254
PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIE
set stones disiippear into the upper surf:
here much less built up.
Further, tlie whole surface of the *'
and it is easy to supiwse that this was
with the collected stones. Such ent
viously lowest point of the circle, an«^
would make a mound gradually risii
the remoter parts of the circle. TL
strongly suggests such a procedure.
This involves thii complete In
mentioned in the Netc Siatidieu
Outside the middle circle, on \
is a considerable pile of loose ^t
lichen-itovered as those of the n
})locks (D), whose relation to tl
the east side of the "entrain
(E), about which I made sjx-
a very recent addition. Ju^-
forced outwards from its pi;
>>ehind it have been much • ■ '
.■!.'l
!m ll
Wliut
! I. iiUllu to
■ ! Irif aue fc
.: lir ilesiri:* a;
>• i.-ikiu up of
1-vnii' life and
M'M<M*atioii aniai
M.ii-U'us" is thus t
■ lilt' pi-uiH^r uiaiisiouii
. .. iiitii that t»imin t«)uu,
: .|iiL'ir, to sing and for to s
. iu«-«' and ouris of the da.
. ::i:iuit lang and mouy zeir,
w .'liking, and devoit prayer
M ur.mi'e to tliair latter da.'' ^
:h:ii after their father's death
. to Alwrnethy, where they 1
.^^s 0/ SiiitlaHd, bk. ix. cb. xxv.
258 PROCEEDINGS OP THE SOCIETY, MARCH 12, 1906.
Ganiard, son of Donald, who reigned from a,d. 584 till 599 ; Grarnaid,
son of Wid or Foith, whose rule extended from a.d. 631 till 635 ; and
(jartnaid, son of Donnell, a contemporary of King Oswy of Northiunbria
in the middle of the same century.^
The best known of these, though the furthest removed from the time
of the Nine Maidens, is Garnard, son of Donald, as it was during his
reign that the church of Abernethy, under the influence of St Columba's
mission, was dedicated or re-dedicated to St Bridget, Abbess of Kildare,
who died in 523. Bower, the continuator of Fordun, tells what he says
he found in a certain chronicle of the church of Abernethy,^ viz., that,
after Garnard had built the church there, St Patrick introduced St
Bridget into Scotland, with her nine virgins, and offered to God, to the
blessed Mary, and to the blessed Bridget and her virgins, all the lands
and tithes which the prior and canons have from of old.
In the Pictish Chronicle^ we read that in the fifth year of Nectan,
who ruled over the Picts from 457 till 481, the King gave ("immolavit")
Abernethy to God and St Bridget till the day of judgment ("ad diem
judicii"), and that Darlugdach (called by an anachronism Abbess of
Kildare) was present and sang Alleluia over the gift ("cantavit alleluia
super istam hostiam ").
Dr W. F. Skene observes : ** Kildare was, as we know, dedicated to
the great virgin saint of Ireland, St Bridget or St Bride, and was the
mother-church of all her foundations ; but there was within the country
of the Picts one church in especial which was also dedicated to St Bride,
and was held to be in a manner affiliated to that of Kildare, and that
was the church of Abernethy."^
* CeUic Scotland, vol. i. pp. 242, 246-7, 257, 305, 258, 259.
*"* "Garnard filius Dompnach sive Makdompnach, qui fundavit et aedlficavit
ecclesiain coUegiatam de Abirnethy. Postquam illuc introduxit beatus Patricius
sanctam Brigidain, sicut in quadam chronica ecclesiae de Abirnethy reperimus, cum
suis novem virginibus in Scotiam ; et obtulit Deo et beatie Mariae, et beatae Brlgidfe,
et virginibus suis, omnes terras et decimas quas Piior et canonici habent ex antiquo. "
— Fordun 's Scotichrmiieon, Goodall's edition, I. p. 188.
3 P. 6. * Celtic Scotland, vol. ii. j). 309.
260 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, MARCH 12, 1906.
date, and by a mistake has been attached to St Bridget as one of her
companions.
So much for the chronology of the story. We shall now glance at
the dedications, first, to St Donevald's daughters collectively, and then
to the two eldest individually. As mentioned above, Bellenden assigns
to him »ere7i instead of nine daughters. It is worth noting that at
Inverey, in the Braemar district of Al^erdeenshire, is a chapel dedicated
to " The Seven Maidens." ^ Bishop Forbes, however, is inclined to
associate it with the seven daughters of Fergus of ligh-ingen-Ferghusa,
commemorated in the " Marty rology of Donegal" on 24th May ; ^ but there
is some doubt on the point. In a pass of the Ochils, in Newburgh
parish, overlooking Strathearn, is a block of freestone forming the
pedestal of the once famous MacdutTs Cross ; and near it is a copious
spring known as the Ninewells, so named, according to the Rev.
Dugald Butler, from its connection with the Nine Maidens of the
neighbouring Abernethy.'' In former days the Cross constituted a
sanctuary for any one who committed murder in hot blood, and could
make good his claim to kinship with Macduff, Earl of Fife, within the
ninth degree. When such an one sought refuge at the Cross, he was
allowed to atone for his crime by the payment of nine cows and a
* Colpindach ' or year-old cow ; but, in addition, he had to wash his hands
in the water of the Ninewells.
On the outskirts of Dundee is a hamlet called Ninewells ; and beside
the Whitadder in Chirnside parish, Berwickshire, is an estate bearing
the same name. The former may have a relation to the Nine Maidens,
but the latter certainly has not. Its name originated in the presence of
nine springs on the estate. The Rev. A. F. Smart, minister of Chirn-
side parish, informs me that "just below the mansion-house there is
now such a quantity of water flowing from these into the river Whit-
* Collection of Shires of Aberdeen and Banf^ p. 641.
- Kalemlars of Scottish Saints^ p. 447.
^ Church and Parish of Aftcrnrthiff p. 149. Forfar has also a Ninewells, vid'-
Alan Reid's The Royal Burgh of Furfar, p. 248.
262 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, MARCH 12, 1906.
his friends at its consecration by the bishop of the diocese.^ The
church was one of the prebends of Brechin Cathedral. The walls of the
graveyard were in existence till last century. In 1849, when the grave-
yard was being trenched, the floor of the church was laid bare and was
found to have been paved with plain glazed tiles of the colours of red,
blue, and yellow, each about six inches square and an inch thick. On
the hill above the site of the church is a spring locally known as the
Ninewell.2 The church of Drumblade had St Hillary as its patron, but
on the lands of Chapelton, in the same parish, was a place of worship
dedicated to the Nine Maidens. The chapel, which stood on a knoll,
had a burying-ground. At the foot of the knoll is a spring still called
the Chapel Well. Mr James Macdonald remarks : "In a charter of
1624, conveying the Chapel-Croft, the chapel on Chapelton is called *lie
Ninemadinchapell.' The foundations of the building and the grave-
stones in the churchyard were removed about forty or fifty years ago to
build a farm-steading.'^ The church of Cortachy was dedicated to St
Columba ; but there was possibly an altar to the Nine Maidens within
the building, the Nine Maiden Well being in its vicinity.*
In the wood of Logic, about three miles from the church of Auchendoir,
is a spring known as the Nine Maidens' Well. The church of the
parish was dedicated to St Mary ; but there may have been a cliapel to
the Nine Maidens near their spring, though definite information is
lacking on the point. A local tradition, narrated in Macfarlane's
Geographical CofledionSy is to the effect that a bear, which infested
the district, killed nine maidens beside the well in question.^ We are
told that "the reason why the family of Forbes carries three bears'
heads in its arms is, ]>ecau8e the first of this family slew a very ravenous
bear at Logic, near Castle Forbes, where, at this day, on a stone, the
figure of that ])ear, though rudely carved, is yet seen."^ A variant
* Lord Lindsay's Lives of the Lindsays^ vol. i. p. 73.
'•* Jen'ise's Land of the Lindsays^ pp. 162-4.
' The Place- Names of West Aberdeenshire, s.v. *'Chai)€lton."
* Jervise's Eintaphs ami InscinptionSy etc.y vol. ii. p. 117.
^ Collections, Aherde^m and Banff, pp. 613-14. *^ Ibid., p. 611.
TBACES OF THE CULTUS OP THE NINE MAIDENS IN SCOTLAND. 263
of the story introduces a boar instead of a bear, and adds an incident
more in harmony with chivalry than with hagiology. This variant is
thus given by Jervise : " Tradition says that one of this family killed,
near the Nine Maiden Well, a wild boar that devoured nine virgins, with
one of whom — named Bes, or Elizabeth — Forbes was in love, and that
when he had slain the animal, he exclaimed, * It's a' for Bes ! ' This
circumstance, according to the legend, gave rise to the surname of
Forhesy ^ In all this the original dedication of the spring to the Nine
Maidens of the Glen of Ogilvy has evidently been forgotten. In the
case of the Nine Maidens' Well in Mains and Strathmartin parish, a later
legend has likewise served to obscure the early dedication. The romantic
story is thus given by Jervise : —
'* Long, long ago, the farmer of Pitempan liad nine pretty daughters. One
day their father thirsted for a drink from his favourite well, which was in a
marsh at a short distance from the house. The fairest of the nine eagerly
obeyed her father's wish by running to the spring. Not returning within a
reasonable time, a second went in quest of her sister. She too tarried so long
that another volunteered, when the same result happened to her and to five other
sisters in succession. At last the ninth sister went to the spring, and there,
to her horror, beheld, among the bulrushes, the dead bodies of her sisters
guarded by a dragon ! Before she was able to escape, she too fell into the
grasp of the monster, but not until her cries had brought people to the spot.
Amongst these was her lover, named Martin^ who, after a long struggle with
the dragon, which was carried on froui Pitempan to Balkello, succeeded in
conquering the monster. It is told that Martin's sweetheart died from injuries
or fright ; and the legend adds that, in conaMuence of this tragedy, the spring
at Pitempan was named tlie Nine Maiden Well, and the sculptured stone at
Strathmartin, also St Martin's Stane at Balkello, were erected by tlie
inhabitants to commemorate tlie event." ^
The name of the hero probably arose from confusion with that of the
patron of the church of Strathmartin, which was dedicated to St Martin
by Bishop David de Bemham on 18th May 1249. The Nine Maideijs
had a chapel in Strathdichty, which probably stood at Pitempan, not far
from the spring bearing their name.
We shall now glance at the somewhat meagre traces of the cuUtu* of
St Mazota and her sister St Fincana. The festival of the former was
^ Epitaphs and Inscriptwns^ etc., vol. ii. p. 218.
2 Epitaphs and Inscriptiofis, etc., vol. i. pp. 205-6.
264 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, MARCH 12, 1906.
celebrated on 23rd December, and, in connection with it, there is a
collect in the Bremary of Aberdeen in which spiritual blessings are
sought through the intercession of blessed Mazota the Virgin (intercedente
beata Mazota Yirgine tua).^ The correct rendering of the saint's name
appears to be Mayoca: as Mr F. C. Eeles remarks: "The form
Mazota seems to be corrupt, and to be due to copyists mistaking y
for z and c for <." ^ That Mayoca is probably the correct form is coun-
tenanced by the fact that to the parish of Drumoak, on the Dee,
she supplied not only dedication but name, Drumoak signifpng the ridge
of St Maok or Mayoca. The alternative name of the parish was Dalmaik.
The writer of the article on Drumoak in the Old Statistical Account of
Scotland observes : " In this part of the country it is almost always
called Dalmaik, The church and manse are situated by the river Dee,
on a haugh (in Erse Dal\ and near a well which has still the name of
'Saint Maik'8 Welir'^
In pre-Reformation times the day of the patron saint was celebrated
with due solemnity in the church of Drumoak, and her virtues were
fittingly made known to the parishioners.* There is difference of opinion
as to the festival day of St Fincana. 21st August and 13th October
have both been assigned to a saint of that name ; and it has been thought
that there were two Fincanas — one belonging to the sixth century and
another to the eighth.^ The probability, however, is that there was but
one. In the Martyrology of Donegal, under 13th October, occurs the
name of Findsech or Finnsech, Virgin of Sliabh Guaire in Gailenga, a name
slightly resembling that of our saint. The church of Echt was dedicated
to St Fincana, and her feast was commemorated there on 13th October.
The Martyrolorjy of Abprdeen assigns to St Fincana (whom it describes
as a virgin, not a martyr) a church in the diocese of Dunblane. One
may presume that the reference is to the chapel of St Fink, in Bendochy
» Pars Hyem., fol. 22.
2 Proc of Soc. of Antiquaries of Heotland, vol. xxxiii. p. 450, n.
'■^ Vol. Hi. p. 315. * Brev. Abcrd. Pars Hyem,, fol. 22.
^ Collections, Abcrd. and Banff ^ p. 636.
266 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, MARCH 12, 1906.
IV.
NOTES ON A BRASS TABLE CLOCK BEQUEATHED TO THE SOCIETY
OF ANTIQUARIES OF SCOTLAND BY THE LATE HUGH J. ROLLO,
W.S., AND A SILVERCASED TABLE CLOCK BEQUEATHED TO
THE SOCIETY BY THE LATE LADY JANE DUNDAS. By ALEX-
ANDER J. S. BROOK. F.S.A. Scot.
The Society of Antiquaries of Scotland received last year, by a bequest
of the late Hugh J. RoUo, W.S., a large gilt brass clock ; and also, in
April 1898, by a bequest of the late Lady Jane Dundas, a silver alarum
repeating clock-watch.
There is neither an authentic history nor even a traditional story
attached to these, and the subject is perhaps more suitable for a horo-
logical society ; but as the clocks in themselves are exceedingly interesting,
and are exhibited in our Museum, they have been thought worthy of
being described.
The first of them is in the shape of a large watch, and measures
5^ inches in diameter, 3i inches thick, and weighs about 7 lbs.
avoirdupois (fig. 1). It has a gilt brass case, elaborately pierced
and engraved all over, the primary purpose of the pierced work at the
back and rim being to emit the sound freely.
Both the back and front are domed, the front cover where the glass
of a watch is usually fixed being very open and pierced by a series of
eccentric circles. On the back (fig. 2) is a circular shield decorated with
a battle- or siege-scene in cast relief work, surrounded by a border of
pierced ornament of a slightly Gothic character. There is attached to
the rim a loop and ring for suspending the clock.
The dial is gilt brass, elaborately chased and engraved. Outside the
hour chapters is a large circle divided into four, with little brass knobs
at each quarter, and these quarters are again divided into fifteen sub-
divisions to represent the minutes. The hour chapters are in ordinary
Roman figures inside the quarter circle, and they also have little brass
BKASS TABLI CLOCK AND A SILVER-CASED TABLE CLOCK. 269
knobs immediately above them. This would enable a [)erson in the
dark to tell the hour by feeling the hands and comparing them with the
knobs, and it would also be suitable for use by a blind person. Inside
the outer circle of Roman numerals is a circle of Arabic figures begin-
ning with 13 under one o'clock and running up to 24. The inner [^art
of the circle is ornamented with a sun in splendour. Both hour- and
minute-hands are made of steel.
The movement is a complicated one, striking the hours and quarters
on two bells. The larger of these ]>ells, which lies neatly inside the case,
is struck by the hour hammer, and the smaller or quarter bell lies in
the inside bottom of the larger one. This last is in the shape of a
shallow saucer, as it must of necessity occupy little space. The larger
bell is also pierced for the emission of the sound of the smaller one
which lies inside it. The movement, which is jointed to the case, when
shut down occupies the space inside the larger bell.
From this brief description an idea may be formed of the arrangement
of the movement, and bells inside the case, where the space is economi-
cally utilised. The plates of the movement are of gilt brass, and the
wheels of the quarter and striking train of steel. It is evident that at
one time one of the wheels in the quarter train has been injured and has
been replaced by a brass one. The wheels of the going train are all
brass. The escapement is that known as the verge, which, although
varying in detail, is the earliest form of escapement with which we are
acquainted. It is also fitted with a brass balance and an ordinary steel
balance spring.
In this clock there is no fusee to control the force of the spring,
although this was invented as early as 1525, but in its place there is
applied to the going train an earlier contrivance known as the stack-
freed (fig. 3). This was meant to regulate and equalise the motive
force, as a spring fully wound up is very much stronger than when
nearly run down. It is not of the usual shape met with, and may be
regarded as an improved form. It consists of a strong curved spring,
Dvith a roller at its extreme end, resting on a snail which revolves as the
270 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, MARCH 12, 1906.
piece runs down. When the clock is run down, the roller rests lightly
on' the smallest diameter of the snail, and does not retard the pull of the
mainspring ; but when the spring is l)eing wound up, the snail also turns
in the winding. It thus presents a larger diameter to the roller of the
stackfreed, which presses harder on the increasing diameter, and when
fully wound it rests on the full diameter of the snail with the greatest
pressure, so that its pressure and retarding influence are in proportion to
the pull of the mainspring. This piece of mechanism was only applied
Fig. 3. The Stackfreed.
to very early timekeepers, and as it did not solve the problem of irregular
time-keeping, it was quickly discarded.
There were rarely any winding holes in the cases of sixteenth-century
clocks, and there are none in this one. To attach the key to the winding
squares the case has to be opened and the movement turned out. There
is attached to the clock by a ribbon a key, which, although undoubtedly
antique, does not appear to be the original one.
There is happily no doubt as to where, nor by whom, and approxi-
mately when this interesting old timekeeper was made. On early clocks
and watches the maker's name is rarely found; but occasionaUy the
town mark or the workman's mark is stamped on one of the plates, and
BRASS TABLE CLOCK AND A SILVER-CASED TABLE CLOCK 271
on this clock there is found, struck on the upper plate of the movement,
the device of a crossed shovel and spade between the initials " H. G.'*
(fig. 4). Through an inquiry in the Horological Journal it has been
aacertained that this mark was used by the old Nuremberg watchmaker
Hans Gruber, who became a master of the Locksmiths' Guild in 1552,
and, as is recorded in an old obituary book of the royal
district archives of Nuremberg, died in January 1597, so d|M|
that between the^e two years this clock was made. The \^
device is interesting, as it is a play on the name of the
Fig. 4
maker. A "griiber" is a digger, so the spade and Maker's Mark.
shovel are peculiarly appropriate. In the Germanische
National Museum at Nuremberg there is a saddle watch with the same
mark.
The fixing of the date and the present condition of the clock raise
many interesting points as to the amount of alteration and renovation
the movement has undergone when later improvements and discoveries
in the mechanism of clocks were made. At the period of its manufac-
ture screws were just coming into use, Germany being the country of
their origin, and most of the screws in this timekeeper show themselves
to be hand-made, although one or two have been replaced by more
modem ones. It is also evident that the escapement is not the original
one, as the balance spring was not invented till 1658, and it is most
likely that, with the exception of the main wheel, a new going train of
brass wheels with a balance and balance spring were supplied at a much
later date. This is evident from an examination of the wheels. The
new ones are clearly machine-cut and well finished, and were likely
supplied subsequently to 1660, while the older steel wheels are as
clearly cut by hand with a file. A regulator, consisting of a pinion and
segment of a circle carrying the regulating pins, has also been supplied.
The addition of a minute-hand to clocks is first recorded as having taken
place in 1665, and in this instance the alteration has been so carefully
done as not to leave any trace.
The pierced metal dome in place of a glass is also noteworthy, and
272 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, MARCH 12, 1906.
corroborates the date ascribed to the clock, for glasses were not used for
table clocks until a later period.
It may not be amiss to note how closely this clock is linked to the
original of this class of timekeeper. It was not, of course, until the
mainspring was introduced as the motive power instead of weights that
it l)ecame possible to have a portable timepiece, and it is generall}"
conceded that the manufacture of this was first accomplished by Peter
Henlein, a clockmaker of Nuremberg, who died in 1542. The earliest
date to which this clock can be ascribed is 1552, so that it appears that
Henlein and Gruber were almost contemporary.
Table clocks or watches of the sixteenth century are exceedingly rare,
and, outside of museums and collections, there are almost no specimens
to be met with, so that the bequest of Mr Hugh J. RoUo of this clock to
the Museum is of great value.
Silver Table Clock or Clock-Watch.
The smaller table clock might be more correctly styled an alarum
repeating clock- watch. It measures 3 J inches in diameter, 2 inches in
thickness, and weighs 1 lb. 1 2 ozs. avoirdupois. Its maker was Nicholas
Bernard, who worked in Paris about 1700. A watch made by him is
exhibited in the South Kensington Museum.
The case of this watch is of silver, elaborately pierced and engraved
with French decoration of the period (fig. 5). The centre of the back
is filled with scrolls of floral ornament with cupids introduced. In the
rim, which is treated in similar style, are introduced two curious tilting
scenes. In one two winged knights, mounted respectively on a goat and
a dog, are tilting with sharpened lances ; and in the other, two winged
cupids, mounted on hobby-horses formed of poles with the heads respec-
tively of a horse and a cow, are tilting with lances with windmill-shaped
terminations at the points.
The watch has an enamelled dial with Roman chapters, the minutes
being numbered on the top of the chapters from 5 to 60 in Arabic
figures. In the centre of the dial is a movable circle also enamelled
274 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, MARCH 12, 1906.
with Arabic figures 1 to 12 for the alarum (fig. 6). Enamelled dials
were not introduced till the middle of the seventeenth century, so that
this may be regarded as a fairly early specimen. It has ornamental
brass hands, decidedly French in pattern. The plates of the movement
are gilt brass with ornamental pillars. It has the verge escapement with
an ordinary steel balance and balance spring. The going train is fitted
with a fusee. It has also the more modern steel winding chain to
connect the fusee with the mainspring barrel instead of gut, which was
used in older table clocks.
It strikes the hours on a large bell which lies like a lining inside the
case. This method was adopted in order to get the largest size of bell
possible into the least space. It has also an alarum which rings on the
same bell.
In the back of the case there are pierced three holes which also go
through the bell lying behind it to give access to the winding squares.
In many clocks such as this, where no provision was made for excluding
the dust entering through these holes, an outer case, frequently of silver
and shagreen or tortoise-shell, was provided. But there does not seem
ever to have been such a case for this clock. The length of the pendant
and the height of the raised joint of the front bezil exclude the prob-
ability of this.
This watch in one respect is quite a contrast to that first
described, as its movement does not seem to have been renovated
or improved, but presents now the identical appearance it must have
had originally.
It is in such good condition and preservation that, if it had a few
slight repairs, it could again resume its old duty of measuring the flight
of time.
There are attached by a ribbon to the bow of the watch a silver
winding key and two silver seals. The key, which in winding or
setting the hands is used as a crank (fig. 7), is an extremely fine
specimen. It belongs to the same period as the watch.
On one seal is engraved " G. S.," reversed cypher surmounted by a
BBA8S TABLE CLOCK AND A SILVIR-CASED TABLE CLOCK. 275
foreign ducal coronet (fig, S), and on the other a coat of aTins consisting
of shi«^hh helmet, mantHn£?, and crest (fig. 9).
Fig* 7* WiiidlDg Key ftnd Two Seals,
On tlie fthiehl is engraved two lions pjiesant, one ahove the other, a
»4tar of five points in the dexter chief ; crestj a horse pasisaiit The arms
have not heen identifieti.
276 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, MARCH 12, 1906.
There have been many speculations as to how these clocks were used.
In the bequest the first was called a camp clock.
They are most frequently called table clocks, but there is not the
least doubt that they were also used in much the same way as modem
carriage clocks.
The provision of the bow points to their being intended to be hung
Fig. 8. Cypher on Seal. Fig. 9. Coat of Arms on Seal.
upon a nail or attached to a strap, but the bows of neither of these show
signs of their having been much used for this purpose ; on the contrary,
the back dome of the brass clock is very much worn, clearly indicating
that it has usually been placed on its back.
That they were frequently carried about in coaches when travelling
appears clearly from advertisements notifying their loss which may be
seen in early London newspapers.
DONATIONS TO THE MUSEUM AND LIBRARY. 277
Monday, 9th Apnl 1906.
CoL. A. B. M'HARDY, C.B., Vice-President, in the Chair.
A Ballot having been taken, the following were duly elected
Fellows : —
Gerald Hugh Spalding Beveridge, 17 South Castle Street, Edinburgh.
Evelyn G. M. Carmichael, Banister-at-Law, Library Chambers,
Temple, London.
William Henry Knowles, F.S.A., Gosforth, Xewcastle-upon-Tyne.
Evan X. Burton Mackenzie, Yr., of Kilcoy, Kilcoy Castle, Killeaman,
Ross-shire.
Miss OcTAViA G. Paterson, Ashmore, Helensburgh.
Robert Sangster Rait, Fellow of New College, Oxford.
The following Donations to the Museum and Library were laid on the
tiible, and thanks voted to the Donors : —
(1) By Dr Henderson, 17 Blacket Place.
Rude Stone Implement, chipped from a quartzite pebble, found at
Wallajabad, Chingleput District, South India.
Stone Axe, of smoothed greenstone, from the Shevaroy Hills, South
India.
(2) By Jambs Lyle, F.S.A. Scot.
Wooden Bismar, or Weighing Machine, from Shetland.
(3) By M. Paul Bordeaux, the Author.
Les Jetons et les Epreuves de Monnaies, frappes h Paris de 1553 k
1561 pour Marie Stuart.
(4) By E. Cartailhac and L'Abbe H. Breuil, the Authors.
Les Peintures et Gravures Murales des Cavernes Pyr^n^ennes,
Altamira de Santillane et Marsoulas.
278 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, APRIL 9, 1906.
(5) By the Trustees of the late Dr James Young of Kelly.
Bibliotheca Chemica : Catalogue of the Alchemical, Chemical, and
Pharmaceutical Books in the Collection of the late Dr James Young of
Kelly. Two vols. 4to. 1906.
(6) By John Christie, the Author.
The Antiquity of Aberfeldy : An Historical Sketch. Pp. 15.
(7) By Lieut.-Col. D. Prain, the Author.
A Sketch of the Life of Francis Hamilton (once Buchanan), Super-
intendent of the Botanic Gardens, Calcutta.
(8) By the India Office.
Archaeological Survey of India. Vol. viii. The Muhammedan
Architecture of Ahmedabad. Part 2. By Jas. Burgess, C.I.E., LL.D.
(9) By the Royal Society of Antiquaries, Copenhagen.
De Danske Runesmindesmaerker. Af L. A Winimer. Tredie Bind.
(10) By the Surrey Arch.i^ological Society.
Waverley Abbey. By Harold Brakspear. 8vo. 1905.
(11) By W. H. Knowles, the Author.
The Premonstratensian Ab})ey of St Mary, Blanchland. Svo. Pj>. 14.
Aydon Castle, Northumberland. 4to. Pp. 18.
The following Communications were read : —
THREE URNS OF THE DRINKING-CUP TYPE AND OTHER RELICS. 279
I.
NOTICE OF THREE URNS OF THE DRINKING-CUP TYPE AND OTHER
RELICS DISCOVERED IN A MOUND AT FORGLEN, BANFFSHIRE.
By J, GRAHAM CALLANDER, F.S.A. Soot.
Early in 1906 an artificial mound, on the estate of Forglen, belonging
to Sir George W. Abercromby, Bart., was explored under the direction
of Mr Douglas Al)ercromby, who kindly granted me permission to
examine the site and record the discoveries.
The mound is situated in a plantation called Meadowheads Wood,
within the policies of Forglen House, J of a mile south of the mansion
and 550 yards north-east of the Kirk of Forglen, in the parish of the
same name in Banfishire. On the Ordnance Survey map the site is
marked "Tumulus," and it stands al)ove the 300-feet contour line, on
the eastern slope of a hill running in a northerly direction parallel
to the river Deveron, which is i mile distant and 200 feet lower.
Before the trees surrounding the site were planted, the mound would
command an extensive view of the opposite side of the valley of the
Deveron to the east. Rather more than a furlong to the S.S.E., in a
field under cultivation, there is another mound surrounded by a trench,
almost obliterated by the plough, and about 7 J furlongs to the north-
east there is a cairn. On the Ordnance map the former is marked
"Rounie Law," and the latter, "Barbara's Hillock — Stone Coffin
containing Human Remains found a.d. 1850."
The Forglen tumulus (fig. 1) is nearly circular in shape, it measures
from about 64 to 68 feet in diameter, and rises in the centre to a height
of 7 feet above the natural surface of the ground. It is almost entirely
composed of yellow sand mixed with clay, no stones having been used
in its construction except as adjuncts to two of the deposits in the cairn.
It resembles the English earthen barrow more than the Scottish cairn,
which as a rule is largely composed of stones. Mr Andrew Bell, the
forester on the estate, who supervised the excavations and from whose
280 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, APRIL 9, 1906.
careful observations I am enabled to give many of the following details,
informed me that the soil of which the mound was composed was not to
be found in the immediate neighbourhood.
The first discovery made in excavating the mound was near its south-
west edge, where, at a depth of 6 inches under the surface, a flat, rect-
angular, causeyed pavement A was exposed. It was 6 feet long by
3 feet broad, and its longer axis was north-west and south-east. This
causeyed area was not level, but was laid at an angle following the slope
of the mound. The 6-inch layer of mould that covered this space was
dark in colour, apparently being composed of decayed vegetable matter
like leaf-mould. At no other part of the surface of the mound was there
anything like this thickness of vegetable mould. The stones used in
the construction of the pavement were water-worn pebbles of quartz and
quartzite varying from about 3 to 6 inches in diameter, and they were
generally light grey in colour. Under the pavement there was nothing
but the yellow sandy clay of the cairn.
The excavations were continued towards the centre of the mound, and
17 feet from the inner edge of the first pavement a second causeyed area
was met with, 2 feet under the surface of the cairn, which at this spot
was about 6 feet high. This pavement B differed from the first
pavement in being laid level, and it was only 3 feet square. At a depth
of 1 foot below it and 3 feet from the surface of the mound, a complete
urn (No. 2) of the drinking-cup type (fig. 3) was found standing on its
base but leaning slightly to one side. It rested on a deposit of black
burnt material largely composed of charred wood, which surrounded it
to a thickness of 1 foot. Between the top of the urn and the over-
head pavement, and above the pavement, there was yellow sandy clay
only. No bones were observed in the blackened soil under, or surround-
ing the urn.
From a point C near the middle of the inner edge of the second and
smaller pavement, two straight but diverging rows of single pebbles
extended forward, the first on the left CD in a north-easterly direction,
the second on the right CE in a more easterly direction for a distance of
THRKE URNS OF THE DRINKING-CUP TYPE AND OTHER RELICS. 281
mm»t9mif»mmm^tt^
T^--*
10 20 30 AOYtet
V
\
\
P3
\
A
// /
y
^ n,„t T
2,0 30 40 TVft.
t
Fig. 1. Ground-Plan and Section of the Mound at Forglen.
282 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, APRIL 9, 1906.
2 feet, when it turned abruptly to the left, and after running 2 feet,
joined the first row 2 J feet from the edge of the pavement, thus forming
a triangle. From the junction of the rows D a single row of pebbles
continued across the mound, in a slightly more northerly direction than
the first row, for about 11 feet, terminating in a second black deposit
almost in contact with the base of another urn (No. 3) of the drinking-
cup type (fig. 4). The rows of pebbles were laid almost level, and the
stones forming them and the second pavement were of the same shape,
size, and material, as those used in the formation of the first-discovered
paved area.
After discovering the second pavement, and the urn and rows of
pebbles connected with it, instead of carrying the working face of the
digging right to the bottom of the mound, the excavators followed up
the rows of pebV>les till they exposed the urn just mentioned (No. 3).
It was in fragments, but from the position of the base it was evident that
the vessel had been placed on its base. It was covered with 16 inches
of sand. The fragments of the urn were entirely embedded in a black
deposit of material similar in composition and extent to that accom-
panying the first-discovered urn (No. 2). No fragments of bone were
observed.
The second urn having been unearthed, the portion of the mound
between it and the first urn, which had not been explored pending the
examination of the rows of pebbles, was excavated down to the natural
surface of the ground. Slightly east of the centre of the mound a third
but much larger black deposit was encountered, in the middle of which,
and at a depth of 5 feet from the surface of the cairn, yet another um
(No. 1) of the drinking-cup type (fig. 2) was found. This urn, which was
quite embedded in the black material, was lying crushed on its side, but
as the base was lying horizontal, it was seen that it had been deposited
erect on its base like the other two vessels. Underneath the urn in the
black deposit were the remains of a skeleton, which had been placed in
a shallow, saucer-shaped grave, 1 foot in depth and 5 feet in diameter,
dug into the natural surface of the ground. Very few of the bones of
TUHEB UKNS OF THE DRIXKING-CUP TYPE AND OTHEK RELICB. 283
the skeleton were recovered, and wliat survived were in a very fragmen-
tary condition. A small part of the jaw, containing two adjoininj^ molar
teeth in good condition, was the only well-prt^serTCd portion. A small
famrljed axid stemmed arrow-head of light yellow flmt, 1 inch in length and
I incii across? the harbsi, was found amongst the hoi^Q? and blackened
90il.
On the plan of the mound the distances between the urns were t
I'
Fig, 2. Vvn No. 1, from the ^1 on ad tit Forglen.
from No. 1 to No, 2^ 9 feet 6 inches ; from No. 1 to No, 3, 5 feel ^
Inches; and from No, 2 to No, 3, 14 feet 6 inches. No. 1 was about 4
feet east of the centra of the structure.
At varioua depths throughout the mound, from the natural surface of
the groujid on which it was erected to within alwut 12 inches of the tup,
thin lajisra of charred wood of no great extent were observed.
Am already mentioned, the three urns are of the drinking-cup
type. Urn No. I (fig. 2) is a very rare, if not unique, variety^ it liaving
a raised beading or moulding about ^ Inch in height encircling the
PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, APRIL 9, 190fl.
vessel aliout J inch under the rim. It is reddish yellow in colour
and is rande of a fine |juste, the wall \mng rather less than J inch in
thickness. It mensures 6i inches in height, ofj^ inches in diameter
across the mouthy 4y| inches at the neck, 5^ inches at the bulge, and
^l inches at the hase. With the exception of a plain l>and | inch wide
which encircles the vessel 1^ inches from the bottom, the wall of the
urn is ornamented, from the base to within | inch of the raisrnl mould-
Fig. 3. Uni No. 2, from the Moutid at Forgleij.
ing, by the impress of a roughly twisted cord wound spirally round it
eleven times between the base and the plain band, and twenty-four
times between the plain band and the top of the ornament, Hix to
seven of the spiral lines occupy the space of an inch.
The other two nrns are much alike and of a common shape. Urn
No. 2 (fig. 3) is light yellow in colour and is? coarser in texture than No.
I, the wall of the vessel being /if inch thick. The urn is 6| inches in
height, 6 iiiclxes across the mouth, 5 inches across the neck, 5^^^^ across
the bulge, and 3| inches across the base. It bears four ^ones of oma-
THREE URNS OF THE DKINKING-CUP TYPE AND OTHER RELICS.
naent about 2| inches, 1 inch, I J inches, and J inch broad reapectivelyt
and I to J inch apart. The first occupies the everted part of the vessel
tram the edge of the rim to the neck ; the second is just above the
bulge ; the tliird is midway between the second and the fourth » which is
'witliin J inch of the hase. The scheme of ornamentation is different in
all tbe four ssones. The up|>eT ^one is divided into nine narrow bands
by nine pamUel tmnsverse h'nes ; the first and sixth bands are occupied
by vertical lines, seven or eight to the inch, the fourth and eighth bands
by crossed oblique lines, and the remaining bands are left plain. The
second zone m formed into five narrow bands by six imrallel transverse
lines; the second and fourth bands are filled in by crossed Hues timl the
others are left devoid of design. The third zone, like the last one, is
composed of five parts formed by six transverse lines ; the first narrow
bttnd is occupied by short oblique lines slanting to the left, the third by
perpendicular lines, and the fourth by crossed lines, and the other two are
plain* The vertical and oblique lines are about | to ^ inch apart. The
lower zone is composed of four parallel transverse lines having no orna-
ment between them. All the transverse lines have been made with a
t<jothed, comb-like stamp, and the others with blunt* pointed tools. Much
less care has been bestowed on the ornamentation of this urn than on
either of the other two ; the crossed lilies especially are very carelessly
and roughly done.
Urn No. 3 (fig, 4) is taller than the others and its colour is a greyish
yellow. The greater part of the inside of the vessel and the outside of
the everted lip is much darker; this might have been occasioned by its
Ijeing in contact with the black dej>osit in which it was founds but as
neither of the other two urns, which were found in similar circtim-
gtance^ have been discoloured, it is more prol>able that the dark colour
la to be accounted for by different firing and composition of the clay of
the vessel. The clay is coarser than in the other nrns and the wall of the
Teesel is ^ inch thick. The height of the urn varies from T^J inches
on the one side to 7 1 on the other, the diameter of the mouth is 5|
inches^ of the neck 4 J inches, of the bulge 5|^^ inches, and of the base
286 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY. APRIL ft, 1906,
3^ inches. Three zonefi of ornamentation closely resembling eacJi other
encirt-lc the vessel; they measure 1| inches, 2 inches^ and 2 indies in
brentUh respectively. The upper xone, which commences about ^ inch
from the rim, oceupiea the everted part j the middle zone, which encireles
the bulge, w I inch from the upper and | inch from the lower eone ; tlie
latter extends to within ^^ inch of the base. The upper and lower
Fig. 4. Utu Xo. 3, from the Mound at Forglett.
edges of the first and second zones are each composed of three parallel
transverse lines J inch apart, with a zigaiag line on the outside ; the
space l>etween the inner transverse lines is occupied by perpendicular
^igEags of four parts in the upper zone and of five parts in the second
one, about i to J inch apart. The lowest zone is similar to the second,
only tlie zigzag line is wanting on the lower side of it The vertical
zigzag lines in the upper and lower zones commence by slanting to th©
left, while in the middle zone they slant first to the right The whole
THREK URNS OF THE DRINKING-CUP TYPE AND OTHER RELICS. 287
of the ornamentation on this urn has been made with a toothed
stamping tool.
From the preceding description of the mound and its contents the
following deductions may be made. The last-discovered and central
deposit was the primary interment. A shallow grave having been
scooped out of the surface of the ground, the body was placed in it,
and a large quantity of charred wood, or soil mixed with charred wood,
was scattered over and around it. Judging by the two remaining teeth,
the body was that of an adult. Above the body, and surrounded by the
charred matter, a drinking-cup urn was placed erect. This urn having
been found in fragments, it was impossible to ascertain if its contents
differed from the matter amongst which it was placed. A mound of
sandy clay was then heaped up over the deposit to the depth of several
feet. Besides the urn, the only artificial object recovered from this
interment was the arrow-head. It might be suggested that a single
arrow had been deposited in the grave with the body, or that the
deceased had been killed by an arrow, of which the flint head is the
sole remaining evidence.^ Before the mound was raised over the body,
fires were kindled at various places on the surface of the ground, and
the remaining traces of them cover small areas of 4 to 5 feet in diameter.
I have seen the whole foundation area of a cairn covered with similar
charred material What may have been the object of these fires, or
whether they were lit before, during, or after the burial ceremony, we
cannot say, but as the body was interred amongst charred wood, they
may have been lit for the purpose of preparing the charcoal. It has
been suggested that the charred appearance of the wood may have been
the result of eremacausis, but this is not so, because some pieces of
decayed wood were found quite close to burnt wood, and there was no
resemblance between them.
^ B. C. A. Windle, Remains of the Prehistoric Age in England, p. 82, fig. 35,
quoting from L*Anthropologie, says that in the Grotte de la Tourasse, in France,
a skeleton was found with a flint arrow-head embedded up to the barhs in the front
of one of the lumbar vertebrse, showing that the arrow^ had completely traversed the
person's abdomen.
288 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, APRIL 9, 1906.
Subsequent to the first, another interment was made nearer the south-
west side of the mound. Charred material was heaped over the body
and an urn was placed amongst, but not covered with, the black deposit
of charred wood. The tumulus was heaped up further till this second
burial was covered with a foot of sand, then a causeyed pavement, 3 feet
square, was laid right above it. From the inner edge of this pavement
rows of pebbles were laid across the mound to where a third interment
was made in circumstances similar to the last. The cairn was then
further augmented by the addition of more sandy clay, till this deposit
was covered with 16 inches and the pavement with 2 feet of soil.
No osseous remains were seen in the deposits connected with the last
two urns, but the probability is that both were associated with human
interments like the primary burial. Although the two deposits were
only about 2J feet in diameter, which may seem rather small a space in
which to place a body unless that of a child, remains of skeletons, not
cremated, accompanied by drinking-cup urns, have been found in cists of
smaller area. The soil of the mound is free and open, and, as the two
deposits were quite near the surface, it is not surprising that the bodies
should decay and entirely disappear. Even of the primary interment,
which was covered with 6 feet of soil, there was only a small handful of
broken bones left. Also, the two urns were placed in the same relative
positions to their accompanying deposits as the urn with the first burial.
We are therefore, I think, justified in saying that there had been a body
deposited with each urn.
It has not been demonstrated when the first-discovered and larger
pavement was made, whether at the same time as the smaller one or
after. No lines of stratification were observed in the mound, by which
it might have been possible to say if the deposits were contemporary.
The fact of there being only 6 inches of soil over the larger pavement
and 2 feet over the smaller, does not point to difiTerent times for the
construction of them, as soil heaped up in a mound is necessarily higher
near the centre and thinner towards the edge, and the larger pavement
was quite near the edge. However, as the stones used in the con-
290 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, APRIL 9, 1906.
sunk slightly and the stones left bare, falling leaves would have lodged
in the hollow, and as they decayed would have filled it up gradually
while they were blown away from the rest of the mound.
It is not known what was the purpose of the pavements or of the
rows of pebbles, and the occurrence of them in the Forglen mound in
connection with Bronze Age burials seems to be unique so far as Great
Britain is concerned. The only example which bears a slight resemblance
to it, so far as I can ascertain, is mentioned in Mr John Smith's Pre-
historie Man in Ayrsliire^ p. 29, fig. 35, where he says that, according
to the Neio Statistical Account of Ayrshire, under a sand mound at
Dubbs, in the parish of Stevenston, in 1832, a causeway, 18 feet in
length and 2 feet in breadth, was discovered ; at one end of the cause-
way was a large stone about a ton in weight, and at the other end a
stone coffin, 3 feet long and 2 feet broad, which contained two urns and
five jet buttons.
The Society is indebted to Mr Abercromby for kindly allowing the
urns and other relics to be exhibited.
STANDING STONES IN VARIOUS LOCALITIES.
291
II.
NOTICES OF STANDING STONES, CISTS, AND HITHERTO UNRECORDED
CUP- AND RING-MARKS IN VARIOUS LOCALITIES. By F. R. COLES,
Assistant- Keeper of the Museum.
No, 1. Standing Stones at North Glassmount, Kinghom, — This
site, which was visited in June 1903 in company with Mr
W. C. Dymond, is nearly a quarter of a mile south-west from the
residence of the Rev. W. Jardine Dobie, at North Glassmount. The
o
3 O
I I I ■ I
+
^"h^
Fig. 1. Standing Stones, North Glassmount ; ground-plan.
Stones stand on the flattish summit of a gently rising old pasture ; and
the ground immediately surrounding their bases is slightly suggestive of
an artificially-made higher level. This difference in level, however,
is so faintly discernible that no demarcation of the nature of a
circumference can be observed, and at a few yards' distance from the
Stones the summit (if artificial) merges imperceptibly into the natural
incline of the ground. The height above sea-level is over 500 feet.
A space 19 feet 2 inches in width separates the two Stones, this
measurement being taken at about the middle of each Stone vertically,
and from the north angle of Stone A to a point on the inner face of B
exactly east by compass, from the point on A. Both Stones are vertical,
Ihis uprightness having been ensured by a packing of small stones,
i of which are still in situ at the base of the East Stone.
292
PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, APRIL 9, 1906.
Several others lie in proximity to the Stones, evidently loosened out
of their original positions by the feet of cattle.
The West Stone (A on ground-plan, fig. 1) is a well-set-up, rather
smooth-sided block of a very quartziferous rock ; indeed the greater
portion of it seems to be white quartz. It rests upon a rhomboidal base
which girths 10 feet 8 inches. The outer side is almost truly vertical,
and a line extended parallel with this side points 23° west of polar
north. Its height above the general level of the ground in the area is
6 feet 2 inches; and its greatest girth (see the view, fig. 2) is 12 feet
Fig. 2. Standing Stones, North Glassmount.
8 inches. Close beside it, to the south, lies a heavy block of the same
quartzitic stone, about 2 feet 6 inches square and 1 foot 4 inches above
ground.
The East Stone has also its smoothest and most vertical side facing
the outside. Its basal girth is 12 feet 8 inches, and at 21 inches
up, where it seems broader, the girth is only wider by 1 inch. In
height this Stone is 5 feet 7 inches. We had considerable doubt as to
its mineralogical character, its rough and reddish exterior at first
suggesting a sandstone ; but on afterwards seeing blocks in situ near the
Stonyhall Hill exactly resembling it, but indubitably much-weathered
whinstone, I am convinced this Standing Stone is of the same material.
Several sharply defined small circular hollows cau be observed on all its
294 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, APRIL 9, 19C6.
Stone is the higher, standing 9 feet 8 inches clear of the ground, smooth-
sided and hexagonal. At the base its girth is 9 feet 9 inches, swelling
up at the 5-foot level into 10 feet 8 inches. The West Stone, very
rugged and angular, is 7 feet 5 inches in height, girths at the base
11 feet 1 inch, and at about 3 feet upwards, 10 feet 5 inches, its
broadest side facing the East Stone. Both are of whinstone. The
shortest distance between the two Stones is in a line nearly north-west,
and measures 46 feet 10 inches.
5 O S ID ISFret
P" "» + \ 1
Fig. 3. Standing Stones of Orwell, Kinross -shire ; ground-plan.
Mr R. Kilgour, one of the oldest residents of Kinross, showed me a
fine partially flattened oval pebble of dark reddish quartzite, measuring
5 inches by 2| inches, which he found in the ground between these two
Stones. The abrasion at each end clearly shows that this pebble has
been used as a pounder.
In a book ^ which to some extent deals with local antiquities, occurs
the following passage with reference to these two Standing Stones : —
** In the same field stone coffins have occasionally been turned up by
the plough ; and, about the beginning of the nineteenth century, the
1 Olenfarg, by J. W. Jack, M.A.
STANDING STONES IN VARIOUS LOCALITIES.
295
ground was in many places dug up by the neighbouring proprietor, when
quantities of bones much decomposed and mixed with charcoal were
discovered."
The view (fig. 4) shows the Stones as seen from the south-west.
No. 3. Easter UrquhaH^ Kinross-shire. — In Strathmiglo there are
even yet fairly abundant remains of prehistoric times. Cairns, un-
mistakably burial cairns, and mounds of varying dimensions and con-
dition are still to be seen at several places ; and through the kind
hospitality of Dr Mungle of Kinross I am able to record some of these.
Fig. 4. Standing Stones of Onvell.
At Easter Urquhart, some yards north of the road, is a cons})icuous
but nameless mound, overshadowed by a roundel of tall trees growing
around its base. It measures about 52 feet in diameter and is 8 feet in
height. On its southern slope are two great Stones, both prostrate. The
smaller, to the west, is a thick, flat block, 3 feet in diameter, and it is
stated to have been moved from the top of the mound, where it covered
some human bones. It bears a close resemblance to the cover of a cist.
Close beside it, on the east, lies a long whinstone block, 7 feet
5 inches in length, 15 inches thick, and 14 broad. It formerly stood
outside of the mound towards the south. Portions of the mound have
been burrowed into by rabbits, and the stony interior is thus exposed.
No. 4. Easter Nether Urquhart Stawling Stone. — The farm-steadings
296 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, APRIL 9, 1906.
here are distant from the mound just noticed half a mile, and in the
second field to the east there stands a not very shapely block of whin-
stone, measuring in height 5 feet 5 inches, in greatest girth 9 feet
5 inches, and round the base 8 feet 9 inches.
The Stone stands with its shorter side set due north and south. No
tradition exists of a group of Standing Stones here ; but on the 6-ineh
sheet of the O.M., quite near this Stone, the site of a caini is marked,
to tlie north.
yo, 5. SthcUI Stone Circle in Arran. — This site was examined in May
1901, when I visited Brodick, at the request of the Council, to make
drawings of the remarkable series of cup- and ring-marked rocks on
Stronach Ridge, Brodick Bay.
A brief notice of the Circle or group of Stones will be found in the
Proceedings.^ The site is close to the road between Lamlash and
Brodick, 2 miles south of the latter, and on the east of the road,
partly concealed among the heather, and just on the crest of the moor.
There are at present four Stones here (see the ground-plan, fig. 5).
Two of them are conspicuously larger than the others, and, if equal
interspacing be admitted, the Circle when complete must probably have
contained seven Stones. Two small and loose pieces of stone lie within
their circumference. Stone A stands 4 feet in height ; B, 2 feet 4 inches ;
C, 3 feet ; and D, 3 feet 6 inches. They are all rough granite boulders
such as the moor is full of in this vicinity. ^ The diameter of the Circle
is 21 feet 3 inches.
» Vol. iv. pp. 605, 518.
^ It rosy be mentioned that the friends who assisted me in measuring this Circle
were as keen as possible on the theories started by Mr F. L. Lewis as to the relation-
ship between the Circle sites and any prominent hills. The opportunity of testing
this was too good to lose ; and I therefore noted that, at a {mint south by compass,
64 feet distant from the centre of stone D, there stood a huge rough block of
quartzitic conglomerate. If this same line were continued (also by compass) north-
wards, we found it struck the summit of Goat Fell. Again, a line bisecting the
centres of stones D and C strikes direct to Ben Nuish, a very fine peak about 6
miles distant. But surely the fact that these measurements and observations were
by compass and not by the true north, ought to invalidate them from any sort of
confirmation of the theories suggested.
STANDING STONES IN VARIOUS LOCALITIES.
297
In my observations of this site I am corroborated by those made long
ago by Dr James Bryce.^ During the course of his valuable and
interesting excavations conducted among the larger Stone Circles of the
«
EET
Fig. 5. Stone Circle near Lamlash, Arran ; ground-plan.
west side of Arran, Dr Bryce also examined this small and inconspicuous
Circle on the extreme east of the island ; and the following is his account
of discoveries made in it : —
" Excavating at the centre, we found a small cist at less than a foot
in depth, and lying about north-east. It was covered by a small lid, and
* Proceedings y vol. iv. pp. 605, 513.
298
PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, APRIL 9, 1906.
the dimensions were 2 feet 2 inches in length, 10^ inches in depth,
and 11 inches in width. Inside, there were several bone fragments and
black earth. A flint implement was found in the stony soil above, and
three other flint fragments ; but nothing of this kind in the cist itself.
This was of a much ruder structure than any we had before seen. It
Fig. 6. The Auld Wives' Lifts ; ground-plan.
was cut out of the solid sandstone rock, but with little care or exactness ;
the sides, however, were nearly perpendicular. No other cist was found,
nor remains of any kind, though a trial was made at several points round
the centre. A deep opening was also made at both sides of the upright
Stone {i.e. the block standing 64 feet to the south), but nothing was met
with worthy of being recorded,"
STANDING STONES IN VARIOUS LOCALITIES, 299
This Circle probably bad originally seven Stones, the other three being
at the points indicated by crosses on the plan*
No, B, The Aidd Wum^ lA/is, — Much hm been written ^ in aupjKirt
of various theories concerning thi^? remarkable group of naturally poi8ed
and enormous blocks of sandstoue. Tliey occupy the centre of u large^
rudely circularj natural hollow near the middle of the wide and roeky
Craigmaddie Muir, and in ground- plan they He as abown J!i fig. 6.
v
c^
Fig, 7. The Auld Wi^ea* Lifta ; from the west
The top Stone, A, measures 22 feet by 11 ; the notth Stone, B, 20 feet
by 8; and the south bloek, C, 14 feet by 10. The top Stone projects
gre&tly over the western edges of the two blocks beneath it (shown by
dotted lines in the plan). In appearance the group (see fig. 7) in really
itupressive, and one scareely wonders at the strange legends that have
siisen around this huge agglomeration of megaliths. Tljere is a fairly
* Sm Tran». Qlmgon' Arch. S<ic., voL I (I85MS67), pp. 4, 234, 227; and Th^
Scen^rt/ i>f Scotland (G^ikie), ed. 1887^ p. S75.
300 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, APRIL 9, 1906.
clear, though narrow, passage between the two lower Stones. The
greatest vertical height is at the extreme W.S.W. point of the top
Stone, which is 12 feet 10 inches above the ground. Near its east end
on its south side the height is 11 feet 5 inches. The greater part of
its upper surface is nearly flat, with a very slight incline towards the
south-east. In thickness this Stone varies between 7 feet 6 inches to
5 feet 8 inches.
Thus far these great masses of grit present features attributable
entirely to natural causes; but on the nearly flat top of the highest
Stone there occurs the one special feature which brings the group within
the scope of an archaeological notice. This is an incised ring (see fig. 6).
It appears to have l)een first noticed by Mr A. D. Robertson,* who thus
describes it in 1867 : ** A Circle of 36 inches in diameter, the circum-
ference of which is an incised line measuring about 5 feet from the east
end, 2 from the north side, 10 from the west end, and 5 from the south
side of the platform.'* Mr Robertson claims these Stones as "a
Druidical altar," and goes on to state that, in spite of many disfiguring
modern initials being roughly cut here, " the ancient sanctifying emblem,
which has been carefully engraved, is yet clearly traceable, and bears
every appearance of having been executed at some very remote period."
Since the date of Mr Robertson's notice, several observers have
examined and seen the incised ring; and, though we may nowadays
smile at the notion of such masses of stone having any connection with
Druidical rites, I am able to confirm the accuracy of his measurements,
and put on record here the true dimensions and position of this
evidently ancient piece of incised work.^
^ The >\Titer of the article in the Trails, Olas, Arch, Society referred to, supra.
'^ The Auld Wives' Lifts belong, in the megalithic folk-lore, to the section which
comprises legends of women, or witches, or carlines, who transport through the air
masses of stone, great or small, and here and there drop them ; thus forming cairns,
groups of standing stones, or single groups of enormous blocks, like the pierres levies
at Poictiers and other French localities. This remarkable group on Craigmaddie
Muir has also associations with another phase of superstition ; for Mr Robertson
observes that it is ** still necessary for all strangers visiting this enchanted place for
STANDING STONES IN VARIOUS LOCALITIES. 301
No. 7. Dungoyach Stone Circle, — On the Ordnance Map, 6-inch scale,
Sheet XXVIL, of Stirlingshire, at a point slightly over a quarter of a
mile south-west of Duntreath Castle, and on the south bank of the Blane
Water, there is shown a group of five Standing Stones. The site is
about 250 feet above sea-level, and occupies the most level portion of a
long plateau closed in on the north-west with most romantic abruptness
by the lofty, rocky, tree-clad heights of Dungoyach, and, beyond the
Blane Water, by the more distant, but still imposing, twin-fronts of
Dungoyne. Still farther away, but near enough to emphasise the
sense of seclusion, the beautiful green slo]>es of another range of hills
the first time, to creep through it, if they wish to avert the calamity of dying
childless." He notes the old spelling was Craig-madden, and translates madden as
=moidheanf entreaty, supplication : The rock of prayer. There is a very incorrect
brief notice of these Stones in Wilson's Prehist. Annals of Scot, ^ vol. L p. 98.
In The Scenery of SeotUind (Geikie) occurs the following interesting passage : —
** Giant's Stone, Giant's Grave, Auld Wives' Lift, Witches' Stepping Stones,
Warlocks' Burdens, Hell Stanes, and similar epithets are common all over the Low-
land counties. ... In wandering over the south of Scotland, I have met with
some curious traditions and beliefs of this kind. The following was told me on the
spot by an intelligent native of the village of Caniwath. Before farming oiierations
were there carried to the extent to which they have now arrived, large boulders, now
mostly removed, were scattered so abundantly over the mossy tract, between the
river Clyde and the Yelping Craig, about 2 miles to the east, that one place was
known familiarly as "Hell Stanes Gate" (road), and another as *'HeIl Stanes
The traditional story runs that the Stones were brought by supernatural agency
from the Yelping Craigs. Michael Scott and the Devil, it appears, had entered into
a compact with a band of witches to dam back the Clyde. It was one of the con-
ditions of such agreements that the name of the Supreme Being should never on any
account be mentioned. All went well for a while, some of the stronger spirits having
brought their burden of boulders to within a few yards of the river, when one of the
younger members of the company, staggering under the weight of a huge block of
greenstone, exclaimed : " O Lord ! but Tm tired." Instantly every boulder tumbled
to the ground, nor could witch, warlock, or Devil move a single stone one yard
farther. And there the block lay for many a long century, until the rapacious
farmers quarried them away for dykes and road metal.
Another explanation, of a somewhat different kind, was given by a stone-mason
among the Garrick Hills, who, on being asked how he imagined that the hundreds of
granite boulders in that district came to lie where they do, took a little time to reply,
and at last gravely remarked that he ''fancied when the Almighty flang the warld
oot, He maun hae putten thae stanes upon her to keep her steady."
302
PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, APRIL 9, 1906.
close in the prospect on the west. In the extreme distance in the north-
east, the mountains on the borderland of Perth and Dumbartonshire
may be seen.
On the map above referred to, the Stones are shown as a group of five,
four of which stood in a line 54 feet long and N.N.E. and S.S.W. The
fifth stood or lay about 40 feet to the north-west. At some period
between the date of the survey and that of my visit in July 1903, con-
In. ie
H — h
4-
— »-
Fig. 8. Stone Circle at Dungoyach ; ground-plan.
siderable disturbance must have taken place ; for the five Stones now
occupy the positions shown in the annexed ground- plan (fig. 8).
The Stone marked A is a rather rough mass of granulated quartzite.
It has a very distinct lean towards the north. Measured vertically on
that side, it now stands 2 feet 9 inches above ground ; the length of its
slope is 3 feet 5 inches, its top measures 2 feet 6 by 1 foot 2, and
its basal girth is 8 feet 5 inches. The Stone B — the only one of the
group now truly erect — is of a coarse, blue-grey whinstone veined with
white quartz. Its widest side faces the north-east, and the whole
surface of this side is smooth and vertical, and forms with its north-west
face almost a right angle.
STANDING STONES IN VARIOUS LOCALITIES.
303
The height of this Stone is 5 feet 3 inches. It has a jagged and
pointed top, and its basal girth is 9 feet 5J inches. The next Stone,
C, lies partly on the ground and partly on Stone D. Its greatest length
Fig. 9. Dunj^oyach Circle ; from tlie north.
Fig. 10. Dungoyach ; from the south.
is 7 feet 10 inches, breadth 3 feet 9, and its thickness at tlie north end
2 feet 3 inches, where, at the same point, it is 3 feet 4 inches above the
ground. It is of the same kind of stone as B.
The fourth Stone, D, is a soft, reddish sandstone, roughly oval in
304 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, APRIL 9, 1906.
contour, and of a pretty uniform thickness of 1 foot 3 inches. It
measures 5 feet 6 inches by about 3 feet, and is quite flat on the ground.
Rabbits have burrowed below it.
The last Stone, E, is also prostrate ; what remains visible of its
surface measures nearly 6 feet by 3 feet 2 inches ; but a portion about
2 feet 6 inches long runs into the ground. At the north-east angle it
measures 1 foot 8 inches in thickness. It is of the same kind of stone
as are B and C.
Two views, from north and from south, are appended (figs. 9, 10).
II. Notices of the Discovery of Cists.
No. 1. Balbrndie, Durris, Kincardineshire. — Information of this very
interesting discovery Avas first made to me during the September of
1904 by Mr A. Macdonald of Crossroads Schoolhouse in Durris,
and his account was a little later supplemented by notes and photographs
taken by Mr James Smith of Pinewood, near Crathes. Two of the Urns
also, presently to be described, I saw at Durris House, where they are
preserved by the owner, H. R. Baird, Esq.
The account given by Mr Smith is as follows : —
" At Balbridie, on the estate of Durris, on Saturday afternoon of May
13, 1893, while some labourers were preparing the land for turnips, the
tines of a grubber caught on a flat stone a few inches below the surface
of the ground, and laid bare an ancient tomb or cist. It was built of
four large flagstones, and covered completely with a fifth, and was
nearly filled up with fine sand, which, on being removed, an Urn and a
number of human bones were discovered, including part of a skull and
internal ear, twelve loose teeth, half an upper and an almost complete
lower jaw^ with fourteen teeth in a first-class state of preservation.
There was also a humerus in good condition.
"The skull and head-bones, including jaw-bones, were found in the
middle of the east end, the humerus about a third down the south side,
and the Urn in the north-east corner.
306 PHOCKEDJNGS OF THE SCClETYj APRIL fl, 11*06.
Being on the edge of a steep inoliue when I first ©aw it, the soiitli-moel
Stone had fallen away. It contained one Urn, the one whieh is tracked
(fig, 12, Urn on the right), and several small fragments of bones and
charred organic matter,"
To this ludd account it is not necessary to add anyihing, except to
record that Mr Smith, on my calling to see him about the findi, presented
all the broken pieces of one of tlie Urns found in the second cist to the
Museum, aud I brought them away on my return t*> Edinburgh,
Fig. 12,
Um from Oijst Kq. 1, B&l bridle; Um t'rtim Ciat No. 3j Balbridte.
All the Urns are of the Drinking-cup variety.
No 2. Out at Bu7-nmi& of WhitefietfJ, near Aherchirder. — The first in-
formation of this discovery was* made to me in September 1905 by Rev,
tL At MacCuUoch,* during our atay at Aherchirder, which we made the
centre of our expeditions in surveying the Stone Circles of North
Banffehire.
The diaeoviiry occurred during the ploughing of a fields which indudes
a well-defined pfirtion of a rising groiinrl, scane 200 yards to the east of
the farm, and in the laf^t week of March 1905.
Some bones, pre^umalily human, were reported to have been found^
* Author of The Misiif Isle of Skffe,
CISTS IN VARIOUS LOCALITIES. 307
and to one of them, some substance, that looked like human hair, was
apparently attached. In addition there was a small Urn. All such
movable relics, I was told, had been sent up to Forglen House, and
left in possession of the proprieter, Sir George W. Abercromby. After
putting myself into communication with him, and arranging a day for
seeing the relics, I went to the Burnside of Whitefield farm, and found
that, thanks to the care exercised by Mr Simpson, the tenant, not only
was there a passage cut for us through the yet standing corn, but the
Cist and its cover were left just as they were the day after the discovery
in March.
I then made careful measurements, and the annexed ground-plan
(fig. 13) is the result. The only "liberty taken" is, that the cover
stone, which actually lay beside the Cist, is shown in the drawing as if
covering it
This Whitefield Cist presents some notable features : first, it is
remarkably small ; its entire inside dimensions being only 2 feet 2 inches
along the edge of the slab B, 1 foot 10 inches along the slab A, along C
1 foot 6 inches, and D 1 foot 3 inches — or, averaging the dimensions,
the Cist measures 2 feet by 1 foot 4 inches. Against this we must put
the depth, which at the base of slab B was 2 feet 2 inches.
The covering Stone (KK), as well as all the other slabs, are of the
common blue whinstone. The covering Stone measures 3 feet 5 inches
by 3 feet and half an inch, and is from 3 to 5 inches in thickness. Both
its upper and under surfaces are roughish and irregular, and had no
artificial markings. In addition to the somewhat irregular shape of the
Cist, there is considerable want of precision in the setting of the side
and end slabs. The largest, A, measures 3 feet 2 inches in length, 5
inches in breadth, and overtops the end Stone, C, by only about
2 inches. The North Stone, B, is only half the thickness of A, nearly
as long, and overtops the end Stone, D, by 6J inches ; this discrepancy
having been adjusted by placing the two small oblong blocks E and F
flat on the upper edge of D. When examining this arrangement, and
removing the earth lying upon Stones E and F, the size and position of
308
PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, APRIL 9, 1906.
the fonner recalled a fiomewhat similar arrangement noticed in the
double Cist discovered at Succoth Place.^ The ground therefore was
carefully searched just beyond the outer edge of E, but without the
discovery of any further structural features. This end-slab D measures
t I I I I I I I I I I I I
Fig. 13. Ground plan of Cist at Bumside of Whitefield, lianffshire.
only 13 inches in vertical depth; it would seem thus to be a fair
inference that the builders of the Cist, not having at hand any more
slabs sufficiently large to fill the whole width and the whole depth at
this end^ placed the flat oblong blocks E and F and wedged up the angle
(below D) with the best material that lay to their hands. The three
^ Proceedings, vol. xxxvi. ]>. 670.
CISTS IN VAKIOUS LOCALITIKS, 6W
slahe .\, Bj and D are set vertieaLly ; but C hatl a very decided outward
slope^ sometliiiig like titi angle of SO"*.
From the nature of the diBtinct* mound-like apt>eamuce of the ground
aVM>ve which this Cist whb discovered, it ia quite probable that further
discoveries may be made here.
The Vm found (tig. 14), and now in the possession of Sir Greoige
Abercromby,^ at Forglen, is of the Drinking cui> tyi>e, but of a variety
which is distinctly nire in Scotland, as the gulijoined nieasurements show :
Fig^ li. Uru fowid in Cbt at Burnside of Wbiteli^d.
height, 4 1 inches; extreme diameter of mouth, of inches ; of the bulge,
3| inches ; and of the base, 3^ inches, Tliis remarkable width across the
rim, as comiiared with vertical height, occuts in only two otlier drinking
cup^ in the Museum, via., the examples from Kincardine Castle, Stratheani
(EG 6 in the Catalogue), and from Tillyoeliie^ Kinross-shire (EG 7),
The decoration consists of two broad zones of horizontal lines inter-
mingled with chevrons, cross- hatchings and diamond-shaped figures, all
done with a pointed implement in close3y arranged dots, the upper zone
^ Tti<? Vni wiis tliroagh the cuurtesy of Captain Doaglmt Abercromby, mnt touaoii
Wii for prQ|i«i exaDiinatioo and itiefts^arementSt
310 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, APRIL 9, 1906.
being IJ inches broad and the lower 1^ inches. In the other speci-
mens quoted a]x)ve, the decorative scheme, either in style or technique,
does not resemble that of this Whitefield Urn. In the list furnished by
Hon. John Abercromby, two Beakers are figured which seem to tally
closely with this Urn. They are Nos. 152 and 160 in his illustrations,^
and are both in Elgin Museum. One was found near Huntly, and the
other at Acres in Knockando, Elginshire.
With the Urn in this unusually small Cist, human bones were found ;
but the only typical fragment preserved was a small unburn t portion of
a skull, so much less in size and thickness as to lead to the inference
that the interment here was that of a very youthful person.
No, 3. Cist at Auchlin. New Ahet-dour, — In Tlie Aberdeen Evening
Express of 29th March 1905 there is the following notice : — ^
"Some months ago, while gravel was being removed from a rising
ground on the farm of Auchlin, near New Aberdour, a flat stone set on
its edge was removed, and an opening was discovered extending over
3 feet long, about 1| feet high, and of rather less width, and about
IJ feet below the surface. The place lies north and south.
" The structure was very little damaged. It is built of stones. It is
not so wide at the top as at the bottom, and the sides are a little con-
tracted, so that a single stone covers the top, and it has proved a very
sufficient roof. The floor of the place was quite smooth when first seen,
just as if no mould had been disturbed above or beneath since the place
had been made.
" There was no Urn. The contents were a small heap of bones near one
corner. The skull was in different pieces. The joints of the neck were
very distinct, also a rib or two. All of them were of a yellowish colour
while other pieces of bones, including sections of the jaw, with some
double teeth and many small bits of bone, were of a whitish colour, as if
they had been subjected to fire. Some dark particles were also to be
seen, apparently cinders of some kind. I can give no information of
* Proceedings, xxxviii.
^ Supplied to The Banffshire Journal by Mr George Fowlie.
CISTS IN VARIOUS LOCALITIES. 311
how long the field has been in cultivation, but the locality where the
Cist was found is higher than the surrounding ground, and I expect there
Kad been a much greater depth of soil above the place originally ; and
one would conjecture there had been a wide pit made for the building,
as the gravel in the vicinity of the Cist is not so firm as at a little
distance off.
" There have never been arrow-heads found near the place, but a stone
axe was found on the field some years ago, also some other relics of the
Stone Period found on the farm.
"The contents of the Cist have been removed, to be preserved in
Aberdeen University Museum, and the place where they were found has
been improved by ^Ir Keith, factor for Brucklay, and it is to be pro-
tected by fencing."
No, 4. Cist at. Blackhills, Fyvie, — In The PeopWs Jouimal of Saturday
1st July 1905, it is stated that: "A stone coffin, containing a human
skeleton, was excavated at Blackhills, Fyvie, the other day. In a corner
of the coffin was a jar in which there was some dark-coloured dust."
No, 4a. Hill of Mountblairi/, Alcah. — The following notice is quoted
from The Aberdeen Free Pres^ of 21st June 1904 : —
"While Mr M*Robert, Hill of Mountblairy, assisted by Mr John
Findlater, was preparing the ground for turnips on Friday, the latter
uncovered with the plough what he took to be a rabbit's nest. Inserting
his hand, he was astonished to find it filled with bones instead of fur.
Both now examined the spot more carefully, and Mr M*Robert at once
decided that they had come on a cinerary urn. He proceeded to unearth
it with the greatest care, but notwithstanding all their efforts, it was
slightly broken. It is made of clay, and below has the form of a pot
about a foot in diameter, tapering to a point at the top, the total
height being about IJ feet. Nothing to show a bottom or even a
slab to rest upon could be found. It was simply inserted in the earth,
with the calcined bones lying within on the ground. Amongst these is
one half of a bivalve shell, with nothing else in the way of jewellery or
ornament. The find is being carefully kept by Mr M'Robert, who is
312 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, APRIL 9, 1906.
very obliging in exhibiting it. It was found on a slightly rising knoll
almost on the boundary between Alvah and Forglen, on the estate of
Mountblairy, and it is noteworthy that this is the second discovery by
Mr M*Robert, the first being also on the estate of Mountblairy, though
many years ago, and at a considerable distance from the present, namely,
on the farm of Newton."
Quite recently I wrote to the finder asking for further details. Mr
M*Robert, however, could only state that, owing to exposure, the Urn
had completely fallen to pieces ; that it was f inch in thickness, and
that the hollow of the neck measured about 2| inches in depth.
Xo, 5. Sundayswells Hill^ near I'orphins. — This site is on the Learney
estate, the property of Col. F. Innes, and the bulk of the information
here recorded is derived from letters sent to me by Mr James Ritchie,
Corresponding ^lember of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, of
Port Elphinstone School, who learnt the facts from Lieut.-Col. Francis
Innes.
The hill, called by the strange-sounding name of Sundayswells, rises
to the altitude of 820 feet ; at a point about 700 feet high, and midway
between Sundayswells farmhouse and Gownieburn, and almost half a
mile nearly due west of the remains of a Stone Circle^ there, there
is a burial Cairn which had been long ago partially opened up. In its
exposed central space were, however, several large blocks of stone set
circularly, and presumably the portions of a species of chamber, and at
this spot the Drinking-cup Urn, illustrated in fig. 15, was found.
On the side of the hill to the north-west of the Cairn, another Cist
was found. In it were bones and " portions of a larger Urn which are
also at Learney."
Mr Ritchie, in sending me notes of this Cairn, was inclined to group
it with the low cairns found within Stone Circles. His photographs, and
the dimensions he quotes of the central space of about 9 feet wide by 3
feet deep, certainly resemble the features disclosed in my account of the
central cairn-surrounded hollow in the Circle at Whitehill, Monymusk.^
^ Proceedings, vol. xxxiv. p. 171. - Proceedings^ vol. xxxv. p. 206.
CISTS IN VArJODS LOCALITIES,
313
The Drinking Cup luea.^ure^ 5J inches in heighti 5^ inches at^ross the
mouth, bj^ inches at the bulge, and 3 J inches at the bnse. It is made of
a fine brown clay, and is about J inch in thickness. The decoration is
i pec i ally interesting, as it consists of one lon^^ spiral line made by
pre^ure of a cord covering tlie whole exterior surface. This style of
decoration has now been found upon three other of our Drinking Cupe
from the following localities ; — (a) from Aberdeenshire {Kae Collection),
(if) Tents lluir, near Leuchars, (c) Cuning Hill, Inverurie ; and upon
two food-veaselfl, those, namely, from (Juirinish in Mull, and Cairn Curr,
Fig. 15, Uni found in a Cdirn on Sundayswell* Hill,
Alford, The continuous spiral also occurs in a varietal form on one of
the Beakers described {ttupra^ p, 2BZ) by Mr J, G, Callander.
Xo, 6» Xorth M&rdmifm Oemetenj.^^On Thursday, 25th August
1904, I was informed by Mr Alan Reid, F.S.A. Scot., that a Cist had
been found in the cemetery at ^orth Merchiaton, I went out In the
aftenioon and learned the following particulars from Mr Moffatj which
will l>e more intelligible by a reference to the annexed ground -plan t>f
the site (lig. 16).
Early on the previous day, a grave was being preimred (No, 153 on
the plan), and at about nine o'clock the workmen reported to Mr Moffat
that they had had to remove some large slabs amongst whicli they found
broken ixittery. ^Ir Moffat, whose acquaintance with the sudden dis*
314 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, APRIL 9, 1906.
covery of ci8ts was not slight, went at once to the spot, and, securing all
the removable fragments of what he recognised as an um, directed the
men to remove also the various broken portions of the slabs to an out-
house. He then communicated the discovery to Mr Alan Reid.
v^ ' ■ ■
Fig. 16. Site of the Cist discovery in North Merchiston Cemetery.
The site (fig. 16) is almost the highest piece of ground now inclosed
between the cemetery walls, and is at the altitude of 204 feet above sea-
level. The Cist was discovered between the two graves Nos. 153 and
222, as recorded in the cemetery plan-book, and at the distance of 70
feet north-west of the wall bounding the Slateford Road. At the time of
my visit, only the flooring slab was completely in situ. It was a large
slab, very thin in proportion to its size, and was cracked across its
CISTS IN VARIOUS LOCALITIES.
315
breadth. It measured 4 feet 6 inches by 2 feet 6 inches, and its longer
axis lay north-east and south-west. Seven similarly thin slabs of clay -stone
completed the Cist, which was 2 feet in depth, to the flooring slab ; but
the sides and ends were set to a depth of 6 inches below into the soil.
The covering-slab, which I saw in fragments, was also of clay-stone,
Fig. 17. Plan of the North Merchiston Cist.
only 1 inch in thickness ; and its upper surface was within 4 inches of
the grass. This part of the cemetery, however, had been levelled some
time ago.
The seven slabs composing the Cist were arranged as shown in the
plan (fig. 17), the ends of the Cist being strengthened by there being
two slabs set close together. Notwithstanding this, the' double-slabs at
the south-west end were in part forced inwards and broken in pieces by
the roots of the tree planted there. The complete length of the long
316 PROCEEUINGS DK THE SOCIKTY, APRIL 9, 1906.
side slab ou tlie north-west, and of one of the two forming tlie southMsast
side was not obt^ii liable, on atrcount of the newly made grave there.
The poiitiau of the Um wm pointed out to me by one of tlie work-
men, and it is correctly recorded in the plan* U was covered by a tliin
piece of thti same lamina t**d clay-stone ; but it was broken in the lifting.
Otherwise, the Cist wa^ described as being nearly filled witii soil which
had silted in.^
There are enough fragments of the Um to show the following features :
Fig. IS, CiBt nt CoTvdenhilL
that it was a fowl-veasel of rather coarse reddish clay, probably 6 inches
in height when complete, 5| IncheB wide aero^ the mouth, and 3 across
the base. The lip, which, as usual, slopes down inwards, is f of an inch
thick, iind beiir^ three irregularly horizontal lines of closely touched
pressed marks. Lines of the same character cover the space 2| inches
deep betweeri the lip and the shoulder, the lower part being quite plain.
Tile inner side of the Urn is patched with dark- brown spots.
No. 7, Ci^t and Um at Coicdmihilli Oranf/tpamt near Bo^fmit^
^ These iiotefi were made with the help of Mr Alan Eeid^ F.S.A* Scot., uid Mr
>r. E. £;tnipkiat<f St^otid Attendant iu thu Mtiseum,
CISTS IN VARIOUS LOCALITIES,
317
iJtditkfjowskirt', — This discovery was made on the 28th Sejiterabef 1905.
In the course of coiTespoiulence with Mr H. M. Cadell of Grntige, I
received photograplis ot the Cist and Urn, and a few notes npon the dis-
covery, which are to the following effect : — the site wm a stmd-bed of
tJje 25~foot beach j alxint 10 feet nhove high- tide level; and, says Mr
Cadellf " ttfter careful examination^ it ta clear that the aea did not reach
the coRin," The bonea were mostly fragmentary, and there waa nothing
but the Urn, be-aidea the soil lliat tilled the interior. The Cist (Hg. IS)
Fig. W, Urn found in Ciat »t CowdenliiU.
wa« 40 inches long inside, about 21 inches wide, and 18 inches deep,
covered by a heavy slab of freestone ^vith no tool-marks on it. The sides
and ends of the Cist were also of freestone .«ilaha. The Cist lay with its
long a3ds E, 30' N.
Mr Cadell compares this Cist with its Urn to another containing a
similar Urn found on the Grange estate in 1896, and in the keeping of
Sir William Turner, at the Anatomical Museum.
Tiie Urn (fig, 19) is of the food-vessel variety, standing 5 inches in
height nnd measuring across the mouth 6| inches, and is richly orna-
mented in the usual style.
318 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, APRIL 9, 1906.
III. Notices op Cup- and Ring-Marks.
iVo. 1. Avochie, Rothieway, — The site of the cup- and ring-marked
boulder here is on the north slope of the Hill of Avochie, at a point
586 yards S.W. of the site of a Stone Circle on Kimmonity, and slightly
over a quarter of a mile N.N.E. of Midplough.
It was alluded to in my last account of the cup-marked Recumbent
Stone in the Circle on Rothiemay home-farm.^ This whinstone boulder
measures 1 1 feet by 9 feet ; at its nothern extremity it is 2 feet 5 inches
above the ground, and at the southern 2 feet and i an inch. The
highest portion of the Stone is at a point near C on the plan (fig. 20),
marked by an eight-rayed star ; and from this point the surface, which
is here and there broken by shallow fissures and groove-like marks
entirely due to natural causes, slopes off at varying angles. This I have
endeavoured to show in a conventional manner by placing arrows to
indicate the slope : the shorter the arrow the steeper the slope. The
portion above A is fairly flat and smooth ; near D is a broadish flat edge
also, and at some time or other the lowest part on the left seems to have
been broken ; whether it bore sculpturings or not, no one knows. The
surface appears to have sustained a considerable amount of weathering,
as Mr Geddes informs me most of the markings are not very distinct.
The clearest are the ringed cups below D on the plan.
The total number of cups is eighty-three, of which five are distinctly
oval in contour. They are arranged in four groups : A, in the north-west
corner, containing twenty-seven simple circular cups and two oval cups,
eight circular cups with rings, and one ringed oval ; at B are two simple
cups; at C, twenty-seven simple circular cups and two oval, also two
circular ringed cups ; at group D there are four simple circular cups and
one oval cup, five very finely ringed circular cups, and one smallish oval
with its ring. Nowhere on the Stone is there a sign of any straight groove
^ Proceedings^ vol. xxxvii. p. 228. For all the facts recorded in the present
notice of this Stone I am much indebted to Mr J. Geddes, of the Schoolhouse,
Rothiemay.
320 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, APRIL 9. 1906.
either connecting the cups or passing out of any of them. The cups
.vary in size from \\ inches in diameter to 3| inches. Fifteen of them
measure 3 inches in diameter, thirteen measure 2J inches, and thirteen
measure 2 inches ; eleven of them are 2 J inches wide, seven are 3J inches
wide ; and the two extreme diameters of 1 J inches and 3f inches are
represented each by only one cup. The largest of the rings measures
6^ inches in diameter and the smallest 4 inches.
In group A the largest oval and its ring are connected with a small
cup and its ring ; and in group D the smallest ringed oval is appended
to the largest ring on the Stone.
I believe I am right in stating that the discovery and first notice (in
the district) of this interesting boulder is due to the observation of Mr
Smith, formerly station-master at Rothiemay.
No, 2. In Fordyce Kirkyard, — The fact of there being a table-stone
here, the upper surface of which is covered with cup-marks, was first
brought to my notice by Dr W. Cramond of CuUen in 1903, who sent
photographs of the Stone. As this is probably the first instance re-
ported of a cup-marked tombstone in Scotland, we shall await with
interest a description, with an illustration of these cup-marks, from the
pen of Mr J. G. Callander, who has promised to examine the marks.
No, 3. Hilton^ Glass, Aherdeenshire, — This group, as well as the next,
was first noticed many years ago by Mr James M*William, farmer at
Chapel Hill, in the parish of Glass. It was, however, only in 1903 that,
in a letter descrilwng the Stone Circle at Huntly,^ Mr M*William
referred to some cup- and ring-marked Stones located near his farm.
Both the Stones had, in the meantime, been acquired by the proprietor,
J. W. Grant, Esq., of Beldorney; and, on my writing to him for
particulars, Mr Grant supplemented verbal information by presenting to
the Museum a cast of the larger Stone. From this and a rubbing the
annexed illustrations (figs. 22 and 23) were made. The larger one
represents a portion of the flattish upper surface of a diorite boulder of
which the cup-marked part measures 2 feet 1 inch by 1 foot 8 inches.
^ Proceedings, vol. xxxvi. ]». 568.
322 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, APRIL 9, 1906.
It contains twenty-nine cupa, one, near the centre, quite an oval ; and, in
addition, a small but very distinct oblong "cup." One of the middle-
sized cups has a distinct ring and two grooves, and, in the majority of
the others, short vague grooves are also traceable. The largest cups are
4 J inches wide and 2 inches deep, the smallest IJ inches wide and only
^ inch deep.
The other drawing shows a fragment only of a block of diorite, also
from the neighbourhood of Hilton (fig. 25). Eleven cups can be traced
on it, two of them being surrounded with rings. One cup is remarkably
small and the largest is about 3J inches in diameter.
No. 4. Bluebell Wood, Langside. — The first notice of the Stone
incised with the design shown below was due to Mr W. A. Donnelly,
who contributed a description and a sketch to The Glasgmo Evening
Times of 25th June 1902. Later, Mr Ludovic Mann, at my request, sent
me certain notes he had taken of the cup- and ring-marks. But prior to
this, the Stone itself liad, on the instigation of Mr Donnelly, I think,
been removed from its site in the wood, and placed near one of the
entrances to the new Kelvinside Museum. There I saw it and made
measurements in July 1903.
The Bluebell Wood lies in a curving line to the west and south of
Langside House, and the cup-marked Stone was at a point in the
southern extremity of the wood, above and north of the river Cart.
It is interesting to be able also to record that the longer axis of the
Stone lay almost precisely north and south, and the opposite axis east
and west.^
The Stone is of a hard, whitish sandstone, a good deal weathered and
rounded at the edges. It measures 4 feet 9 in dies in length and 3 feet
2 inches in y>readth, and varies in thickness from 2 feet 6 inches to 1 foot
7 inches. The striation of the Stone has helped to efface the cuttings,
which, though perfectly clear and measurable, are shallow in proportion
* Though the fact that the Stone has for long been used as a seat must prevent
us from laying much stress upon the position of the marks, there is no evidence to
show that it was moved into its recent site.
USfiECORlJED CUP- AKD BIKG-MAHK8 IS VAHIOUS LOGALrTIKS. 323
to iheir width. And this feature I liave einiesivoured to portray Ui the
accompsiiiying iUustratioii (fig. 24). Begimiiiig at the north end of the
Stnue, there m one cup placed ju;3t where the outermost ring of thai
group touches the edge of tlie Stone. The ring hm a groove leading
towards but not into a central eup, and four other cu}.»d are placed on the
two outermost rings, there being four rings in thb group. The middle
Tnt
Fig. 23* Cup- ttnd Ring-marked Stone ihund in BlueU'U Wood, Lanpide,
group consists of a central cup and three rings, flanked on the west by a
raw of three cups (one of whicli is the largest of all), and on the east hy
u double row of six cups three of which are almost obliterated. This
middJe group is imperfectly concentrici two of its arcs running into the
fourth ring of the group on the south, which has a fine deeply picked
central cup. All the better-preserved rin^^s are very nearly 1 J inches in
width of cutting.
The djumeters of^fche outermost rings in each gioup are — of the north
324
PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, APRIL 9, 1906.
group 1 foot 9 inches, of the middle group 1 foot 5 inchep, and of the
south group 1 foot 7 inches. The cups vary in diameter from 3 inches
toU.
Considering the extremely easily weathered nature of this Stone, and
O.^
4
A
^ett
Fig. 24. Cup-marked Rock on Cmigmaddie Muir.
the fact that its sculptured surface has already suffered much ill-usage, its
present position, near the entrance of the Art Galleries, entirely unpro-
tected by a railing and exposed to all sorts of abuse by casual passers-by
as well as the weather, is not a fit and proper place for a Stone of sucli
interest.
326 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, APRIL 9, 1906.
No. 6. Amgaskf Glen/arg, Pert/ishire.— The small Stone bearing the
very clear and well-made cups shown in the next illustration (fig. 26)
was brought to my notice by Dr Mungle of Kinross during the summer
of 1905. How long before that it may have been known, I cannot
state ; but it was some time ago built into the east wall of the church-
yard, not many feet to the south of the gate.
The Stone is an oblong block of blue whin, measuring 18 by 13 J
inches. It contains sixteen plain cups which vary in diameter from
3 inches to IJ, and are all deep and neatly executed.
No, 7. Kirkmuir, Kirkdale, Stexoartry of Kirkcudbright, — In a former
paper ^ I put on record, through the readily afforded help of Mr Adam
Birrell of the Creetown Salmon Fishings, a fine group of cup- and ring-
marks found on Cambret Moor, Kirkmabreck. In July 1903 a notice
occurred in The Kirkcudbrightshire Advei'tiser, of which I give the
following abridgment : —
Another interesting group of cup- and ring-markings has been dis-
covered on Kirkmuir, near Kirkdale. Mr Robert Wilson, Cairnholy,
made the discovery this spring. They are situated in a field midway
between Cairnholy ^ and Kirkdale old churchyard. The plough was the
first to unearth them, as they were just six inches below the surface ;
and on further investigation were found to consist of fourteen finely cut
cups round two of which are the usual ring-marks.
The writer then goes on to note the various localities in the Kirkma-
breck district where cup-marked stones or rocks are to be seen. These
are at Ringdow, near Mossyard, at Lagganmullen, at Cauldside (on
Cairnharrow), at Cambret,^ on Glenquicken Muir, at Bardristane, and at
Cardoness.
' Proceedings^ vol, xxxvii. p. 219, and xxxiii. p. 369.
- Cairnholy and its adjacent lands are specially interesting. See Proceedings,
vol. xxiii. p. 161, and The Reliquary, vol. iii., No. 14, p. 8.
^ This Cambret sculpturing, which consists of a fine group of seven concen-
tric rings enclosing a central cup, may quite possibly be the stone described so long
ago by Rev. Andrew Symson as the " stone that hath on it that dmught commonly
called the walls of Troy *' (see Proceedings^ xxxiii. p. 369).
UNRECORDBD CUP- AND RING-MARKS IN VARIOUS LOCALITIES. 327
No, 8. Mo7ireithf Mochrum, Wigtoiorishire, — In a recently published
brochure ^ from the versatile pen of Mr Andrew Lang, there occurs the
following brief notice : —
*' I have seen the archaic patterns of concentric circles and fish spines
(or whatever we call the medial line with slanting side lines) neatly
designed in white on the flagstones in front of cottage doors in Galloway.
The cottagers dwelt near the rocks with similar patterns on the estate
of Monreith."
Under the impression that the rocks at Monreith with concentric rings,
etc., had never been recorded, I at once, on reading the above passage,
wrote to Sir Herbert Maxwell. His reply was to the following effect : —
" There are several (four) ^ cup- and ring-marked rocks on this estate,
most of which I caused the Ordnance surveyors to mark on their latest
maps. One rock, a glaciated surface of Lower Silurian, within a mile of
this house, bears a very extensive group. The road-surveyor began
quarrying for road-metal there some years ago, and brought me word of
the sculptures, which he found upon stripping the turf. I stopped the
destruction, and had the rock scheduled as an ancient monument.
The remainder of the turf has never been removed, so I do not know
how far the carvings extend. There are three large monoliths in the
next field, 9 and 10 feet high. The place is called Drumtrodden«
Druimtrodain, "The ridge of strife."
This discovery, and the prompt action taken by Sir Herbert Maxwell
towards the preservation of the sculptured rock, occurred so long ago as
1883. Three years later an account of some of these sculptured
surfaces appeared in The Galloway Gazette, accompanied by (so far as I
recollect) only one illustration. This was described and reproduced ^ in
my last notice of Cup- and Ring-marks.
In another letter Sir Herbert Maxwell names four other farm-lands as
having rock-sculptures. These are: Barwinnock, Balcraig, Knock, and
Blairbuy. Of none of these have we as yet any record whatsoever.
* The Clyde Mystery, p. 93. ^ Five, in reality, as will be seen later on.
* Proceedings, vol. xxxvii. p. 222.
330 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, APRIL 9, 1906.
A child's grave measured 3 feet 10 inches long by 1 foot 1 inch at the
head and 9 inches at the foot.
Each cist was full of iine red soil and contained a skeleton lying on
its back with the head to the west and the feet to the east No relic
of any kind was discovered with any of the interments, though the
earth in the coffins was well searched and tlie bones were picked out
with the greatest care by Mr Pirrie.
From the absence of any relic it is impossible to determine with
accuracy the date of this cemetery. But Professor Cunningham informs
me that, judging from the condition of the bones, it cannot be of ancient
date, certainly not earlier than the Christian Period.
Nunraw, as its name implies, was formerly the site of a nunnery ;
so at first sight it seemed probable that the cemetery was in connection
with such an establishment. But, judging from the number of male
skeletons and from the child's grave it has yielded, this hypothesis must
be abandoned. A very similar cemetery of fifty-one cists, disposed in
nine rows, was discovered some years ago near the Catstane, Kirkliston,
West Lothian, and is described in P.S.A.S., vi. 184-198.
Subjoined is a valuable detailed anatomical report on the human
remains by Mr Pirrie.
Hbport on the Human Remains from Nunraw, East Lothian. By
A. Mac'I'ier Pirrie, B.Sc, Anatomy Department, University of
Edinburgh.
In framing this report, the bones from each cist have been described
separately, as so many "Lots," each lot being from a separate cist.
There are in all thirteen lots, which were exhumed on two occasions.
On the first occasion, four lots were forwarded for examination. They
were from the highest part of the cemetery, and were in better preserva-
tion than those exhumed later. They also included the interesting
thigh bone which evidences marks of syphilis. This is remarkable when
taken in connection with the fact that the earliest recorded appearance
THE CEMBTERY OF NUNRAW, EAST LOTHIAN. 331
of syphilis in Europe is assigned by Simpson to the close of the fifteenth
century.^
On the second occasion on which bones were exhumed, the findings
were not so well preserved, as they were not interred in such dry soil,
Nevertheless they have yielded several points of anthropological interest
such as are seen in characteristics and configurations associated with the
races of bye-gone days, or with the lowest savages of the present time.
It is noteworthy that caries of the teeth is completely absent in this
series, notwithstanding that the majority of the teeth are ground flat
with use.
At the end there is a short summary giving some of the more
important conclusions as to sex, age, etc., with references to the detailed
description in the text.
The bones are to be seen in the Anatomy Department, University of
Edinburgh.
LOT No. 1.
General Description. — A thigh-bone of great interest, as it depends upon
the date assigned by the archieologists to the burving-ground whether this is
not the earliest specimen of syphilis on record, for on the lower part of the
bone there are undeniable marks of syphilis. Otherwise the bone shows some
degree of platymery, and a high degree of carination, both being characters
frequently associated with the femora of prehistoric races of man. It is a bone
of an adult, but not aged person, probably of the female sex.
Detailed Description. — The right femur. It does not present senile
characters, and it is on the whole rather slender. At the lower third of the
shaft it shows an oval thickening, rough behind, but smooth in front, pro-
nouncedly syphilitic (fig. 3).
Length (maximum) .... 419 mm.
„ (oblique) . 412 „
Platymery well marked.
Index of platymery : ?l^-iP9=65-6.
32
Carination prominent.
Pilastric index : 28x_100^ ^^^.^
24
P (probably) ; fully adult ; syphilitic.
^ Archceological Essay B^ by the late Sir James Y. Simpson, Bart., M.D., D.C.L ,
edited by John Stuart, LL.D., 1872, vol. ii p. 303.
THE CEMETERY OF NUNKAW, EAST LOTHIAN. 333
Left superior maxilla : the antrum appears well developed, and the palate
a little higher arched than normal.
Teeth : 1 molar, 2 premolars, I canine, and 1 lateral incisor.
Temporal bones : well-developed mastoids.
(2) Vertdtra. — These belong to the dorsal region.
(3) Humerus (right and left). — Strong, well-developed bones with well-
marked musculo-spiral groove.
(4) Clavicle (left). — This bone is markedly curved and more slender than
the other bones. It is also very long, indicating that the individual was
comparatively broad-shouldered.
(5) Radius (left) ; and VIim (right). — Stout bones with powerful muscular
markings.
(6) Femur (right). — Strong and long, but the head is absent. The upper
part of the shaft is markedly flattened, i,e. exhibits platymery (fig. 4).
2'!^ X 100
Index of platymery: — -o:^ — » ^•^' ^^'^.
3-6
Femur (left).
Index of platymery : ; i.e. iyS'i).
3'5
This indicates that the amount of flattening is greater on the right than on
the left side.
Associated with the platymery there is a well-marked hyix)ti*ochanteric
ridge and hvpotrochanteric fossa.
(7) Tibice and FibuUe (incomplete). — Only the upper part of the right tibia
and head of the left tibia are preserved ; the fibulai also are in fragments.
These fragments merit no special description.
(8) Fragments. — These include a large number of small pieces of ribs,
vertebne, scapuhe, skull, and other parts.
They liave been examined, but present no characters worthy of description.
(J ; middle-aged ; strongly built.
LOT No. 3.
General Description. — This lot includes some very well-preserved bones,
as well as a number of fragments. The bones are those of a male, of mature
adult life, perhaps approadiing 60, of very powerful build.
Detailed Description. — The bones include: (1) inferior maxilla;
(2) superior maxilla ; (3) frontal ; (4) temporals ; (6) basi -occiput ; (6) atlas ;
(7) axis ; (8) vertebrsB ; (9) clavicle ; (10) fragments.
(1) Inferior maxiUa, — This is a most handsome bone, powerfully and
massively built, with a complete set of teeth which are perfectly preserved,
though the crowns are worn with use, the eft'ect being similar to what is seen
in the dentary arcades in the Australian savage (fig. 5).
334
PEOCKEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, APRIL 9, 1905.
The genial tulwrcW ariil luttwiildr impressions are very pronimetit ; ehlii
square and [jrojectiiig.
Sympbysial lieiglit
Coronoid height ,
Omdyloid height . , ,
Ititergoruftl width .
Gonio^ijyniphyBiftl k*ugt!i
Breadth of a&(.'. rainu^ .
Angle about . .
Tlie teeth are fftirly large, probably iu'etty higlily mesodont in cliaiaeter.
31
turn.
61
ii
67
-i
104
n
83
n
36
*>
IhV
orl
Fig. 5, Lower Jaw, fioui Lot 3.
(2) Suprrwr moiicilia. — Cliaracter m keeping with the inferior maxilla. TUt;
teeth are all prei^erved^ att? large, and are worn f!at on the surface. The central
incisfn-i art^ very heavy teeth* and separated by a gap. The antrum of High-
more on the left side ia much leSH devcloi>ed tlian on the right ; it only reachea
to the first nmlar ti.K>th, It is not poBsiblt* to determine the palatal index.
The hard pakte h high, but has a flat roof, giving a rectangular appeai-ance on
tiTin^verse section. From tlie diaracter of tite lx:*ne, ei?i)ecially when placed in
situ with the inferior maxilla^ proljably this skull waa j prognathic, thnngh it is
not possible to measure the amotmt (fig. 6).
(3) Frontal.— Thh is h1&<) a very massive lione, with large supraorbital
ridgus. The frontal win^ises are very large. They reatsh high iip on the
forehead, and the two gide^ do not communicate. There are separate locnli at
the baae of the noae.
(4) T^m^raU, — These bonee show nothing special except very large inastoicla
with deep digastric grooves.
THE CEMETKBY OK NUNllAW, EAST LOTHIAN. 335
(5) BiMt'Oceiput. — This is joiin?ti to the tipheiioid ; the liasal syncUoudroEis
bemg completely ossified. The sphenoidal aiiiusta are large.
(H) Atim. — Very well preaervtid.
(7 J Ajtu. — AliK) very well presei-ved.
(8) V^i^nt, — Two cervical vertebra- both well preserved,
(9) OlavicU (left). ^^ Muscular impreasions not nemflrkably prominent^ nor the.
tjone particularly long.
(10) ira^me^nt^,— These belong to the vault and l)ast* of the skull ; ] left
acaptila (wbidi in powerful) ; rii*s^ utc.
fj ; probably about 50 ; very powerful build.
Fig* 6. U[ liter and L^wer Ja^s, from Lot S. The ujiper fraut
te«th do not overlap the lower scrtj but are ** apposed.*^
They »Tt therefore ground ^at, not chilis bwke.
LOT No. 4.
Gknebal Deschiption.^A shin-l>one. It exhibits a sabre4jte oliaracter,
Buch a.* h frequentlv seen in certain prehisloric races. It also shows a facet
.Kiiuilar to that which ia preseut in those rEce^^ tbiit Tissume a ei^inattiitg altitude
\^ hen i*itting. The l>one probably i>elonged to aa individual of the niale *&x.
Detailed De script ion, --The tibia of the left side. The bead i* a)>sent
The ihaft in stunt and strong, llie shaft is thin and coinpi'essed from side to
^ide, while the anterior liorder is Bharp and convex. It exhibits '* pktykneniia.''
Indtx of plaiykmm ('^ ' ?i^?i5? = mm.
THE CEMETERY OF NUNRAW, EAST LOTHIAN. 337
(1) Sphenoid (body and left wing). — It shows non-union of the basal
synchondrosis.
(2) Left petrous-temporal. — Partly eroded and semicircular canals exposed.
(3) Teeth. — Four molars, 2 incisors, and 1 canine. They are typical " milk-
teeth."
Child of 3 or 4 ; sex indeterminable.
LOT No. 6.
General Description. — Portions of skull and lower jaw of a fully adult
male, probably between 50 and 60 years of age.
Detailed Description. — The bones include: (1) calvarium ; (2) inferior
maxilla ; (3) superior maxilla ; (4) fragments.
(1) Calvarium. — Is made up of frontal, parietals, and part of the occipital.
The glabella, supraorbital ridges, and frontal sinuses are large. The saggital
and other sutures are obliterated on the inside ; hence age and sex.
Glabello-occipital length .175 mm.
Greatest breadth (parietal) . . 135 „
n I 1' r J 135x100 ^- ,
Cephalic Index : — — = 7 rl.
1/5
I.e. mesaticephalic, or, more strictly, subdolichocephalic.
(2) Inferior vmxilla. — Well preserved, only the left articular condyle missing.
The teeth are all present, but the right wisdom-tooth is not developed, or else
it has been lost very early in life, which is extremely improbable. Careful
dissection of the bone has failed to reveal any trace of it in an unerupted
condition. Chin rounded but prominent. The angle is rounded and open.
Symphysial height 27 mm.
Coronoid height 53 „
Condyloid height 64 „
Intergonial width 93 „
Gonio-symphysial length . . . 87 „
Breadth of asc. ramus (right) .34 „
(left) 29 „
Angle about 140°
(3) Superior maxilla. — Imperfect ; several teeth missing, but the dentary
arcade is handsome. No canes, but the teeth are worn.
(4) Fragments, — Of temporals, base and vault of the skull, ribs, and vertebrae.
^ ; between 50 and 60.
LOT No. 7.
General Description. — A skull, consisting mostly of the calvarium ; but
the roof of the orbits and the right temporal bone are preserved. The skull is
that of an adult male, probably about 60.
VOL. XL. 22
338 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, APRIL 9, 1906.
Detailed Description. — The \xmes (united together) are : (1) skull as a
whole ; (2) frontal ; (3) parietals ; (4) occipital ; (5) temporal.
(1) Skull as a whole. — The skull is symmetrical, and not very large. The
bones are light but well preserved. The sutures are all considerably obliter-
ated on the inner aspect, and on the outside the saggital suture is obliterated
at the region of the obelion. Hence the age of the skull is about 40. The
following measurements it has been found possible to take ; and, as the skull is
in good preservation, they will be found to be reliable.
Glabello-occipital len^h .135 mm.
Greatest breadth (parietal) . . . 178 „
n k r T ^ 135x100 ^^,^
tephmtc Index : ;;: = / o • / .
178
I.e. the skull is niesaticephalic, or, more correctly, subdolichocephalic.
Minimiuu frontal diameter
Stephanie diameter
Asterionic diameter
Horizontal circumference
Frontal longitudinal arc
Parietal longitudinal arc
96 mm.
108 „
100 „
505 „
138 „
116 „
(2) Frontal. — Large supraorbital ridges, and large supraorbital notches, the
right one being converteci into a foramen by a spicule of bone. The frontal
sinuses are large, and do not communicate. On the inner aspect of the left
frontal boss there is a strange appearance of erosion ; it looks pathological
rather than post-mortem. It suggests some thickening (localised) of the aura.
There are two deep depressions for Pacchionian bodies.
(3) Parietal. — Nothing to note except complete closure of the parietal
foramina, and commencing obliteration of the saggital suture in their
neighbourhood.
(4) Occipital. — Veiy projecting above the inion. There are several well-
marked Wormian bones.
(5) Temporal (right). — The mastoid process is very well developed, and
there is a deep digastric groove.
cJ ; approaching 50 ; moderate development.
LOT No. 8.
General Description. — A few fragmentary remains taken from one grave.
They include an imperfect lower jaw and fragments of bones of the extremities.
The bones evidently belonged to a pretty aged female.
Detailed Description. — The bones consist of : (1) inferior maxilla ;
(2) radius ; (3) tibia ; (4) axis.
(1) Inferior moMlla (rami incomplete). — Small, prominent, and narrow chin,
THE CEMETERY OF NUNRAW, EAST LOTHIAN. 339
and the genial tubercles are well marked. There are 7 teeth, which are consider-
ably worn, but exhibit no caries. The right ramus is set at an angle of 140° to
the body of the bone. The andle is, moreover, a very rounded one, and the bone
here worn-looking and thin. These characters indicate senility.
(2) Left radius, — Is slender, but exhibits no special characters.
(3) Left tibia. — Is also slender, and exhibits no special characters.
(4) Axis. — A little imperfect, and the odontoid process inclines somewhat to
the left.
P ; aged ; slender build.
LOT No. 9.
Qbneral Description. — Very fragmented and incomplete. The bones
evidently belong to a comparatively youi^ person, of the male sex, slight in
build, and rather poor in musculature. The only point of interest anthropo-
logically is an abnormality of the frontal bone. It presents a metopic suture,
a comparative rarity.
Detailed Description. — The bones consist of : (1) parts of skull ;
(2) humerus ; (3) femora ; (4) tibia.
(1) Skull (comminuted and incomplete).— The frontal lx)ne contains large
frontal sinuses, which do not communicate. The metopic suture is evident on
both aspects of the bone. The basi-occipital shows non-union of the basal
synchondrosis. Other portions are the right and left petrous- temporal ; and
fragmented portions of frontal, ]mrietal, occipital, and malar bones. One
molar tooth is worn more than the aj)parent age of the other bones would
indiaite.
(2) Right humerus (lower end lacking). — The muscular impressions are
fairly prominent.
(3) Femora (right femur). — The upi)er extremity and lower epiphysis are
lacking. It is a long and fairly slender bone. Left femur (lower end only).
The lower epiphysis is ununited.
(5J Right tibia (upper epiphysis and lower end lacking). — The upper
epipnysis has been ununited. The muscular impressions are poor.
fj ; under 20 ; slender build.
LOT No. 10.
General Description.— Very fragmented ix)rtions of skull The skull
when in situ was much deformed, being greatly flattened transversely. The
bones themselves are distorted, and some are thinned to scales. The bones are
of a young adult, but it is impossible to dogmatise of which sex ; though, from
the delicate nature of the bones and the character of the muscular impressions,
it is more probable that the bones are those of a female.
340 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, APRIL 9, 1906.
Detailed Description.— The bones consist of: (1) superior maxilla;
(2) temporals ; (3) malleus and incus ; (4) fragments.
(1) Superior maxilla (right). — This bone is interesting, as it shows an
unerupted wisdom-tooth, which is in relation to the floor of the antrum of High-
more. The bone itself is small, and is obviously that of a quite young adult,
not only from the character of the wisdom-tooth, but also from tlie position of
the antrum of Highmore, which is as yet far back. Teeth : second premolar,
2 molars, and the unerupted wisdom-tooth. They are not worn.
(2) Temporals (right and left). — Tlie mastoids are ix)orly developed, hence the
probability of the bones belonging to a young female.
(3) Malleus and incus. — These belong to the left side.
(4) Fragments, — These belong to the vault and base of the skidl, but call for
no special notice.
P (?) ; adolescent ; normal build.
LOT No. 11.
General Description. — A skull jxwrly preserved, with a portion of the
lower jaw. The remains have belonged to a strong woman of adult life.
Detailed Description. — The bones consist of : (1) skull ; (2) inferior
maxilla.
(1) Skull. — This is distorted and incomplete. The calvarium and left
temporal l)one are preserved. The sutures have sprung open, and the lx)nes
are distorted. Frontal sinuses and mastoid process small. Bosses (frontal and
parietal) large. Orbits small.
Glabello-occipital length 182 mm.
Greatest breadth (parietal) 132 „
Cephalic index : — -— — = 72*4.
182
/.e., dolichocephalic, but the measurements cannot Ije very accurate.
(2) Inferior maxilla (body and teeth alone). — The depth of the body is
small ; chin narrow, but the angle of the two sides at the chin is very wide.
Teeth very irregular I)Ut large. The wisdom-teeth and the first premolar on
the left side are missing. Tliere is no caries.
P ; adult ; strong ; dolichocephalic.
LOT No. 12.
General Description. — These bones are from tlie skull of an adult. The
base of the skull is fairly well preserved, but the vault is fragmented and
distorted. The sex is more probably female.
THE CEMETERY OF NUNRAW, EAST LOTHIAN.
341
Detailed Description. — The bones consist of: (1) base of skull ;
(2) parietal ; (3) occipital ; (4) fragments.
(1) Base of Skull. — This consists of : temporals (right and left), sphenoid,
and left half of the frontal. The skull is much distorted and erodwi. The
frontal sinuses are very small, but the sphenoidal are well developed. The
mastoids appear to be poorly developed. The sex is probably female, but it is
not possible to dogmatise. Basal synchondrosis ossified.
(2) Parietal (left). — Shows nothing to note.
(3) Occijnlal. — Shows a small inion.
(4) Fraffmerds. — Of the vault and base of the skull.
P (proliably) ; adult ; stature indeterminable.
LOT No. 13.
General Description. — A few fragments of skull. They have belonged to
a fully adult person, but the sex is indeterminable.
Detailed Description.— The bones include : (1) inferior maxilla ;
(2) basi-occiput and sphenoid ; (3) fragments.
(1) Inferior maxilla (right half only). — Distorted. Wisdom-tooth in situ,
worn but sound.
(2) Basi'OccipiU and Sphenoid, — United by ossification.
(3) Fragments. — Of the base and vault of the skull.
Adult : sex indeterminable.
SUMMARY AND INDEX.
Lot
Sex. Age.
Special Points.
Page.
No. 1.
P 23-50
Femur, syphilitic
331
„ 2.
(J 23-50
Platymery
332
„ 3.
cJ 23-50
Teeth apposed .
333
„ 4.
(J 23-50
Platyknemia
335
„ 5.
? 3 or 4
Child's bones .
336
„ 6.
3 Aged
Senility
337
» 7.
6 Aged
Senility, mesaticephaly
337
„ 8.
P Aged
Senility
338
„ 9.
<J Under 23
Metopism ....
339
„ 10.
p(?) Under 23
Unerupted wisdom-tooth .
339
„ 11.
P 23-50
Dolichocephaly
340
„ 12.
P (?) 23-50
None
340
„ 13.
? 23-60
None
341
342 PROCEEDINGS OK THE SOCIETY, APRIL 9, 1906.
Summary of Sex.
Males 6
Female? 5 (2 doubtful).
Indeterminable 2
Total 13
Summary of Age.
Under 23 3 (1 child).
23 to 50 7
Over 50 3
Total 13
Monday, Uth May 1906.
Mr THOMAS ROSS in the Chair.
A Ballot having been taken,
Donald Graham Campbell, M.B., CM., 30 North Street, Elgin,
was duly elected a Fellow of the Society.
The following donations to the Museum and Library were laid on the
table, and thanks voted to the Donors : —
(1) By Norman B. Kinnear, 12 Grosvenor Crescent.
An ornamented Fillet of thin Bronze, and five Bosses of Bronze, found
together in Dumfriesshire many years ago, the locality being now
unknown.
The Fillet, of which a portion is shown of the actual size in fig. 1, has
originally exceeded 18 inches in length, and seems to have been of the
uniform width of 1^ inches, ornamented in delicate repousse work, with
a running scroll half an inch in width of leafless shoots, intertwining and
terminating in triplets of fruit, the scroll being bordered on both sides by
an arcaded margin, less than a quarter of an incli in width, having very
POHATTONS TO THE .MUSEUM AND LIBRAUY. 34S
^mall bcigses between tlie cuuvexities of the seinicireles of the arcade.
The scroll-work has much in commou with that of the scrolls on the
sculptured nionnnieiitg of Nortliumliria,
Portions of five or six Iwsses of tliiunish liri^tize, about 2| inches in
diameter These api>6ar to have l>eeii fixed on something, as they have
small pin-holes about IJ inches apart, round their outer margins. They
are all phi in and mudi hrokeUi and seem to have had hut a slight con-
vexity in most cases, one only showing a height in the centre of ahout
half an inch.
Stone Mould found also in Dumfriesshire, 3j^ inches in length hy 2|
^-ii-sV->>-,>N'^
Fig. 1, Portion of a Fillet of Bronze ornameDted in repou^i^ witli
& running scrolL (\.)
inches in bi-eadth at the widest part^ narrowing considerably towards
one end, the thickness being about half an inch throughout. On one
face are lour dowels to fit the wanting half of the mould. On this
lace also are three moulding cavities, each having a separate pouring
channel continued to the outside edge of the atone. One is intended to
east a kind of trefoil-shaped pendant 1 1 inches in length and 1 1 inches in
breadth, with a sfpiare projection at the top hall an inch in width and
projecting about a quarter of an inch, having in its centre a square hole
nearly a quarter of an inch wide. In each lobe of the trefoil-shaped
part is a boss having a small boss on its summit surrounded by four
small bosses at equal distances. In the centre between the tliree lobes
of the trefoil is a small boss surrounded by six smaller bosses, and the
344 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, MAY 14, 1906.
outlines of the trefoil shape are margined by closely set bosses of the
smaller size. A boss of the same size as the one in the centre is placed
at the lower point of the trefoil shape.
The second moulding cavity is for a pendant of the shape of a heart,
measuring ^bout 1^ inches in height and the same in greatest width,
having a semicircular projection at the top pierced with an aperture for
suspension. The heart shape is outlined by a finely beaded line and
rises to a slight convexity in the centre. The marginal portion round
the heart shape is outlined in semicircular projections, each containing
a small ring with a tiny boss as a centre. The interior of the heart
shape is filled with similar rings and tiny central bosses.
The third moulding cavity is for a small boss five-eighths of an inch in
diameter, the convex surface of which is studded with extremely tiny
bosses or projections.
The reverse face of the mould has a large shallow moulding cavity
2| inches in length, and 2^ inches in width at the one end and IJ
inches at the other. The cavity is flat in the bottom but has double
parallel lines scored pretty deeply lengthwise down the centre, and a
triple set along one side, which has also a row of marginal pro-
jections nearly half an inch in length and about a sixteenth of an inch
apart. These projections have rounded ends, and are lined across by
three ribs. There has been some more recent scoring in the flat bed of
the mould, so that it is uncertain how many of the parallel lines running
lengthwise along it may be original.
Seven small Tobacco Pipes of seventeenth or eighteenth century, found
in Dumfriesshire. Most of them have stamps on the heel of the bowl,
some showing a triple-towered castle, one a wheel-like device with dots
between the spokes ; one has the initials PP or RP on a heart-shaped
stamp, and two have the initials IC with G below.
(2) By Robert H. Bell, Symbister, Whalsay, Shetland.
Small oval Cup of steatite measuring 4i inches in length by 3 J inches
in greatest breadth and IJ inches in depth, the bottom rounded both
DONATIONS TO THE MUSEUM AND LIBRARY. 345
inside and outside, and the sides slightly bevelled at the top. It was
found in the neighbourhood of the ruins of a supposed broch at
Symbister.
(3) By Lewis Bilton, W.S., F.S.A. Scot.
Description of the City House of Amsterdam, with an explication of
the Emblematical Figures, Painting, and Images, etc., which are within
and without this glorious building. At Amsterdam. By Peter Mortier.
With privilege. 1766. 12mo. With four folding plates.
(4) By the Rymour Club, Edinburgh, through Alan Reid, F.S.A.
Scot., their Secretary.
Miscellanea of the Rymour Club. Part I., 1906. Printed for
meml)ers only.
(5) By Miss Amy Frances Yule, Lady Associate,
Tally-stick of the reign of Charles II., from the Treasury Records of
Bombay. It is a split stem of a light, soft wood, which has been about
an inch in diameter, but is now cut nearly square in section, the corners
showing over an eighth of an inch of the silvery bark. At a distance of
2J inches from one end the squared stick has been cut obliquely across
to a depth of a little more than half its thickness, and then split longi-
tudinally all the way to the other end, which is pointed by two sharp
cuts meeting each other obliquely in the middle. Counting from the
point, there are ten nicks made on the side of the tally, which would
also be marked on the corresponding half. Along the broadest edge is
written : — Gubernator et Societas Mercatorum Negotiantium ad Indos
Orientales pro Redditu per ipsos solubili in Anno pro Portu et Insula de
Bomboij apud Indos predictos virtute Literarum Patentium sub magno
Sigillo Anglie datarum xxvij™® Martij Anglia Anno nuper Caroli Secundi
XX™* pro uno anno finito xxx die Septembris ultime preterito Michaelis
xxiiij die Januarij Anno Jacobi Secundi iij.
In a letter accompanying the donation, Miss Yule says : — " The
346
PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, MAY 14, 1906.
tally- stick is stated to have formed part of the Treasury Records of
Bombay in the reign of King Charles II., after his acquisition of that
valuable dependency. It came into my possession in the following
manner. In or al)out 1886, a few of these tallies turned up unexpectedly
among the records at the India Office, and some of the then members
Scale -fe IvmoLZ •
Fig. 2. Symbols on Stone at Advie, Strathspey.
of Council who were interested in the find received permission each to
take one. The tally -stick which 1 now present to the Museum fell to
the share of my father, the late Colonel Sir Henry Yule, R.E. I am
afraid that those not appropriated were destroyed, but am not certain."
(6) By Rev. J. M. Joass, LL.I)., Golspie, Corr. Mem. S.A. Scot.
Rubbing, with a reduced pen-and-ink Drawing (fig. 2), of a hitherto
DONATIONS TO THE MUSEUM AND LIBRARY. 347
undescribed Sculptured Stone with symbols, now l)uilt into the vestry
-wall of the church at Advie, in Strathspey. The rubbing was sent to
Dr Joass by W. Forsyth, Esq., M.D., of Bombay, who had observed
the stone when on a visit to Advie. The history of the stone, so far
as known to Rev. John Liddel, minister of the parish, is that it was
believed to have been found in the old burial-ground of the parish near
the river, and about a mile distant from the present church. It was at
one time used as part of a lintel of a window in the old clmrch, and
after this was pulled down it was fixed in a wall to serve as a projecting
stepping-stone. From this position Mr Liddel rescued it, and had it fixed
for preservation in the vestry wall, where it now is. The stone is 3 feet
in length by 1 foot 4 inches in greatest breadth, but is not complete,
having been broken lengthways, as shown by the absence of the half of
the crescent symbol on the right side. Dr Joass's drawing (fig. 2) gives
a good idea of the incised symbols remaining on the broken stone, and
he observes that the same two symbols occur in the same relation to
each other (or nearly so) on a stone with four symbols at Inverury,
Aberdeenshire, and on another stone at Mounie, in the same county,
although in both these cases the symbols are less elaborately filled in.
(7) By Rev. Alexander Mackintosh, as executor of the late Rev.
Allan M*Donald, Eriskay, South Uist.
Bronze hilt and pommel of an iron double-edged Sword of the Viking
time, iron Spear-head, and quadrangular Whetstone, dug up by the late
Rev. Allan M*Donald, in the island of Eriskay, South Uist. [The
sword-hilt is figured, and it and the other articles described, at p. 215,
arUea.]
The following purchases acquired by the Purchase Committee for the
Museum and Library during the session 30tli November to 14tli May,
were exhibited : —
Two Celtic Brooches of Silver, found many years ago in the neighbour-
348 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, MAY 14, 1906.
hood of Perth. These brooches were first exhibited to the Society by
the hite Mr Andrew Heiton, F.S.A. Scot., in whose possession they then
were, in 1872, and are noticed in the Proceedings, vol. x. p. 27, but
without detailed description or illustration. They were afterwards
described with illustrations by Dr Joseph Anderson in the Proeeedit^s^
vol. xiv. p. 449.
The smaller and finer of the two brooches (fig. 3) is of silver and
penannular, the ends terminating in circular expansions. The penannular
ring of the brooch is a flat band half an inch in width, ornamented by
two rows of gilt bosses in a sunk panel. A raised band of semi-
cylindrical form separates the two rows of bosses, and divides the
panel into two equal parts longitudinally. The middle part of the ring
of the brooch opposite to the penannular opening is occupied by au
oblong panel with rounded ends, the flat bottom of which was originally
c(n'ered by a gold plate ornamented with filigree work. This had been
extracted and melted before the brooch came into Mr Heiton's possession.
Towards the terminations of the penannular ring, where they join with
the circular discs which form the expanded ends, there are half-oval
panels similarly filled with gold plates ornamented with filigree work.
From one of these half-oval panels the gold plate has been extracted
and lost, but it remains in the other, and presents the figure of a
serpentine creature twisted into a double figure of eight, formed by fine
filigree work of beaded or notched gold- wire. The circular discs forming
the penannular terminations have a chased border of S-shaped scrolls.
On this border rest the heads of three dog-like animals placed with their
muzzles prv)jecting towards the centre of the disc and dividing the circular
space into three sections. The centre of the disc is occupied by a setting
of red glass fixed in a thin circular plate of gold three-quarters of an inch
in diameter, ornamented with a figure of eight pattern in filigree work of
beaded gold wire. Surrounding this central plate is a concentric circular
border three-sixteenths of an inch wide, enclosed between raised margins
of silver, and subdivided into three panels of equal length by the heads
of the dog-like animals before mentioned, whose muzzles extend across
350 PROCBBDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, MAY 14, 1906.
the panel to the inner raised margin. These panels are filled with thin
plates of gold decorated with an interlaced pattern in plain raised lines.
The pin of the brooch, 5i inches in length, is loosely attached by a loop
passing round tlie back of the ring, which gives it free play. The head
of the pin is expanded into a convex oval with a central setting, now
gone, surrounded by an oval panel ornamented with double-sftiral scrolls
of beaded filigree implanted on gold plate. A chased and gilt pattern
of interlaced work runs down the whole length of the front of the pin.
The larger brooch, which is also penannular in form, with expanded
ends, is decorated entirely by chasing. There is no gold plating and no
filigree. The ring of the brooch shows a small boss in the middle of
its curvature opposite to the penannular opening, and the spaces between
this central panel and the commencement of the expanded ends are
filled on either side with a species of lacertine decoration, the body of
the animal ))eing indicated by a semicylindrical band along the middle
of the panel lengthways, from a fish-like tail-piece to an exceedingly
rudely indicated head with lozenge-shaped eyes and a projecting snout.
The spaces on both sides of the body are filled with simulated interlaced
work. The expanded ends are nearly triangular in shape and richly
chased. The outer curve of each shows a narrow l)order filled with a
simple plait of two strands, the inner border a thicker plait roughened
on the surface with pellets. The s^Mices between these borders are
filled with two rosette-like figures, one of which is in the rounded corner
of the space ; the other is almost in the middle of the field, which is
covered with interlacements, roughened with pellets. The pin, which is
8 J inches in length, has a loop going loosely over the back of the ring of
the brooch, and is ornamented by a triangular pattern of interlaced work
on the front of the upper part and a small oval in the middle of its
length.
A polished Stone Axe of indurated clay-slate, 3J inches in length
by 2J inches in greater breadth at the cutting edge, and three-quarters
of an inch in thickness, the sides rounded off, and tapering to the butt,
which is slightly broken, found at Forgandenny, Perthshire.
PURCHASES FOR THE MUSEUM AND LIBRARY. 351
Polished Adze of porpliyritic stone, 10 J inches in length, 2 J inches in
breadth above the rounded cutting edge, and IJ inches in greatest
thickness, the sides swelling slightly from the cutting edge upwards to
about one-third of the length, and tapering thence to a rounded butt 1 J
inches in width. One face of the implement is flattened to a slight curva-
ture near the sides, the other face is boldly rounded, and the flatter face
shows polish by friction where it has been flxed on to the handle. This
fine adze was found in a moss in Del ting, Shetland.
Axe of greenstone, 6\ inches in length by 2 inches in breadth above
the rounded cutting edge, and 1 \ inches in thickness, the sides rounded and
tapering to an ovally rounded butt, found at Dunnottar, Kincardineshire.
Five hundred drawings, sketches, and sheets of measurements of the
Ecclesiastical Buildings and Monuments in lona, made by the late Sir
Henry Dryden, Rart., 1874-1877.
There were exhil)ited : —
(1) By Mr John M. Orr, Saltcoats—
Three of the Cinerary Urns found in the Cairn at Stevenston.
(2) By Bailie Joseph Downes, Irvine —
Cylindrical Beads of Greenish Vitreous Paste, found in Stevenston
Sands.
(3) By Dr Mungle, Kinross —
Pounder of Quartzite, found in tlie Stone Circle at Orwell, Kinross-
shire.
The following Communications were read : —
352 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, MAY 14, 1906.
I.
NOTICE OF A JUG OF PECULIAR FORM FOUND AT FORFAR, WITH
AN ADDITIONAL NOTE ON THE OCCURRENCE OF EARTHENWARE
JUGS OR JARS BUILT INTO THE WALLS OF DWELLING-HOUSES
IN SCOTLAND. By ALEXANDER HUTCHESON, F. S. A. Scot. , Broughtt
Ferky.
On 29th May 1905, in a conversation with Mr William CargiH,
builder, Forfar, he told me of a remarkable Jug (fig. 1) which he had
found in Forfar during some excavations about eighteen years before.
The Jug was found in clay, at a depth of about 2 feet from the surface,
in a low-lying district of the town, now known as Canmore Park. The
Jug is now in possession of Mrs Alex. Cargill.
It is of reddish clay, fully a quarter of an inch thick, well formed, like
the ordinary domestic jug, with a moulded bow-handle on one side,
bulging body, slightly moulded narrow neck, very slightly everted at the
lip, which at front has a small depression or a spout.
The Jug, which measures lOi inches in height, 3| inches diameter at
mouth, 8f inclies at widest part, and 6 inches across where the bottom
begins, is in perfect condition, except that it has lost, probably from long
immersion in damp soil, a yellowish-green glaze with which it had at one
time been covered, evidences of which exist in small patches here and
there over its surface.
The remarkable feature of the Jug, however, is in the form of the
bottom, which is rounded, so that it cannot stand in an upright position,
but is in danger of falling over on its side. To prevent this it has,
arranged at about equal distances apart round the bottom, a series of
three groups of slight projections formed by the impress of the finger-
points of the maker, who, by pulling downwards the soft clay, has formed
a sliglitly serrated edge, which (like the legs of the once familiar
three-legged pot) serves the purpose of keeping the round-bottomed
vessel from capsizing, since, in whatever direction tlie Jug should incline.
JUG OF PKCUL1A.R FORM FOUND AT FORFAR.
it IS always caught and held by twu of tlie three groupsi of ridges
referred to. This is well shown in the acconiiKinyitig photograph
^ftee fig, I }.
This feature of groups of finger-prints around the hase of a jug is not
hiu:. 1. K^^rU^.^ii^
S"Uh4l
Hnknowr*. Several jug^, hial with Hat Itottonis exhibiting groups of
fiiiger-printSj are preserved in the Guildhall Museum, LondoUj and are
ilhistnited in the catalogue.^ The Guildlmll examples may possihJy be
regarded! as more recent types, interesting as exemplifying a survival of
a pnnnice whieh, but for the discovery of this Forfar jug, might have
\)^n regarded as purely ornamental.
1 Guildhcvll Musi*«iii Catalogue, PkUi LXVK, Nus, B^nd 0, LXVIL, 9 ; pj>* 17P,
m; 180, 1U9; IgO, 104.
VOL. XL. 23
354 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, MAY 14, 1906.
The Guildhall flat-bottomed jugs with finger-pressed bases are ascribed
to the fourteenth century. In the Guide to English pottery in the
British Museum, there is a jug illustrated similar to one shown in the
Louterell Psalter of early fourteenth century. It has a slightly convex
base, with the edges thumbed down to form a series of supports which
counteract the rotundity of the base.
The photograph by ^Ir David Barnet, Science and Art Master, Forfar,
was obligingly procured for me by Mr John Knox, The Schoolhoiise,
Forfar, to illustrate this paper.
Additional Note on the Occurrknce of Earthenware Jugs or Jars built
INTO the Walls of Dwellino-Houses in Scotland. By Alexakoer
HuTCHFJsoN, F.S.A. Scot.
Since writing the note which appeared in last year's Proceedings (see
Proc, xxxix. pp. 387-393), I have learned of yet another instance of the
practice in Dundee. The house, a building of three storeys, still stands
at the east end of Castle Lane, fronting to a narrow wynd, which turns
off abruptly to the south, anciently known as **The Gote," or "Goat
Wynd." In the south gable of this building, in the course of its being
repointed, two jugs were recently discovered and removed. They were
placed " high up " between the windows, and with their orifices flush
with the external surface of the wall, as already described for all the
other examples noted ; but one of the jugs is the largest of all the
specimens yet observed. It was broken when discovered, and broken
still more in removal, so that its height cannot be ascertained, but it
measures 9^ inches in diameter at the widest part, 4 inches across the
base, and in its broken state 10^ inches in height. It has at one side
the base of a handle, marked with double depressions as of the thumbs
of the maker. Assuming this handle to have been of the bow-form,
like that of the other jugs noted, this specimen had been at least 12
inches in height.
The previously noted Dundee examples averaged 5 to 6 inches, while
those found at Innernethy were 9 to 10 inches high. The destruction
EAKTHENWARE JUGS BUILT INTO WALLS. 355
of the neck is much to be regretted, as from a small fragment left it
appears to have been richly ornamented, as shown by a ring of festoon-
like scollops, partly indented and partly raised, with alternately moulded
bands encircling it.
No evidence is available as to when this building was erected, but
there is no reason to ascribe it to a time more remote than the beginning
of the eighteenth cfentury, in which case it would be the latest example
of the jug practice, which I had ascribed to the hundred years from
1580 to 1680, a period which I have supposed to be covered by the
other examples noted.
II.
NOTICE OF AN EARTH-HOUSE AT ARDEOSS, FIFE.
By p. MACGREGOR CHALMERS, F.S.A. Scot.
The Largo Field Naturalists* Society were searching in the East Cairn
Park, on the farm of Ardross, near Elie, Fife, when, on the 27th March
1878, Mr John Luke discovered an Earth-house, but at a point east of
that indicated by local tradition. Reference was made to the discovery
at the time in the local newspaper, and in the Society's Proceedifigtij
voL xii. p. 626, in a communication by Mr Charles Howie, Secretary of
the Largo Field Naturalists' Society. A plan was made in the following
August by Mr Boothby of Kirkcaldy.
The field was being ploughed on the 2nd March last, when one of the
roof-stones of an earth-house was acidentally discovered. The building
was examined on the 5th March. When compared with Mr Boothby 's
plan in the possession of Mr Jamieson, Mr Baird's factor, it was found
that this was the same structure as that discovered in 1 878.
As no plan accompanied the original notice in the Society's Fro-
ceedingSf it may be of interest now to complete the record by the plan
(fig. 1) and description here given.
The site of the structure is near the summit of the rising ground,
about a quarter of a mile north of the farm of Ardross. It commands a
356
PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, MAY 14, 1906.
wide view. The entrance is on the east side. The floor of the passage
is reached by a stair of ten well-constructed steps leading downwards.
Unfortunately the walls and ceiling at this part have been destroyed, and
it is impossible to determine the character of the entrance. The height
PLA/1 or CARTTt-ttOUSC
ARDRosarrirc:
i_
Secrion
on Line A- A
jBCTlOn
on Line D-&
)^^'-^ 9rps . , . |a, . , . |g
J£J^
Fig.l.
of the ceiling of the passage is 4 feet 2 inches, measuring from' the
top of the lowest step. The floor is of compact sand. The walls are
constructed without mortar, of small undressed fragments of local
sandstone, roofed over with slabs of the same material. The passage is
about 2 feet 6 inches wide, and about 4 feet high. Two jambs, 3 inches
KARTH-HOUSE AT ARDROSS, FIFE. 357
thick, project from the walls some distance from the entrance, narrowing
the passage-way to 1 foot 10 inches. The stones are 2 feet 6 inches and
2 feet 9 inches high, and they rest upon a sill-stone 12 inches
broad. There is a small recess or pocket in the wall, 10 inches west of
the south jamh. Its edges have been worn smooth. The ceiling is
reduced to 3 feet 6 inches in height, at a point 2 feet east of the jamb-
stones. The total length of the passage is about 60 feet. The
chamber at the west end is 1 2 feet 8 inches long, 7 feet 2 inches broad,
and 5 feet 9 inches high. The level of the floor is three steps lower
than the level of the passage. The walls lean towards each other, so
that at the ceiling they are only 5 feet 6 inches apart. The roofing
stones are 7| inches thick.
A carefully tooled stone was discovered in the east wall of the passage
near the ceiling, and about 8 feet from the north angle before the passage
turns westward to the chamber. It is 6 inches square, smooth on the
surface, but marked by thin concentric lines. There is a circular hollow
in the centre, 3 inches in diameter, and 1^ inches deep.
A broken and irregular block of whinstone was found detached in
the debris at the entrance staircase. It is 2 feet 2 inches long, 8^
inches thick, and is now 14 inches in breadth. There is a socket-hole
1 J inches in diameter and 2 inches deep about 2 J inches from the broken
edge, and nearly equidistant from the other three sides. The surface is
not perfectly level, but slopes downward a quarter of an inch all round
from the level of the socket-hole. The surface is marked by concentric
scratchings caused by some circular grinding action.
There is some reason to believe that local tradition is well founded,
and that there are other early structures in this East Cairn Park to the
west of the Earth-house now described. Mr Berwick, of Ardross Farm,
has marked the site of a group of stones under the surface of the field,
which may be investigated after harvest.
358 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, MAY 14, 1906.
III.
NOTICE OF THE EXPLORATION OF THE CASTLE ON THE ISLE OF LOCH
DOCHART, PERTHSHIRE. By Mrs PLACE of Loch Dochart. With
Drawings of the Objects found, by Mr GORDON PLACE, and Plans and
View of the Castle by Mr THOMAS ROSS, Architect, F.S.A. Scot.
This ruined castle is situated on an island in Loch Dochart, about
li miles down the river from Crianlarich Railway Station. The loch,
island, and castle are all of small dimensions. The island is not much
beyond a stone-throw from the level southern shore, along which the
road and railway pass, and a little more from the northern, which is,
however, the descent of a lofty precipitous mountain. It is fully an acre
in extent, is thickly wooded, and is generally rocky and precipitous,
rising perhaps about 18 feet at the highest part above the water. The
landing place is on the east side, in a little bay which just holds a
rowing boat. (See fig. 1.) Besides the Castle, there are on the island
the ruins of two buildings, probably offices, and on the highest part the
foundations of a small round structure.
Few oral traditions appear to have gathered around this castle,
probably because it was long ago burned with such intent and complete
finality. There is a tradition that it was once (or that there was on the
island) a religious house. We have in our house at Ix)ch Dochart a
very curious old coloured print called "Loch Dochart, Western
Highlands. I. Walmsley, pinxit; F. T. Sargent, Sculpt, 1718."
This, although like the rocky island and possibly like the road before
the railway was made, and in outline like the castle, gives largQ
ecclesiastical Gothic windows. Now, the window in the east gable,
very ruinous and broken, has been a lofty narrow one going through
two storeys, and probably had a pointed form at the top, which may
have given rise to the religious-liouse tradition. Otherwise the windows
are small.
Some guide-books say that Bruce sheltered here after the battle of
KXPLORATION OF THE CASTLE ON THE ISLE OF LOCH DOCHART. 359
Dairy, a few miles further up the glen ; and quite recently photo-
graphers have begun to print views of the building as **Rob Roy's
Castle, Loch Dochart," neither statement resting on any foundation — as
from the Black Book of Tay mouth (p. 35) we learn that Sir Duncan
Campbell, seventh Laird of Glenorchy, "biggit the howss of Locli-
dochart, for the workmanship quhairof he gaiff twa thowsand mark is,
anno" — ; the date is not filled in, and can only be fixed as between
I I I I I I I I I |/oo FEET
Fig. 1. Plan of the Island in Loch Dochart. By Thomas Ross, F.S.A. Scot.
the year of his succession, 1583, and the year of his death, 1631. The
house cost him about £1333. The broken atone tablet with his coat
of arms (fig. 2) was found near the doorway. It is quartered 1st and
4th, Campbell; 2nd, the Lordship of Lorn; 3rd, Stewart of Lorn.
The ninth Laird of Glenurchy, Sir Robert Campbell, who succeeded in
1640, gave to Alexander Campbell, his fourth son, "the lands about
Loch Dochart, viz.: — the YU of Lochdochart and Loch, the port of
Lochdochart, Cremlarich, Innerhariff, Gynith, Innerhaggemeybeg and
Innerhaggemeyemoir, with the scheillis of Conench, Doonich, and
Learagan, quhich ar holdine in feu of the house of Glenurquhay."
EXPLORATION OF THE CASTLR ON THE ISLIS OF LOCH UOCHART. 361
currant and gooseberry }}iislita a^d a real white-heart cherry-tree bore
testimony to an ancient garden ontHide.
We used to picnic on the island^ and tbere was only one sj>ot where
we fouUi have luncheon free from the stinging, prickly* sti-ong-snielling
vegetation. It stood rather out to the loch^ on the aunny suiith .side,
commanding a splendid view of Ben More.
Here on one occasion alMDnt the p^^riml indicated, after luncheon, the
boys and girls of the party began a stone- thro wing competition, and soon
^^
Fig. 3. £&rtbenw«tre Jug fouud iu the dungeon (6 laches iti height).
ipreai blocks began to Ijc flung into the loch. Then I spoke out the
wifllL of my heart for many a day. ** Oh, I do wish we could clear all
these stones away, and see what the castle was really like, and pitt it
right and take an interest in it." As happens when there is a proposal
of sport being turned into work, some were willing and others were not ;
the latter thought they had better go a-fishing— and to fish they %venL
Well, we who remained and two boatmen set to work, and hy the time
the fishers returned to tea, what had we to sljow them 1 A dungmn
%fmt deep^ quite cleared out I Tbiw was the projecting round tower on
which we used to encamp, then a mere heap of atones clear of vegetation.
362 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, BiAY 14. 1906.
The dungeon seems strongly built on the solid rock. An iron staple
fixed in the wall, and another knocked out by the falling masonry, was
suggestive of the poor prisoner, as were the remains of a knife found on
the floor, which had been worn into a hollow, possibly by an endeavour
to file a chain ; also the small pieces of a jug, of coarse ware (fig. 3),
which we pieced together.
There were also quantities of bones found, charred beyond recognition
of their kind. From the bottom of the dungeon there is a flue 20 inches
wide by 12 inches high, which runs along below the east wall of the
castle, — a contrivance not unlike what is found in connection with the
dungeons at Craigmillar Castle.
After our first day's work, we consulted as to the prosecution of the
undertaking, and decided that on such days as could be given up by the
votaries of sport, we would take time at the castle and try to see what it
had been like — and on ojf days, perhaps four in a season for ten years,
we worked at it. We had men who worked splendidly, often kind and
enthusiastic visitors, and always a band of busy, sharp-eyed boys and
girls looking out for curios. The result of our labours is that whereas
we used to climb over heaps of stones, now we walk in through a door-
way which had been secured with a sliding bar, and find ourselves in a
hall (see fig. 4) 28 feet long by 17 feet wide, with a projecting ingle
nook about 9 feet square, having a small window on each side, and one
in the centre, thus commanding the whole length of the loch and the
glen. There is a round arch at the back, 7 feet 6 inches above the
floor, to support an intake of the wall above, shown by a dotted line
on the plan. This ingle nook, tlie hearth of which is paved, prob-
ably served as the kitchen. Leading off" the hall is a private room,
up one step, about 8 feet wide, with a good fireplace and a small
window. There are several presses in the walls, all about 3 feet above
the floor, except one, a garderobe, with a rounded end, which comes to
the floor— it is situated at the door- leading to the private room. Near
this is a wheel stair in a projecting turret leading to the upper floors.
On the south side another wheel stair in a similar turret has led to the
KXPLORAnON OP THS CASTLE ON THE ISLE OF LOCH DOCBART.
Upper roomi at the east end of the house^ and to the room m the pro-
jecting round tower at the south-east angle. There is no enttaiice to the
[prison in this t«>wer on the g:round floor, which has been readied by a
tnip in the tloor above, to wliiuh the Btair gave access, so that it may he
guppoBed to have been a prison* It has a amall window or breathing-
M u j
Fig, 4* Grouad-plttn of th^ Castle on the lile of Loch Deohart.
By Thonuis Kf>Bs, KS.A.Soot.
hole, with a kind uf projecting; ^hoot or sink in the silh The turret
readies the edge of the roi;k, wliich is bere preeipitouSj aWut 12 feet
higb, with deep water l>eIow» The north and south walls are now
about 7 or S feet Idgh, The gables are much higher, the eaat one being
almoat entire, hut up the line of the recess of the windows of the two
opper floors it is reiit, and tlie northern half is tottering to its fall, and
wotdd have fallen ere this if we had not had it propped with railway
nidi.
364
PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, MAY 14, 1906.
The ingle nook stands nearly its full height, and has been finished as
a tower-like, picturesque chimney with several intakes. The ingle nook
is a frequent feature in houses after the Reformation, and this is one
of the most important.
The house was three storeys high ; the upper floor had dormer
windows ; the tympanum of one, quite entire and of good design, is lying
-11 ^
Fig. 5. Dormer Window and its Tymi>anum, as it would have appeared in position.
among the ruins, and is shown as it would have appeared in its original
position in fig. 5.
This house has been planned as a place of residence rather than of
defence — its position on a deep loch being its security. It was meant
to be a comfortable, dry, and sanitary abode, and had throughout an
excellent timber floor, of which w^e found the charred remains 2 inches
thick ; under this a layer of fine sand fully 18 inches deep, which must
have been carried thither, there being none on the island. This was a
most careful preparation for a timber floor. There were many evidences
Fig> 8. Fig, il.
Interlocked Window-bsra, 8tiiTU|i, Fitft-dog, and l*!iirthenwATi? .Im.
366
PROCKKDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, MAY 14, 1906.
of the place having been destroyed by fire, and in the Blcick Book (p. 100)
we are told that in the Civil Wars of the years 1644 and 1645 the LAird
of Glenurchy^s whole lands were ravaged by the Royalist forces under
the Marquis of Montrose, the whole cattle of the tenants taken away,
and their " comes, houses, plenisching and whole insight brunt." It is
then added : " Notandum that John M*Nab fiar of Bo wane, and Alexander
M*Inlay M*Nab in Inschewine, with the whole of Clan Nab joynit
with foresaid enemies and took in the y^^ of Loch Dochart, quhich y" of
Fig. 10. Axe of Iron.
[joch Dochart was violently taken from them again in Anno 1646, and
brunt throw their default." It is evident that after such a conflag-
ration, which fused the roof -slates and reduced the floor to charcoal,
little of the plenishing could remain. In the Great Hall beside the
entrance we found the great iron lock and key, and at the adjoining
window the iron-barred grating shown in fig. 6. In the hall we found
several locks and keys, two odd spurs, a stirrup (fig. 7), a salmon spear,
part of a bridle-bit, and part of a lock of a flint gun ; an iron fire-dog (fig.
8) with a forked top and hooks at the side, an iron saddle-tree, four small
horseshoes, a jug like the one found in the dungeon, and another (fig. 9)
EXPLOiiAKOK OF THE CA8TLE ON THE ISLE OF LUCl! DOCnAKT. 307
9 inches in height but iu fragmentfi, which we pieced together;
|wo saw^ two axes (tig. 10), and a steel for stTikjiig a light with a fliut
(!ig^ 11). At the doorway to the priyate room and gaiderolje there was
Fig. 11. Stwl for striking light with \i. ^m%^
a mass of dtior-pUtea, aonif* with thf^ir uniU still in tliem. Inside the
room we foutul Itirge fragments of a '* greybeard/' a jmir of st-issors (fig.
i2), and eighty-aeven aniall c:o|i]jer cuius of Clmrles I., kuowu ns turners,
Fig, 12. PAir of BcissoHi found iti the prirnte nM»m.
or Scots twopenny pieceJi, ^vitU the initials, CJI.R* under a crown on the
c>b verse, and the legend round the margin, cab. d.g. scot, ang, fr* et.
HfB* ft^ whUe on the reverse is a thistle head with two leaves and the
motto round the ntargiu, nemo me impvke lacessit ; and close among
these, fragments of what we helieve to have heen a hraas sporran chain,
beautifully worked and chased in a plaited p^ttenu The coins were
DRINKING-CUP URN FOUND AT BATHGATE. 369
probably in the sporran of one of the last occupants of the castle. An
axe lay close by, but an ash-tree had sent such a strong root through it,
where the shaft had been burned out, that it was split quite open. On
the hearth-stone, as if in peaceful expectation of being picked up to
mend the peat fire, lay an ancient pair of tongs shown in fig. 13. These
are all the relics we found, and they are now safely stored away.
Throughout the whole of its progress the work of clearing out the
ruins was most interesting, and now that it is finished, we have propped
up the walls where necessary, and cemented loose stones and cracks, so
that the castle on its little wooded island is now a picturesque object of
interest and instruction ; and I hope that this account may stir up other
owners of castles to do their best for their preservation.
IV.
NOTES ON— (1) A DRINKING-CUP URN, FOUND AT BATHGATE; (2)
A PREHISTORIC HUT IN TIREE ; (3) A CAIRN CONTAINING SIX-
TEEN CINERARY URNS, WITH OBJECTS OF VITREOUS PASTE AND
OF GOLD, AT STEVENSTON, AYRSHIRE; AND (4) PREHISTORIC
BEADS OF COARSE VITREOUS PASTE. By LUDOVIC M'LELLAN
MANN, F.S.A.SCOT.
1. NoTB ON A Drinking-Cup Urn found at Bathgate,
Linlithgowshire.
On 22nd March last Mr Arthur Hart, C.A., Glasgow, on the sug-
gestion of Dr David Murray, showed me a fine drinking-cup urn which
had been foand about 22nd February last in a sand-pit near Bathgate.
Soon thereafter I went and examined the place where the vessel had
been found, and obtained information of the circumstances in which it
was discovered from Mr William Houston, the workman who came upon
it in digging sand, and from Mr Joseph Clayton, Manager of the
Asbestic Sand Company, for which the sand is being excavated. The
VOL. XL. 24
370
PftOCEKDIKGS 0¥ TKS 90C1ETV, MAY U, 1&06.
satid-pit is about ft mile east of liathgate, 100 yards goiitli of the North
British Raijway, and about 50 yards west of the road which lead^ tci
Bhickhurn. The vessel was found lyin^ on its aide» about 43 feet lielow
the i^mmtait level of the natural haiik of sand and gravel ; but» as the
sloping face of the bank had previoualy been put away, no aoc urate
meaeurements of the actual depth beneath the surface of the slope wer**
l'i|i* L Drill king' Cup L^rn (rum BatUguU.
obtainable. 1 was told that thp vessel contained nothiitg but sandp and
tliat the sand alxive and around it appeared nn disturbed, na traces of
artifidally placed pebbles or iKines having been noticed.
The vessel (fig. 1) is an ovoid cup with recurved upper piirt,
measuring 5| indies in height, and the same in lU gi^e^itest breadth,
5 A inches across the mouth, mid 3 inches in diameter at the htise. Tl»e
ib^roration has been produced by winding spirally round the exteriof of
the cup a thin, tightly twisted cord, and impressing it in the soft clay.
DRINKING-CUP URN FOUND AT BATHGATE. 371
The cord has been wound round the vessel so closely as to give eleven or
twelve lines surrounding it horizontally in the space of an inch of its
vertical height. It has been thus passed thirty-three times round the upper
part and twenty-three times round the lower part of the vessel, and three
times round the inside of the rim, covering the interior surface to the
depth of a quarter of an inch. At the widest part of the exterior is a
plain, undecorated band an eighth of an inch in width, separating the
upper part from the lower. Midway up the upper part the impressions
of the cord have been blurred before the clay was fired, probably by
the accidental pressure of the fingers, and here the artist has very
neatly continued and imitated the lines of the cord impressions by
putting in a series of little notches over the blurred area, using some
pointed tool.
In the series of 172 photographs of drinking-cup urns compiled by
Mr Abercromby (P.S.A.S., vol. xxxviii. pp. 325-410), the cups l)earing
horizontal string-markings, and no other decoration, form a compact
group. ^ Xo cups so decorated occur between Nos. 1-59 nor between
Nos. 93-172, while fourteen of the cups solely string-marked occur
between Nos. 59-93.^ Some of these fourteen, like the Bathgate vessel,
were not, apparently, associated with sepulchral remains.
If this compact grouping be not a mere coincidence, it indicates
some connection between the shape and the decoration of these cups,
and may throw light on the chronology of this group of prehistoric
pottery. It is a fact not hitherto recorded that string-marked " drink-
ing-cups" are not uncommon in the Hebrides and the south-west of
Scotland, of which a good many specimens are known to me. The
Bathgate cup has been generously presented to the Scottish National
Collection by the Governors of Daniel Stewart's Hospital.
' The vessel most closely resembling the Bathgate vessel which I have been able to
examine is No. 79 in Mr Abercromby's series, and is in the National Scottish Col-
lection (Cat. £ 6., 89), and is referred to in P.S.A.S,, vol. xxxvii. p. 231.
' Of the fourteen, some have the markings continuous from rim to base without a
break or plain zone. These are Nos. 70, 72, 82, 83, 84, 92, and 93 ; while a plain
or vacant zone occurs on Nos. 59, 67, 69, 73, 77, 79, and (t) 86.
372 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, MAY 14, 1906.
2. On the Exploration of the Floor of a Prehistoric Hut
IN TiREE.
On 15th July 1905, when walking over a sand-blown area between
the sea and Loch Bhasapoll, Tiree, I noticed, at a point about 70 yanls
north from the north-west corner of the loch, a piece of pottery protrud-
ing from the soil. On clearing away the drifted sand there was found a
hard, compact, dark layer or old surface. This would soon have become
exposed by the blowing away of the superincumbent sand. The black
layer was about 9 inches deep, covering a circular space about 8 to 9
feet in diameter. It lay upon a dej)osit of undisturbed pure white drift
sand. With two assistants, and using a {x>cket-knife, the whole of the
dark matter was patiently dug over and sifted by hand. There were
found fragments of pottery representing at least five different vessels,
two perforated discs of stone and eight implements of stone, and other
interesting objects, all pointing to the place having once been an occupied
site, proba])ly a small circular dwelling.
The circular edge of the site was clearly marked towards the south-
west edge, but towards the north-east the black layer or floor thinned out
beyond the periphery. Here, probably, was the door. Beyond the site
was pure white sand. Many of the implements and pottery fragments
were found close to the wall at the edge of the floor. The pottery
had been broken in ancient times, as shells adhei*ed to the fractured
edges. All the objects were embedded in the dark layer. No trace of
a walling remained, but it was quite noticeable where the floor soil had
accumulated against it. The walling may have been either portable
or easily perishable.
The pottery vessels differ from the mediaeval and modem hand-made
eraggan of the Hebrides. Some have raised headings or mouldings.
Pottery with similar mouldings, placed horizontally and in festoons, and
notched with the finger tip, has been found in the south of England, in
graves of the Bronze Age. In Devizes Museum I recently examined
Bronze Age pottery closely resembling some of the vessels from Tiree.
KXPLORATION OF THE FLOOR OF A PREHISTORIC HUT IN TIREE, 373
At Ashford, Middlesex, similar vessels associated with Bronze Age
burials have been found, and are now in the British Museum. So far
as I know, no such pottery has until this occasion been recorded from
Scotland.
Some small, formless lumps of unbaked clay were found in the floor,
also limpet and cockle shells, claws of crabs, two large univalvular shells
with broken or chipped edges, and one half of the valve of a large
pecten sheD.
Of stone objects there are two small circular discs centrally perforated.
At Hrst sight they might be pronounced spinning whorls. The discs were
found closely together. Two naturally perforated stones were found
near them. Other naturally shaped stones, noticeable by reason of their
odd shape or colour, may have been brought into the hut by the hut-
dwellers.
Four fragments of flint were found. One, a fire-injured piece, shows
the bulb of percussion.
Two polishers of stone and four hammer-stones and some other worked
stones were recovered.
A descriptive list of the objects found is given below : —
Objects of Flint. — Four pieces of flint were recovered — all chippings without
secondary working. One seems to be a very rough core, and another, a small,
thin, oval fragment (fire-injured), shows the bulb of percussion.
Anvil Stone. — One anvil stone was found, a flattish oval pebble of grey and
pink granite, 3j inches long. 2f inches broad, and 1 J inch thick, with a portion
of the periphery somewhat aecayed. Its use as an anvil stone is evident from
the presence of a small circular portion of abraded surface on the centre of one
of the flat sides.
Hammer Stones. — Four of these implements were got, all quartzite, water-
worn pebbles, three ovoid and one chisel-shaped. The largest (4| inches by
3^ inches by 2^ inches) has its two ends abraded by use. Another, which has a
large portion broken away, is worn on two comers, and measures, in its present
condition, 4^ by li inches. No other fragment of tliis stone was noticea.
The third, abraded at one end onlv, measures 3^ by 2j by 1 j inches. The
fourth is of a less common type, and is a longish, thin, ratner chisel-shaped
stone. This type seems more frequent in the islands than in the mainland.
It is of bluish stone, worn into two facets at one end and abraded slightly
at the other, and measures 4 inches by 2^ inches by 1 inch. One of the flat
sides is unusually smooth, and may have been employed in some rubbing
process.
374 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, MAY 14, 1906.
Two Discoid Chopper-like Stones. — Two stones, fragments of oval water- worn
pebbles, one of red-grey, the other of grey-blue quartzite, are perhaps
worthy of notice. The fragments are not the result of fire splintering the
pebbles. Both have been struck off by blows. One is a thick ovate flake
4 inches by 3i inches by Ij inch, the original c5onvex surface remaining on one
side. The other side is also convex, and has been worked out to that snape by
a series of blows. The points of impact of some of the blows can be seen on
the edge of the stone. Viewed from the worked side, the stone resembles the
ovate implements of the much earlier Palaeolithic period. Like them, the stone
may have been used as a wedge or as a strong, somewhat blunt-edged chopper.
I have found similar implements on other early sites in Scotland.
The other fragment lias been struck from the pebble, and the whole of one
side retains the original surface. Unlike the stone just described, it bears no
secondary' working. A single, small, bruised hollow (with corrugations radiat-
ing from it) on the edge of the butt or thickest side of the flake indicates the
point of impact of the only blow used to produce this implement. The flake is
thin, its maximum thickness being |-incti, and is an almost circular disc, the
longer and shorter diameters l^ing 3J and 3§ inches respectively. The edge
opposite the point of impact is thin and presents evidence of use, the flake
having probably ])een used as a knife or thin-edged chopper.
Many similar stones have been found by me in other early domestic sites in
Scotland, and always with objects apparently assignable to a period not later
than the Bronze Age. No attention seems to have been given so far to these
types of implement. Tlie cores or boulders from which the flakes have been
struck have also been found. The thin, ground or polished, knife-like discs of
stone found in Shetland can scarcely be classed with these.
Polishers of Stone. — There was found a water-worn pebble, fiat on one side
and convex on the other, measuring 3 inches by 2i inches by 1^ inch, of some
dark, compact volcanic stone. A portion of the flat side is so highly polished
as to resemble a varnished surface.
Another stone which has been used as a polisher on one side is a flattish,
roughly circular pebble l^^ inch thick, with the longest and shortest diameters
measuring 3^ and 2| inches respectively. It is of a rusty brown colour,
except on the polished face, which is of a greyish tinge, witn black patches.
It contains much iron. The unjwlished face bears many artificial scratchings
done as if by a sharp-pointed object. The polished side has also been similarly
operated upon before it was used for polishing, as the ends of the scratchings
can still be seen on the unpolished edges of that face. Tliat this pebble of
ironstone has been used to produce fire by the drawing along its surface of a
flint flake is possible ; but I have not experimented with the stone.
A Large Iiammer-like Stone. — A squarish block of quartzite about 12 inches
in height, and weighing about 18 lbs., was left on the site. Its weight made its
removal diflBcult. One side is much, though not roughly, battered away. It is
too awkwardly shaped and too heavy to have been manipulated in one hand,
and, on testing its weight and capabilities, I concluded it had not been used
anvil-wise, but that the prehistoric worker had grasped it, using two hands
(one hand at each of the two sides), raised the block about a foot or eighteen
inches, and then allowed it to fall upon the material to be crushed or broken.
Massive drop-hammer-like implements of stone are referred to by Professor W.
376
PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, MAY U, 1&06.
GBVity. The peculiar featuree of theae Blan&» may have cauied tfaetn to be
picked lip aud brought iutn the hut.
Ttco Univalvtiktr Sheth (Biteeinuifi Uf^Umu\ originally about 21 and 4^^
inches long reRi>ectively, were found. No fra™eiiU derivcid from tbe^ two
shells (and no f ragmen te of other siniLLar shells) were encoimtered. la eacli
case a atnall pirt of Liie ajiex, or tip of the Kpire, litts been either worn or
knocked away ; and the nioutli^ tmd part of the Bides adjoining, have also been
chipped away, the chippmu being imrticularly distinct in Uie larser speci-
luen* The pillar or central column itupporting the volution* i& also partly-
broke u away* These chippinga have so exjK^a^^d the interior an to render
the flhelk serviceable a:^ cups.' BhelLs were used aa spoons and cups until
recently in Scotland and in tbe lele of Man ^ ; but this i^, apparently, the firsit
Fig* 2, Fragment of Upper Purt np Backet-slu*! 'J 1 ot;. ry Vessel (Tiree).
instance which suggests the employment of shell* for domestic purptises in
B^iotland in preliiaioric timep."*
' Somewhat similar shells (7Vr&t7ie//£EjrjrrMfn} are used in Ittdtai Ceyloa, ind the
Philit)|>ines U} ftdminister food to in fan Is and invalids^ and to hold otl in 9frcml rites,
"■ The Manx " aliga ** wer« shells used bs. brt>th spoons. I have referred to them in
notes on Manx neo-arnhaic objects iu the /fie of Man t>amifft^r ot2ftth Get. Iti04.
^ While shells as ori^ani^nts and implements are in freijuent use amoog modern
primitive peopltssj the employment of shells in prehistoric times was not apfiarentlj
BO very common aa might have been ejcpected. There have been noted a mrfomted
cowry shell in a Dorset Iiron7,e Age bnrinl {Areh.^ xxx. p. 330), otheri with a Vork-
shire Anglo-Saxon bniial {Farttf Ytars* IleAearchs^, p. t^'l). a limpet shell with a
yorkslure Karly Iron Age burn! {op. ciL, p. 250), and a similar ahcll '* with marks of
grinding on the wpfier Burfaee,'^ with a burial of Viking times in Colonsay {F,S\A^S.,
vol. zxv. p. 433). Wiltshire )}arrows have yielded a b&nel^Bhaiied bead of shell
{Arch.f lii. p. f^?)* and a niM^klace of pierced drttfafhim ah el Is {Anc^ WiUs^t L IH),
EXPLORATION OF THK FLOOE OF A PREHISTORIC HUT IN TIREE. 377
Pscten Sh^lL — The Italf of one valve of a large clam shell (Pcciew ma:d7ntts\
5^ mchea long^ was found. No otber part of thia shell (or of other ainiilar
Bfielk) was noticied. The valve liiw been j^plit nearly tlown Lhe niiddle, from
the centre of the fan to the ceutrt* of the hinge* It was found at the BoiUh-weat
comer of the hut^ Iving with the concave side downwards, on tht* top of am!
touching the large haiiitner-titone depcribed on page 373, both object* having
apparently lieeu deposited carefully against tlm Imt wall. This large shell may
have lieeii used for slieing or some j?uch work, Porliona of nmilar shells were
used retM^ntly in Sct>tlanil for skimming milk, and, being thick and (>trong,
lasted wellj
Other Objects, — Many Inn pet shell s^ a few eockle aliells, and several claws of
imall crustaceie, prohtibly crab«, and one small indeterminable piece of bone,
were found.
Pottery l^VagTnmts. — Tlie pottery obtained is fragmentary, and represents five
different vessels, all hand -n jade want, characteristically prehistoric hi colour
and fabric, and different from the mediaeval and modem *^ craggan/'
One ve^i^el is represented by a handle or lug only.
Dne«el; of fragments (fig. 2) belongs to a bucket-shaped vei^&el which measured
aliout 8 and 5 inches across the month and base ref^pectively, and al>otit IS in
height. A horizontal nmtdding ran round the vessel at it^ broadest ijoint,
2j inches Irom the Tim. The moulding waa deeply notched at regular
ititervals of about ^ an inch by the finger tip and nail edge (which often has
left an impression ^ always at right angles to the Une of the moulding.
Another set of fragments Ijel^ngs to a siniilar lesBel, hut a siuiilarly notched
moulding is an^nged in festoons. This style of notched mfnildinga ha^^ tiot
until now apimrently been recorded from Scotland.^
Mr W. J, Kuowles recently slmwed in Bel fust fraxtueints of Littntria eUipfica from
Donegal, aucietitlv worn dowti liptarfntly Iky use as jM:raper& and knives^ The Cro-
RULgnon cavf yielded a string of ifpri winkles [LiUoriim litt&rta)^ now in tliti British
Maaeum, and otUer iihells workeii in preh inks lie timps have been found at Kurioh
{Mmh. <I, Atd. Ges, in Ziirich, i, 3. Heft. S, 31), and at Hedingen {Ahrrth. '/.
Mohmi^llrnt Savtiftlt Tat iv. 8, v, 24},
' I am told by a per^n familiar witb such skint mei's that so long did individual
specimen .H rmiuhi in Ubc tliut the corrugations became quite worn down. In hiaturic
Imies the '* Sligp'chreacbuhiu*' was uiied in the Hebrides for drmking purpc»se»
(llacfarlane's Gaeivc Focdindurj^^ 1815^ p. 11 9). Foi^ten valves wfii^ found in the
MacEay Cave, Oban, inhabited at a remote {>criod ; half of a valve was found at
Fimber with a Bronze Age burial {Fortif )>ars' Eeaearehts^ \\. 190^ fiff, 480) ; a valve
piarted artificial ly at the hingti w&s got with relics of the French Reindeer {»eriod
{Lm Ma^connau PHhis^toriquf, 1670, \>\, xkx. and (»- 134); and one valvu i^ach 4pf
i^dmi €ipeTCiilaTis and P. srpUmradiiilH^t both »iniilurly pitreed, were found in the
terimtnare (L'oppi'a Termmara di Gormtw^ 1871» Tav. Ixivj,
^ It ifi^ however^ common In the Honth of KngUnd. Sikecinreus may be seen in the
Famham Museum, and aeveral are figured in Warne's Celtic J'umuti of DotmeL
Many bucket-sha|ied A'e^el^ with noti hed horiziinial mouldings were found in a
CfiEDetery («up|KHied to be of the lirtmze A^a) at Ashford^ Middlesex^ aiid are preserved
in the British Musenm {PnM^. Brif. Arrh, A^sor,^ v^oi xxvii, ii 449), where also may
b« seen pottery &omflwhat similar from Blox worth Down, Dorset (Uurden Coll.);
miboTUe, Dorset ; Littleston Down^ Dorset (hurden Coll. Cai. , l>. 18, No* 18) ; Roke
378 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, MAY 14, 1906.
A fragment of a fourth vessel, differing in texture and thickness, is
undecorated.
A fragment representing a fifth vessel is a small piece of the rim, slightly
everted, and indicating a diameter at tlie mouth of about six inches. Under
tlie rim the decoration consists of a series of vertical lines about a quarter of an
inch apart, produced by drawing the frayed end of a twig downwards in the
soft clay. The lines all begin evenlv at a depth of about half an inch beneath
the brim, and their channels show distinctly the striation of the frayed ends.
3. Discovery of a Cairn containing Sixteen Urns
AT Ardeer, Stevenston, Ayrshire.
A discovery of a cairn and within it at least sixteen cinerary urns, some
recovered in a fragmentary condition, was made in February 1906 by
Mr John M. Orr and Mr David Bryden of Saltcoats and Mr Robert
Irvine of Stevenston, who noticed boulders cropping out at a point about
66 feet distant from, and 5 feet in height above, the western base of
a hill of drifting sand at Ardeer, Stevenston, Ayrshire. The place is
near the Misk Knowes, within a roughly triangular area bounded by the
river Garnock, the sea, and the Caledonian Railway line, and is rather
south of the middle of the hill. From the site of the cairn to the centre
of the railway line measures 1545 feet, and from there along the railway
Down, Dorset (Durden Coll. Cat., pp. 12, 14, Nos. 2 and 8); Barrow, Bere Regis
Down, Dorset; Barrow, Nether Swell, Gloucestershire (Greenwell Coll., Brit, Barr.,
ccxvi.) ; Millhill Park, Acton, Middlesex ; Jersey ; Nussdorf in Switzerland ; Klein
Rosseu, Merseburg, Saxony (Klemm Coll.).
The Bronze Age barrows in Wiltshire, Berkshire, and Dorset have also enriched the
museum at Devizes with ware of the same class, including the famous Stonehenge
bucket-shaped urn bearing three horizontal mouldings notched with the linger-tip
{Ane. Wilta., p. 126, pi. xvi.).
Another urn (263 in Mus. Co/., and ficured and described in Ane. Wilts. ^ p. 119,
and pi. xvL ), from Stonehenge, has mouldings notched at the usual short intervals by
the impression of the finger-tip. Certain barrows at CoUingbourne Ducis, Wiltshire,
escaped Sir Richard Colt Hoare's scrutiny, but were |)artly explored in 1861 by the
Rev. W. C. Lukis, and are described by him in the IVilLshire Ardil. and Nat, Hist.
Mag., vol. x.. No. xxviii., pp. 85-103.
Some of the pottery from the CoUingbourne Ducis barrows is remarkably similar to,
and some is identical with, the Tiree hut (jottery. The ware is not described in detail
by Mr Lukis, but the fragments from Barrow No. 3 ai-e in no manner different from
the Tiree ware with notched and festooned mouldings ; while the vessel from Barrow
No. 6 is identical with the Tiree ware with horizontal notched mouldings.
GROUP OP CINERARY URNS FOUND AT STEVENSTON, AYRSHIRE. 379
north-eastwards to a railway bridge, giving access to Bog farm, measures
2211 feet, the measured lines containing a right angle.^
On clearing away some of the sand, a small oval cairn about 15 feet
long by 10 feet wide was exjwsed, composed of about eighty water-rolled
boulders all about the same size and portable by one man, except one
boulder which would require two men to carry it. The cairn has been
built over a nearly horizontal ancient land surface forming a dark layer
about 3 inches deep. Under this old surface was a deposit of pure drift
sand. The cairn rose to a height of 3 feet in the centre. The surface
of the cairn was coated with a layer of dark soil about 3 or 4 inches
deep. It is not easy to say when the cairn became submerged in the
blown sand ; but as the surrounding old surface about 30 yards to the
south-south-west was not submerged in mediaeval times, but was then
occupied (as is clear from the presence there, in the layer of old surface,
of mediaeval relics such iis iron slag, an iron arrow-point, and fragments
of green glazed pottery), this little shallow cairn at that time was
probably still unhidden by the sand drift. ^
1. The Pottery.
Many of the urns broke to pieces on drying, and they were all in
a fragile condition, probably because of the nature of the clay or its
manipulation or firing.^ Pounded stone has been mixed with the clay.
* It was on the invitation of Mr John Smith (author oi Prehistoric Man in Ayr-
shire) that I joined him in a visit to the site. At a subsequent visit there were
present the three discoverers, also Mr Smith, Mr A. Shanks of Dairy, Mr D. A. Boyd of
Seamill, and Dr Lambie. Mr P. MacGregor Chalmers, I.A., F.S.A. Scot, also made
an examination of the place. These gentlemen have kindly read the proof-sheets of
this account and made valuable suggestions. The discovery was referred to by Mr Orr
in the Ardrossan and Saltcoats Herald of 23r(l March 1906, and by Mr Smith in
the same journal of 13th April following, and in the Irvine and Fullarton Times of
seven days later.
''' The sandhill, according to Mr John Smith's observations, which extend back to
1871, is moving at the rate of 10 feet yearly towaixis tlie north-east, in the direction
of the most frequent winds.
' Though carefully extracted and handled, most of tlie urns looked hopelessly
fractured, but Mr Orr has repaired Nos. 9, 14. and 15, which were discovered by him
GROUP OF CINERARY URNS FOUND AT STEVKNSTON, AYRSHIRE. 381
vessels. Many smaU white pebbles were noticed. Their association hus
often before been recorded with prehistoric burials.
In describing the urns they will be numbered according to the order
in which I first examined them.
Urn No, 1 (fig. 1), found inverted, is bucket-shaped and 11 yV ii^ches
high. Across the mouth, which is slightly oval, the least and greatest
outer diameters are 8J and 9J inches respectively. The l)a8e has a
diameter of 4^ inches. The rim is squarish and plain. A horizontal
moulding, very slight and somewhat broad, runs round the vessel at a
point 3J inches below the rim. The contour line, which runs slightly
outwards from the base, changes at the point where the moulding occurs,
and thereafter runs vertically upwards. The decoration consists of
impressions made in the clay while unfired of a twisted cord, al)out ^inch
thick, of at least six strands of what was probably coarse hair, judging
from the sharpness of the imprints of the component filaments. A
horizontal line is impressed at a point ^-inch below the rim, another
from \ to J-inch below, and a third from IJ to 2 inches below
the rim.
The zone of varying depth contained by the two last lines is filled
with an uncommon style of decoration, partly consisting of obliquely
placed loops. There are also sets of lines (the component lines of each
set being parallel) placed in one or other of the two directions possible
at the angle of 45*. The pattern, following it round the vessel, consists
of, first a set of three lines, then another of three, then one of four,
then another of four, each set being placed zigzag-like in the direction
opposing that of the neighbouring set. This is followed by a plain
interspace, then by a set of three lines coinciding in direction with the
last mentioned. Then comes another interspace and another set of three
lines parallel to the last. Then, without interspace, follows a set of three
lines running in the opposite direction to the last mentioned, and again
another set of three placed in the reverse direction. Partly overlapping
the last, and lying at the same angle, is a loop like the letter U reversed.
After a short interspace occurs a similarly placed loop, crossed by a line
GROUP OF CINERARY URNS FOUND AT STEVKNSTON, AYRSHIRE. 385
at times, and has been at least of five strands, and is thicker than the
cord which has been applied to the bevelled rim. A horizontal line
occurs l^-inch and another 3^ inches below the rim. Between these lines
(and after they have been impressed) there has been placed a series of
oblique lines crossing each other, forming a very irregular zigzag pattern.
Urn No, 3 (fig. 3) is devoid of decoration or moulding, is bucket-
shaped, rather squat, 9 inches high, and measures 8 and 5 inches across
the mouth and base respectively. The rim is rounded and plain. The
wall at one side bulges unsymmetrically. No plugging or lid was
observed. It stood upright.
The bones from Nos. 1 to 3 (and those from Urn No. 6) were emptied
together in a heap on the site, but some are preserved.
Dr Thomas H. Bryce has kindly examined some parcels of bones taken
from the site. He reports that "the fragments have all the typical
characters of human bones deposited in urns after cremation."
Dr Bryce reports upon the bones from Urns 1, 2, 3, and 6 as follows : —
" All recognisable and distinctive fragments must have belonged to
skeletons of adult persons, but some are of relatively more slender
proportions, so that it is possible one of the individuals was a
female."
Four white quartz pebbles, each about J-inch in diameter, were found
with the bones from these four urns.
Urn No. 4 (fig- ^) is plain like No. 3. It has a rather squarish rim,
is 9J inches in height, 8J inches in width at the mouth, and 4 inches in
diameter at the base. One side bulges somewhat unsymmetrically. No
lid was observed. It stood upright. Hard, sooty matter to an unusually
large extent adhered firmly to the lower part of the interior. Among the
bones within this urn were fifteen white quartz pebbles, the smallest
about ^-inch and the largest about f-inch in greatest dimension. Regard-
ing the bones found within this urn, Dr Bryce reports : " The deposit
from Urn No. 4 is a relatively small one. Many of the fragments are
more charred than usual, the surface being grey or black, and the fracture
black throughout. There is a good deal of charcoal dust among the
VOL. XL. 25
3S6
PROCKEUINGS OF THE SOCiaTYi MAY J 4, iSOfl.
dShrig^ and aim several pieces af chatfed wooiL The individual must
liave been of xidult age."
Urn No. 6 (fig. 5), the smalleat vessel, 5 inches in heiglit and 4| and
3 inches acrogs moiuh and baiie respect! veLy, was found lying at an angle^
mouth upwards. No cover was observed.
The urn is hucket-ahaped. At a point 2 inches below the rim th©
t'ig. 5. Urn N<j. 5 J 5 iui^bea in htiiglit.
contour line be tray i» an almoBt imperceptible change. There is uu
moulding, but the u]>per jmrt has two horizontal Hues \\ inches apart
of cor! impressions. Placed within these lines are sets of two and
three parallel oblique lines somewhat like those in Urn No. 1, but
the cord hns been thin and of soft mute rial. The rim i^s slightly
bevelled inwards, and decorated by a centrally placed line made by a
twisted cord. Tlie lines have been blurred and smoothed by pressure
and handling before the firing was done. Part of the top of the urn
is broken away.
GROUP OF CmERARir OTNS FOUND AT STKVENfiTON, AYRSHIRE. 38?
The bones found within this urn, in the opinion of Mr Smith and
Dr Lambiej who saw them Boon after their diecovery, were very slender,
and were those of a young person ; but are not now apparently avaikble
for examination*
Within the urn were two small white quartz pebbles each about \ of
an inch in diameter, traces of thin gold leaf of indeterminable character,^
■'^mm%
Fig. e. Thre* Bends found within Urn No. 5.
> (fig, 6) three objects of known typcs^ all of the same shade of grey,
made of a vitreous paste* Of these, two are slender cyliridrical notched
^ ** A piecie of gold luce ** wii,H found with u body wilhiij a Imrrow in Dorset (the
Chronicle of the Annnii^ IkqUtm- of 12th Murch 1797, quoted in Forbj Vrm^^
BeMtmrdt€s^ \k xxvii). In gnye-moundi} of the Brons^e Age in the South of
England have been found f^iecea of tliin gold leaf or platings which were not
jioldered, bnt were joined by being kpped over at the edges to cover ** buttonuj*'
** hoKeHf*^ bo6a«8, drums, plates^ &nd conicjil coreB of lignite and other material
{dr^h.^ XV. pi, »i. and vii. ; xliil 527 ; and Aneicnf U'llt^hire^ 4d, pL ii* ; 99,
pU 3t* ; 201 and 202, pL xxr, ; and 204, pi. xxvi and x:tvii.). In Orkney, four,
and DKiir Broiiglity Ferry, two^ ?ery tidn gold discoid platings were found within
cists, and closely asHociated with Bronze Age buHala {Prot\ *W* Ant, Sf'oi., vol. lii,
p, 183 ; and vol. ixi. p* 322).
Dr Anderson has described seven other infltances where gold objects (all less
d#llcftte than the Orkney objects, being of auKd gold) were found in upfiarent
atfociation with early burials in Scotland [Seotlttnd in Pftjjav Tiny^s^ The Bronze Age,
pp. 62-08); and in one in stance (p, 61, fig^ 68) five |H!tiannuIiir rings of solid gold
were, it waa stated, fiiund within an urn which elusely resembles the undccorated
tiros from Stevenston, Qi>ld hits been very rarely found with Yorkshire Bronjee Aga
burials ; bnt Lord Lcmdesborougb obtained a wri<3t- guard decomted with gold {Ft^ty
Vfars* Ef^mr^hu^ p. 274). In the South of Engltiud, in a grave- mound where beads
like the Steve nston IwadH were founds there were disctivered a pair of gold earringp
(An^. IVittM,, 204).
GROUP OF CINERARY URNS FOUND AT STKVENSTON, AYRSHIRE. 389
beads, one notclied into four and the other into three segments or bulbs,
and the third a star-shaped bead of nine points, one of Tvhich has been
broken in ancient times. The subject of these paste objects is discussed
at the end of tliis note.
Vm No, 6 (fig. 7) is a tall, elegant, bucket-shaped vessel, quite plain,
with slightly swelling sides, not unlike in shape the grave pottery of pre-
Djnastic Egypt. Its dimensions — height, ])readth at mouth, and base —
are respectively 9|, 6|, and 4J inches. The rim is squarish. The lower
part is unusually thick-walled, but the upper part has walls about ^-inch
thick, which is about the thickness of the walls of all the urns from this
site. It was found deposited upright. No lid was observed. The
bones from this urn are referred to in the note on Urn No. 3.
Urn No, 7 (fig. 8). — ^The rim of this urn is wanting. The height of
the surviving part is 9 inches. The original height was probably
10 inches. The diameter at the mouth was about 1\ inches. The base
measures 5J inches across. A slight moulding occurs a short distance
Vjelow the rim, and at this point the contour line changes slightly. The
decoration has been done by the impression of a twisted cord applied
irregularly and sparingly over the upper zone in zigzag fashion. With
the bones in this urn was found a single, roughly oval, white quartz
pebble \\ inches by 1 inch by 1 inch. The stone is stained dark red
over parts of its surface. No lid was noticed. Dr Bryce reports :
" The bones from Urn No. 7 are specially numerous, but they represent
the skeleton of only one adult person. The fragments are white and
chalky, and completely incinerated."
Vm No, 8 (fig. 9) is plain, bucket-shaped, and very squat, being only
6^ to 7 inches in height. When set on a flat surface it leans a little to
one side. The outside diameter at the mouth is from 7^ to 1\ inches.
The base has a diameter of 4J inches. This is one of the few urns which
on their drying did not fall to pieces and require reconstruction. The
rim is square, with a slight inward bevel. There were three small white
quartz pebbles within the urn. The bones and pebbles were sealed up
by a plugging of clay similar to that of urn No. 2. The urn was found
394 PROCEKDINGS OK THE SOCIETY, MAY 14, 1906.
cover nor bones are preserved. A very slight moulding occurs at a jwint
1 J inches, and another similar at 3 J inches, below the rim. Coinciding
with the upper moulding is a single, incised horizontal line. The rim is
squarish, inwardly bevelled, and ornamented with a centrally plac<
incised line. On the exterior, 1 inch below the rim, is a sligK
concavity made by the impression of the ball of the finger-tip before t^
clay was fired. The imprint of the corrugations of the skin is preserv"
clearly.
Urn No. 15 (fig. 12) was found inverted and was the first taken
of the cairn, and is bucket-shaped with oval mouth, the least and greai
diameters of which measure 7J and 8J inches respectively. The
is lost. The height of the surviving part is 9 J inches. The vess^l^
when perfect, stood about lOJ inches high, and has had a base abovB
5 inches wide. The rim is rounded and plain. Immediately outsid<
under the rim is a horizontal string-marked line, and 2 J inches down
from the rim another similar line. The space enclosed by these lines
is filled with similar string-marked lines disposed in an irregular zigzag
pattern of sets of parallel lines somewhat like those on Um No. 1.
The cord used has been of hair probably. The bones in this urn
were sealed by a clay cover or plugging like those already noticed.
Found embedded in the centre of the cover were about six small white
quartz pebbles and a reddish quartz pebble about the size of a hen's egg.
Dr Bryce reports that the deposit of bones from this urn is small, and
that " it includes a number of complete phalanges and the ends of some
of the long bones. These indicate that the individual was of adult age,
and, as they are specially slender, probably a female."
Un^ No. 16 is represented by fragments. The decorative lines are
incised. A horizontal line ran J-inch down from the rim. This was the
upper boundary of a zone of incised zigzag pattern.
Um No. 17. — Mr James Fulton, Saltcoats, has shown me a fragment of
the rim of an urn taken from the cairn which may represent a seventeenth
vessel. The rim is steeply bevelled, and has centrally placed on it an
incised line.
396 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, MAY 14, 1906.
as a polishing stone. It is impossible to ascertain whether this stone had
been deposited within an urn. Mr Irvine found a flattish, ovoid, water-
rolled pebble, 5 J inches by 3 J inches by 2 inches, which had been used
as a hammer-stone and was abraded in two facets at one end, and in one
small facet at the other end.
One of the stones of the cairn is a large-grained, whitish, flattish,
irregularly-shaped lx)ulder of sandstone, uniformly 5^ inches thick, but
with a maximum breadth in the middle of 11 inches. At each end the
breadth is respectively 6 and 8 inches. On one of the flat sides are
slight traces of fine artificial pitting. The other face has been used over
its whole area as a surface upon which to polish objects, and a small
central portion of the ffice, about 4J inches square, is finely and uni-
formly punctulated to a depth of J of an inch. A splinter has anciently
been struck from one corner of the boulder.
4. Preuistoric Beads op Coarse Vitreous Paste.
The subject of British prehistoric beads has received little attention.
The following note is an attempt to marshal the main facts regarding
the interesting class of bead-like objects, of which three specimens were
found in one of the Stevenston urns.
Of the beads and pendant personal ornaments of coarse vitreous paste
and of fine-surfaced glass assignable to the Bronze Age and discovered in
the British Islands, those of paste are less rare and are probably earlier
than those of glass. Of these objects of vitreous paste about 150 are
known to have been discovered. They seem to be the earliest non-metallic
personal ornaments of artificial prepared material known in these islands.^
They are opaque, seldom grey in colour (like the Stevenston beads), but
are usually of some shade of blue or green. They have not been found
with inhumed burials, but with cremated urn-burials. The associated urns
are nearly always of the cylindrical, bucket-shaped or barrel-shaped class,
having (as in the Stevenston urns) a contour line with little or no change
^ Not improbably their chronological i)osition is towards the beginning of the first
millennium before Christ.
PREHISTORIC BEADS OF COARSE VITREOUS PASTE. 397
between the upper and lower parts, and are seldom of the class of narrow-
based flowerpot-like vessels with pronounced overhanging rim. The two
classes of pottery seem, however, to be near each other in chronological
position. The objects of paste referred to are not to be confused with
any of the E^rly Iron Age glass beads and pendants, nor with the notched
cylindrical beads of Roman Egypt ^ and of the Early Levant, nor with the
beads found with Merovingian and Anglo-Saxon remains ^ and in the
cemeteries at Hallstatt^ and at Marzabotto,"* in Northern Italy.
They may be classified as Globular, Cylindrical, and Ring-like, and
they fall into ten types, all of whicli are shown in fig. 13, in the prepara-
tion of which I have had the assistance of Mr F. R. Coles.
In the Globular class is a minute round bead (type No. 1),^ and
scarcely J of an inch in diameter; an ovoid bead (tyj)e No. 2)^ about
^ See, for example, in the British Museum, beads of tlie Roman period presented
by the Egyptian Exploration Fund (1886) from Defenneh.
' Anglo-Saxon glass beads, of the shape under discussion, are referred to in fFilts.
Arch. Mag., xxviiL 107 ; Forty Years' Researches, figs, 783, 851, 865, 884, and 888 ;
and in Arch., xlviii. 331 and 336.
^ Von Sacken*s Das Grab/eld v. Hallstatt, p. 77.
* Gozzadini, Antic, Necrop. a Marzabottoy p. 45 ; Arch. Jour., viii. p. 352 ; Arch.,
xliiL p. 497.
' These beads are green and very weakly translucent, with furred or roughened
surfiEUse (possibly the result of the friction of blowing sand). Whether they should be
here classified is doubtful. None has been found with definite associations. The
twenty-eight specimens in the National Scottish Collection all come from Culbin,
Elginshire, while one in my possession was found in Wigtownshire. It is shown in
fig. 13, No. 1. Identical in size and colour, but of clear glass, are some other beads
from Culbin, but they have been excluded.
• Four specimens of this type, one of which is shown in fig. 13, No. 2, were
discovered with types 9 and 10 within an urn which contained bunied bones
got in a Dorsetshire barrow in 1843. Dr Thurnam and subsequent writers have
overlooked this remarkable discovery, which is carefully described, and the objects
Kgured, in Archaeologut, vol. xxx. p. 330. To some type of the Globular class
may belong a green bead from a Dorset grave-mound, 'Mn form merely a drop of
glass** {Arch. Jour., iii. 58) ; a *' small blue opaque glass bead " found in a Somerset
grave-mound (Rutter's North- West Somerset, p. 329 ; Arch. Jour., xvi. i>p. 148-9) ;
a larger bead found within an urn in Sussex (Horsfield*s History of Leices, vol. i.
p. 49, pi. iv. fig. 9) ; a bead of blue colour reported in 1779 {Arch., vol. vii. p. 414)
as found with a cremated urn-burial : and four small beads of light green vitreous
398 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, MAY 14, 1906.
\ of an inch in greatest diameter, and (type No. 3) ^ a flattened globe
about ^ an inch in greatest diameter.
In the Cylindrical class are four types. There is (type No. 4) the
well-known thin notched bead (the least rare) — a notched or segmented
cylinder like a set of round beads strung closely together. The bulbs,
which are sometimes irregular in shape (as shown in fig. 13, Nos. 4a to
4b), vary in number in each bead from two to twelve, and vary in
diameter from J to J of an inch. Each bead has bulbs usually of uniform
size. The length of the bead varies from i inch to IJ inches. To
this type belong two of the Stevenston beads (see fig. 6).^ Beads of
paste found in a Bronze Age grave- mound and within an urn in East Kent (^r«A.
Cant.f vol. ix. pp. 21-26 ; Arch., xlv. pi. viii. No. 7, p. 66). Four *' minute beads
of green glass" from a barrow at Fovant, Wiltshire (Devizes, Mtu. CcU., 222b;
Anc. lyUts., 236), may be early mediae val. Two small round beads said to be of
glass, but of the precise fabric and colour of which 1 am unaware, are figured in
Nilsson's Stone Age, Eng. edn., 1868, p. 82, and in his Ureinipokner, 1868, p. 65.
^ A specimen was found with an urn in a barrow at Ringwould, Kent {Arch., xlv.
p. 53), and is shown in fig. 13, No. 3. When Stukeley referred to a bead of "white
earth" {Stonehetige, p. 62, Tab. xxxii.), he may have had before him a specimen of
this type or of type No. 2.
'•* In Wiltshire this type of bead was got in twelve barrows {Anc, Wilts,, i. 46,
76, 114, 161, 163, 168, 205, 207, 211, 238. and title-page), and others are recorded
from the same area (Thurnam, Arch., xliii. p. 496 ; IViUs, Arch. Ma/g.^ vi. p. 324)
and from Dorset (Warne's Celtic Tumuli of Dorset, iL p. 13) and Cambridgeshire
{Arch. Jour., ix. p. 22). Others are mentioned by Mr Woodruff (^rcA., xlv. p. 53),
and by Canon Green well {Arch., vol. lii. p. 51), and in Jour. Royal Inst. Comioall,
xxi., pi. iii.
Many of these South English specimens are preserved in the British Museum, and
in Devizes Museum.
In the British Museum are a set of thirteen from Wiltshire {Anc, Wilts,, p. 204) ;
a set of ten from the same county (Hawley Collection) ; a set of seven from Cornwall
{Jour. Royal Inst. Cornwall, supra) ; a set of five from Dorset (Durden Collection,
Wame's Celtic Tumuli, supra) ; a set of three from Wiltshire ; one and a fragment
of another from the same county {Arch., xliii. p. 494); a fragment of one from
Sussex (Horsfield's Histonj of Lewes, p. 47 — Mantell Collection), — in all, forty-one
beads or fragments of beads, representing seven discoveries.
In Devizes Museum, all from Wiltshire, are a set of ten {Anc Wilis,, 76, pi. ix.),
two sets of three each {Anc. Wilts., 163, pi. xvii.), a set of two {Anc. Wilts., 205),
two single specimens {Anc. Wilts., 168 and 211), — in all, twenty beads, representing
six discoveries. In Northern England one, and the fragment of a second in the same
/
PRBHISTOiaC BEADS OF COARSE VITREOUS PASTE. 399
^^ijr the same shape of a later period are often of a brownish
^^^escent glass.!' 2
*^^xi the bulbs of the bead are set well apart as if strung detached
twr- ^ t^sur it falls into type No. 5,^ and when the cylinder is spirally
jj^ *^ci^ into type No. 6. Specimens of the last-mentioned type have
^ ^otind in Wigtownshire and Ayrsliire.*
l^ ^^ fourth cylindrical type (No. 7) is a bead slightly more than 1 inch
jj^ . ^ ^S'ti.J^, consisting of five closely-set, graded segments of rectangular
j ^^^ , <^ii<i each nearly J of an inch thick. The central segment is | of an
I - **^ dia.meter. On each side of it is a small segment f of an inch in
. *^^^ ^'- Adjoining each of these last mentioned (and forming the ter-
^^S^xients) is a still smaller segment ^% of an inch in diameter.*
J^^;^^^^^.^, ^ "^^ ^ been found by Mr Mortimer, and are in Driffield Museum {Forty Years*
Ireland ^^*^^a thus sixty- two in English museums, I know of none recorded from
Ii* Sc^^ "VTales.
I n adciiti - ^^nd, most of tlie specimens on record are in the Scottish National Museum.
Ixxllis » 1 ^^^^^ to ^be two now recorded from Stevenston, there was a specimen of three
JScot, , vc^-^^^^ of grey colour, got within an urn at Marcus, Forfarshire {Froc, Soc, Ant,
ISlg^nalx^ " ^txiv, p. 471). These, with twelve, live, and three from sand-blow^n areas in
oozx&^ri^-s ^^ » Wigtownshire, and Ayrshire respectively, represent twenty -two discoveries
Cin m^ ^^ ^^ twenty-three beads. A thin notched cylindrical bead from Wigtownshire
t^e:3ct:ui>Q ^•■^^^ssession) of brownish gi*ey colour, and more glassy than porcellaneous in
'i:>elon^ \^_J^^^^ another similar from Culbin in the National Scottish Collection, seem to
••■"o ^I^V^.^^*^^ ** \akteT period, and are therefore excluded from the list just given. There
* S^^^ ^^nown to be in collections eighty-hve specimens of type 4.
^y ^^^ "ia^ ^\)r example, in the British Museum, beads of the Roman period presented
* ^ x^ ^r^*^5yptian Exploration Fund (1886) from Defenneh.
'»ot« ^ ^^^-jices of Anglo-Saxon glass beads, of the shape under discussion, are given in
^*^** ^"^^ ^^^cimen is recorded in Proc. Arch, Inst, held at Salisbury, 1849, p. 93, fig. N ;
^' ^ ^^ ^^^her by Stukeley {Slonehenge, Tab. xxxii. p. 62). The latter is shown in
"^^^^'''Xx^^ ^^**"^c specimeDS are known. Two from different sites in Ayrshire are in Mr
l*^* -^ ,^^ ^^^ collection, and are figured in Smith's Prehistoric Man in Ayrshire at
*■* ^^^^Cx-^»^J^'**d 116. The third was found in Wigtownshire and is in my {wssession, and
* in fig. 18, No. 6
^^ ■■"^""^ '^^'•^ are known, and were found in Cornwall within an urn by Mr Borlase {ArcJt.f
^^* 188). One is shown in fig. 13, No. 7.
400 PROCEEDINGS OP THE SOCIETY, MAY 14, 1906.
The fourth class comprises three kinds of ring-like objects, all probably
cast in moulds — discs convex on each face, or convex on one face and
flat on the other, varying from about |-inch to 1 J inches in diameter and
I of an inch in thickness, with large central perforation. The first (type
No. 8) is a plain quoit-like ring.^ The second (type No. 9) is similar,
but has a small perforated protuberance or loop at one point at the
periphery .2 The third (type No. 10) is star-shaped, the periphery being
cut into at regular intervals to form straight, rather short rays. One of
the Stevenston beads (fig. 6) is of this type. A star-shaped bead in my
collection was examined some years ago by Prof. W. Gowland, F.S.A.,
who stated it was of "crude enamel coloured by copper."'
* One, shown in fig. 18, No 8, was got within an urn in Dorset {Arch.y xxx.
p. 830). A fragment of one of this ty|)e or of type 9 was found in Ayrshire {Pre-
historic Man in Ajp'skire^ p. 44, fig. 111). With the assistance of Mr J. Graham
Callander, F.S.A. Scot, 1 have ascertained that six ring-like beads, or "quoit*'
beads as they have been appropriately called by some Irish archoeologists, all of type
8 (and none of type 9, I understand), have been found in Ireland, but all without
recorded associations. Mr Knowles has two ; tlie Marchioness of Downshire, one ;
Mr G. Raphael, Galgorm, one ; the Rev. Canon Grainger, Broughshane, Antrim,
one ; and the sixth specimen is preserved at St Columba College, Dublin. The Rev.
L. Hass^ has stated that the Irish specimens are the same as the English {Joum.
Roy. Soc. of Ant. of Irel.^ vol. xxi. p. 364). A ring of greenish material from Italy
very like this type was given by Mr Temple to the British Museum about 1812. On
close examination it was seen to be of stone, lathe-turned, and of a late period.
2 Two of these i)endant rings have been found in Sussex with Bronze Age burials.
One, shown in fig. 13, No. 9, now in the British Museum, was found at Mount
Cabum (Horsfield's History of Lewes, i. p. 47, pi. iii. fig. 4 ; Horoc Ferales, p. 200,
pi. XXV.), and the other at Clayton windmill [ArcJi, Jour., xix. 186, and Suss, Arch,
Coll., viii. 285).
^ One only has been found in England. It is recorded as having six points, and as
being grey like the recently discovered specimen from Stevenston {Arck,^ xxx. p. 330).
Irish specimens have been noticed {Proc. Soc Ant. Scot., vol. xxv. p. 510), and Mr
Knowles possesses two specimens and the British Museum one. Scotland has
yielded more of them than any other country, thirteen, whole or fragmentary,
having been found there — one in each of the counties of Elgin, Ayr, and Perth, two
in Aberdeenshire, and eight in Wigtownshire. Of the complete Scottish specimens,
one has five points, three have six, one has eight, and four have nine points. One
of Mr Knowles' specimens has nine points (the most frequently recurring number),
and the other five points. One of them came from Whitepark Bay sandhills. One
from Wigtownshire sandhills, in my possession, is shown in fig. 13, No. 10.
PKEU18T0RIC BEADS OF COARSE VITREOUS PASTE.
401
This enumeration seems to embrace all known varieties of Bronze Age
objects of the coarse paste variously styled, in conjunction with many
adjectives, "plaster," "concrete," "earth," "earthenware," "porcelain,"
** enamel," " pearly grey substance," " baked clay," " glass," and
." paste," by writers since Stukeley in the lirst quarter of the eighteenth
century.
o
6
6
4A
mi>
QQSOO
-IB
Fig. 13. A Classification of Prehistoric Beads of Coarse Vitreous Paste. Types 1
to 7 are shown actual size, and types 8 to 10 half actual size. I. Globular :
Type 1, Wigtownshire ; 2, Dorset ; 3, Kent. II. Cylindrical : Tyjw 4a, Ayr ;
4b, Ayr ; 4c, Wiltshire ; 6, Wiltshire ; 6, Wigtownshire ; 7, Cornwall. III.
Ring-like : Type 8, Dorset ; 9, Sussex ; 10, Wigtownshire.
Yet more classes and types may await discovery.^
In the sand-blown areas iu Ayrshire there have now b(ien found
si)ecimcns of types Nos. 4, 6, 8 (or possibly 9), and 10. Types 2, 8, and
10 have iKjen found within the same urn,*- and in similar close association
* Resembling the well-known flattish conical " huttons " of jet or amber, witli V-
sliaped jwrforation, was an object of " concrete" (.4 rc/t., xlix. p. 189), got in th«
same grave-mound as specimens <»f type No. 7 ; which may constitute a fifth class
and the eleventh type of these paste objects.
2 Areh.f xxx. p. 330 ; see footnote No. 6, p. 397.
VOL. XL. 26
402 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, MAY 14, 1906.
have been discovered types 4 and 3,^ 4 and 7,^ 4 and 9,^ and 4 and lO.**
Specimens of all types except 1, 5 and 6 have thus been found in the
closest association, and are therefore contemporary. While there may
be some doubt as to whether type 1 should be here classified, specimens
of types 5 and 6 seem clearly identical in colour and fabric with speci-
mens of the other types, and it may with some safety be inferred that
types Nos. 2 to 10 (if not also No. 1) are contemporary.
Quoit-like objects of lignite, of type 8, have been found in the same
urn with paste objects of types 4 and 9.^ Lignite objects, of type 9,
were got with a paste bead of type 4.^ Near beads of type 4 was found
a lignite object of type 9.^ A bead of tin, of type 4, was got in a
Wiltshire barrow.^ The same type made of bone and ivory has been
found in British barrows." Type 5 occurs in black glass and in bronze.^
Types 2 and 3 frequently occur in lignite.
I have failed to notice any precisely similar objects of vitreous paste
in collections in various parts of Continental Europe, Asia, and Africa,
and in collections of old-world relics in America, and to trace any
reference by Continental investigators to these objects having been found
outside of the United Kingdom.^ Their rarity in Ireland (so rich in glass
' Arch., xlv. p. 63.
- Arch., xlix. p. 188 ; see footnote No. 6, p. 399.
'^ See footnote No. 2, p. 400, referring to the discovery at Mount Caburn.
•* Within urn No. 5 described in this note. * Arch,, vol. lit p. 51.
« Anc. Wilts ,\. 103, pi. xii. ' ^^^^ WiUs., i. 68.
^ A specimen in black opai^ue glass from Culbin, Elginshire, is in the National
Scottish Collection. Mr Downes has discovered a bronze specimen in Ayrshire. Beads
of bronze of very similar form have been found at Hallstatt (Z>. Orab/eld v. Hallstatt,
Taf. xvii. and pp. 76-80), and in Denmark (Boye*s Trouvailles de cercueils en chine
de Vage du Bronze en Danemark, 1896, pi. xxvi.).
* Specimens of type No. 4 are, however, somewhat like the notched cylindrical
beads of considerable rarity got with Egyptian remains of the pre-Roman periods.
The British Islands seem particularly rich in different kinds of prehistoric notched
cylindrical beads. These differed much at different periods with respect to size,
fabric, and colour. There are five distinct kinds, which may be tentatively styled
A, B, C, D, and E in order of a conjectural chronology. Class A, probably the
earliest, is represented in the Stevenston " find." Class B is the rare, pale blue,
opaque, smooth-surfaced bead of glass, almost like fine porcelain, about J-inch in
PREHISTORIC BEADS OF COARSE VITREOUS PASTE. 401*
heads of a later period) is noteworthy, considering the number of explora-
tions and the extent there of sandy and boggy areas. Their extreme
rarity in the North of England is also remarkable, one bead and the
fragment of another only having been recorded as found there, notwith-
standing the industry of Yorkshire barrow-diggers.
Incidental to the manufacture of bronze was the production of a
beautiful greenish-blue and sometimes a greyish vitreous slag ; and
fragments of this slag I have discovered on ancient Scottish sites, and
two small lumps of brownish slag, with patches of greenish material, of
coarse texture, were found at Culbin, and are in the National Scottish
Collection. The chemistry of the slag is discussed in Figuier's Primi-
tioe Man, English edition, 1870, p. 261. Figuier there states that
" chemistry and metallurgy combine to inform us that as soon as bronze
foundries existed glass must have been discovered. What, in fact, does
glass consist of? A silicate with a basis of soda and potash, combined
with some particles of the silicate of iron and copper, which coloured it
blue and green. As the scoria from bronze foundries is partly composed
of these silicates, it is indubitable that a kind of glass was formed in the
earliest metal works where this alloy was made. It constituted the slag
or dross of the metal works."
Selected portions of this slag could easily be poured when molten into
moulds, or otherwise manipulated to produce beads and bead-like object^
of various shapes. It is probable that the native bronze artificers of
these islands began and carried on the making of vitreous beads
independently of any Egyptian or other outside influence.
The distribution of these beads points to tlu; South of England and
length, in .shape like two small oval beads (often of different sizes), joined end to end
by a thick waist. A specimen has been found in Ayrshire, and in Aberdeenshire,
and within a cinerary urn in Forfarshire (Pr^x*. Soc. Ant. Scot.y xxv. p. 447). Class
C is the less rare bead of clear blue or green glass, varying in length from ^-inch to
li inches, dumb-bell -shaped, like two round beads joined by a thin waist. It is
common in Ireland, and less common in ^Scotland. Class D closely resembles class A,
but ia of clear blue glass in two or more bulbs. Class E is similar to class A, but of
brown iridescent glassy material, and is found with Anglo-Saxon burials.
402* PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, MAY 14, 1906.
Scotland liaving been head centres, and the whole body of evidence
favours a theory that the beads have been made at home. There is
literary and archaeological evidence of a cross-channel bartering in
beads of the Early Iron Age ^ ; but there seems to be no evidence of
such traffic in Bronze Age objects of vitreous paste.
* The reference in Strabo's Oeoyraplnj (iv. 5, i)ar. 3) is vague, but archaeological
evidence is clearer.
For example, the globular bead of clear glass, with inlaid spiral lines of glass
ditFerent from that of the body of the bead, is not uncommon in Scotland. One was
found with a burial in Ross-shire {P.S.A.S., vol. v. 313), with a bronze fragment and
a peculiarly shaped urn, and may belong to the latest phase of the Scottish Bronze
Period. A very similar bead from Hallstatt is figured by von Sacken.
Also found at Hallstatt were small flattish rings of fine surfaced blue glass and of
opaque straw-coloured glass.
These have been found in Egypt and in France (in graves at Somsois, with objects
of iron and bronze, according to Morel in the Rerur Arch(k>l., 1866, pi. xiv. I.), aud
in graves at Pntneste {Arcli.^ xli. 187).
A few straw-coloured specimens (some api)arently lost or abandoned in course of
being made) were found in a West Scottish hill-fort and in sandy areas in Elginshire
and Wigtownshire, and specimens in blue glass have been obtained in the last-
mentioned district, associated apparently with objects of the late Scottish Bronze
Period.
THE ROMAN FORTS ON THE BAR HILL, DUMBARTONSHIRE. 403
V.
THE ROMAN FORTS ON THE BAR HILL, DUMBARTONSHIRE. EX-
CAVATED BY MR ALEXANDER WHITELAW OF GARTSHORE,
F.S.A.SCOT. By GEORGE MACDONALD^ M.A., LL.D., F.S.A.Scot.,
AND ALEXANDER PARK, F.S.A.Scot. With a Note on thb
Architectural Remains, by THOMAS ROSS, Architect, F.S.A.Scot.
(Plates L-IV.)
I. Thb Site and ira History.
Travellers by the Edinburgh and Glasgow Railway seldom fail to
notice a small clump of liills that lies rather more than a mile to the
north-west of Croy Station. The accompanying map (Platb I.)
reproduces its chief geographical features. The twin peak so con-
spicuous from the train belongs to wliat may be called the south-easterly
spur of the range. This spur is in reality a whinstone ridge, easily
ascended from east or west, but sloping sharply upwards from the
southern side, and still more sharply downwards on its northern face.
Its heights, which attain an elevation of 511 feet, are planted, and form
part of what is known as the Bar Hill Wood. From the summit one
looks northward, over a green basin of aral)le land, to a very similar, but
much shorter and slightly lower, ridge which culminates in a single rocky
peak usually called the Castle Hill (507 ft.). Towards the east the green
basin is open. Its western side climbs gently until it loses itself on the
steep shoulders of two flat-topped hills that constitute the main, though
not the highest, portion of the whole group. These latter are separated
from each other by a comparatively slight depression, and to each of
them is attached one of the spurs or ridges already described. The
narrower and more southerly of the flat-topped hills goes by the name
of Creecy Hill (486 ft.). The more northerly we shall call the Bar
Hill proper (495 ft). It is with this last that we are here specially
concerned. In the course of the operations with which we have to deal,
its surface was found to consist of a thick layer of boulder clay. On
the southern side of its highest part the clay rests on a bed of sand.
VOL. XL. 27
404 THE ROMAN FORTS ON THE BAR HILL, DUMBARTONSHIRE.
The situation of the range is remarkable. Rising as nearly as possible
midway })etween sea and sea, it also contains the highest ground along
the line of the isthmus. The view from the top of the Castle Hill —
the most favourable point for the purpose — is very extensive. On the
north, visible in its completeness from end to end, stretches the low
valley that runs from Forth to Clyde. Across the intervening river
Kelvin frown the Campsie Fells and their sister hills, forming an impos-
ing natural bulwark to the ** northern realms of ancient Caledon."
Even the uninstructed feels instinctively tliat tliis would be a position
of vital importance to any military force attempting to hold the
isthmus from the south. As a matter of fact, when the spectator turns
eastward, liis attention is immediately arrested by the deep depression
that still marks the course of the great Ditch dug by the Roman
legions. His eye would find it easy to follow the line all the way
from Croy Hill to the very spot where he is standing. Some thirty
or forty yards beneath him, it sweeps along the northern face of
the Castle Hill, hewn nine feet deep into the solid rock, and passes
away to the west. Behind it are still discernible the traces of the
companion Rampart.
A glance at the map will show how the conditions imposed by the
configuration of the ground were met by tlie Roman engineers. Both
Ditch and Rampart at this point of their course bend decidedly to the
north, with the express object of enclosing the Castle Hill, a coign of
vantage which it would not have been safe to leave outside. But the
slopes of the hill itself were far too steep to afford secure foothold for
the Military Way, which was thus compelled to keep some distance to
the south. When the green basin already spoken of, generally styletl
the Castle Hill Park, is under cultivation, the line of the Roman
road can even now be clearly made out, crossing it from east to west,
and marked by a slight elevation of the surface. About half-way up
the western side of the basin it divides into two, one section branching
northwards so as to approach the Rampart once more, the other
ascending directly towards the centre of the Bar Hill proper.
THE SITE AND ITS HISTORY. 405
There is good reason to tliiiik that somewhere within this basin,
under the shelter of the friendly hills, there may at one time liave
nestled a civil settlement or annexe, such as was the ordinary accompani-
ment of every permanent Roman military station. An indication to
that effect was furnished during the progress of the recent excavations.
And other signs have not been wanting. An altar dedicated to Silvanus
was found here in 1895. Again, about tlie middle of its southern side
there is an excellent spring of water, near which (according to the
testimony of labourers still living) drainage operations have disclosed
substantial remains of stone paving. However tliis may be,^ it is certain
that the Bar Hill proper was the site of a Roman fort. It is admirably
adapted for the purpose. Its top consists of a wide and comparatively
level expanse, but on every side except the south the descent is suffi-
ciently steep to be a material aid in defence. To the nortli, more
especially, the fall of the ground is rapid. An attacking party from
that direction could only have got within striking distance after a con-
tinuous climb of nearly 300 feet. Finally, the discovery of a buried
well showed that in the very centre of the plateau there had l)een in
Roman times an abundant supply of water.
Two hundred years ago the remains of tlie buildings of the fort were
still considerable. There is, indeed, no mention of them in the earliest
'archaeological survey' of Graham's Dyke, the well-known letter of
1697 preserved among the Portland Papers. The writer has much of
interest to say concerning the eastern half of the Vallum and its fort«*.
But when he reaches the neighbourhood of Bar Hill, he breaks off witli
tantalising abruptness. Kilsyth, he tells us, is
a pretty good countrey town, but inferior to Fallkirk or Linlithgow ;
but this I say for it, there is better entertainment for man and nor^e
and more reasonable than anywhere upon the road. . . . When I am
at leasure I will give you the rest of this.*
' The operatlous referred to were carried out in 1873, and the stones arc said to
have been carried away to be used as drain covers. Systematic search recently madt*
for traces of the iMtviug has been fruitless.
• ffisi, MSS. Commission, Portlavd Pap^s, vol. ii. p. 57.
406 THE ROMAN FORTS ON THE BAR HILL, DUMBARTONSHIRE.
Ten years later (1707) Sir Robert Sibbald, using the materials collected
by Timothy Pont, Irvine, and David Buchanan, wrote as follows : —
From thence [Shirva Bum] a large mile to Barhill, where was a
great Fort, which hath had large Entrenchments, the ruins of Buildings
were traced there, and many Stones have been found there with In-
scriptions, and some with Figures ujjon them, which are kept at the
Houses of the Nobility and Gentry in the Neighbourhood, there is a
fresh Spring there and a Fountain, and amongst the Rubbish of the
Fort, there was found a large Iron Shovel of a vast weight, and divers
Sepulchres covered with large Stones, were found there upon digging
the Ground.*
Sibbald's mention of the " fresh Spring " and the ** Fountain " is of
interest. The latter is probably identical with the spring that still
bubbles on the south side of the green basin. The former was in all
likelihood the overflow from the buried well in the centre of the camp.
If this surmise be correct, a further accumulation of debris on the sur-
face must have almost completely choked the " Spring " soon after it was
seen by Sibbald (or his authorities). ^ There is no reference to it in the
Itinerarium Septentrioncde^ and yet it is just one of the things that
could hardly have failed to catch the eye of * Sandy ' Gordon, had it
still been visible. His description is as follows : —
[At Bar Hill there] is to be seen a very large and well preserved Fort
upon the Wall : Here the Foundations of Buildings appear veir distinct
within the Area ; which is surrounded with a considerable Number of
Ditches and Ramparts, particularly at the East and West Ends of this
Fort. . . . Tliere is no KoDWbn Fort, which I know of in Scotland^ where
the Vestiges of the old Buildings appear so plain as here, seeing the
Frcetoriumj where the Prjefect's Tent stood, is as yet very discernible,
tctf^ether with the Lodgements of the other Officers. . . . The military
Way along Graham^ s Dike, divides itself into two Branches here, the one
running by the side of the great Ditch, the other comes up to the Ram-
part<» of this Fort^
As it stands, the statement regarding the division of the road might
be interpreted as perfectly accurate. Gordon's actual plan,^ however,
' Historical Inquiries^ p. 29.
'^ The possible effects of mineral operations in the neighbourhood must also be
reckoned with. It may be mentioned that the water of the well now rises to within
2| feet of the surface, at which level it stands.
* It in. Sept., pp. 54 f. * (Jp, cU,, Plate 22.
THE SITE AND ITS HISTORY. 407
is erroneous, and would appear to have been completed, not by the
aid of observations on the spot, but by a literal interpretation of
the text as printed, for the southern branch of the road, instead of
soberly entering the fort by the eastern gate, is made to run full tilt
against the ramparts.
Horsley, writing in 1732, was almost as much impressed by the
remains as Gordon liad been. He says: —
Barhill fort deserves a particular regard and description. Its situation
and strength, and the ruins of buildings within it are very remarkable.
... It has a triple rampart and a ditch on all sides but the north.
The pradorium is visible, and of a similar figure within the fort itself.
And three rows of ruins resembling ramparts and ditches appear within
the preietorium, . . . There is a branch goes off from tne principal
military way to the north entry of this fort, and goes out again at the
east entry, and then passing round the south side of the southern summit ,
comes up again to the main way.*
There is an obvious confusion here regarding the road, and the rampart
is single, not triple. But the ** three rows of ruins " (well shown, by
the way, in Gordon's plan) were rediscovered during the recent excava-
tions, when their true significance was made apparent. Maitland (1757)
offers no fresh contribution of importance to our knowledge. As usual,
his main anxiety is to detect Haws in the statements of Gordon and
Horsley. Their accounts of the road give him an opening of which
he takes full advantage. Unluckily, after he has administered a severe
castigation to his predecessors for their stumbling, he himself falls
headlong over precisely the same obstacle. " After the strictest search,"
he denies that the Military Way ran on the north of the fort. He is
positive that it went straight through.^
Roy, in his Military AntiquiiieSy deals very briefly with the Bar Hill
station.
The fort, which is a little way detached from the south side of the
wall, was probably one of those previously erected by Areola. It is
surroundea with double ramparts [and] contains many ruinous founda-
tions within its area, whose vestiges, however, are not now so entire
as represented in the ItiDerarlum.^
* Britannia Romana, p. 169. * History of Scotland ^ pp. 176 f.
» Op. cif., p. 160.
408 THE ROMAN FORTS ON THE BAR HILL, DUMBARTONSHIRE.
Roy, it will he seen, has heen misled hy surface appearances ; as has
already been remarked, the rampart is a single one. In his plan, too,
he goes wrong about the roads just as Maitland had done, for he makes
the Military Way traverse the camp from east to west. Yet his
reference is exceedingly interesting for two reasons. He was the first
observer to draw attention to the peculiarity presented by this fort in
being completely detached from the body of the Vallum, a feature the
true significance of which his military instinct enabled him to divine.
Again, from what he says we can gather that the latter part of the
eighteenth century saw many inroads on the ruins. One of these de-
structive raids seems to have taken place about 1790. In the old
Statistical Account of Scotland'^ (1791) the minister of Kirkintilloch,
speaking of Bar Hill, says : —
The fort is a square area of 150 yards. Some vaults belonging to it
have lately been discovered. These are still entire ; and are covered
above ^-ith flat bricks, and floored with a mixture of lime and black
and white gravel, resembling sand from the sea-shore, very unlike any
that is now to be found in the neighbourhood.
During the early portion of the nineteenth century the process of
quarrying went on apace. The site of the fort forms part of the estate
of Gartshore, and in 1801 and 1802 the then proprietor carried out an
extensive improvement scheme which was doubtless responsible for
much. It may be to these changes that Stuart alludes when, writing
in 1845, he tells us that
Many of [the foundations] have only been recently removed, to supply
materials for building, or to serve the purpose of enclosing the adjacent
fields.'-^
1 Vol. ii. p. 276.
- Caledonia Jioniana (first ed.), p. 331. In the second edition, p. 338, a footnote
(from another hand than Stuart's) gives a remarkable story of destruction said to
have been wrought in 1809, when " stone walls" were "demolished" and "massive
foundations rooted out." The accuracy of this whole statement is open to serious
doubt It is asserted, for instance, that the fort was " surrounded by a thick stone
wall forming a great square." Mr Whitelaw's excavations proved conclusively that
this was not the cjise. The original narrator may liave been confusing Bar Hill with
Castlecary.
MR WHITELAW*S EXCAVATIONS. 409
In 1892 the remains attracted the notice of the Glasgow Archaeological
Society's Committee, then engaged on an examination of the structure
of the Antonine Vallum. In their published Befwrf they say : —
The outline of tlie statiou can still be made out in the field— tlie
indent of the ditch all round being readily traceable, as well as the
rounded comers of the enclosure.^
It might have l)een added that beneath the field hedge on the south the
kerb of the southern rampart peeped out here and there above the
grass. Even so, the picture presents a melancholy contrast to that
drawn a century and a half before by Oordon. A few years longer, and
the very site would perhaps have, been forgotten. Fortunately, it was
not to be so.
II. Mk Whitblaw's PIxcavations.
An entirely fresh chapter in the history of the fort was opened
in 1902. In the preface to the Report already quoted, cordial
acknowledgment is made of the liberality with which Mr Alexander
Wliitelaw of Grartshore had placed at the service of the Glasgow
Committee the labour necessary for cutting the numerous sections of
Rampart and Ditch made at Croy and at Bar Hill. If his generosity
deserved warm recognition then, Mr Whitelaw has now laid under a
much deeper obligation all who are in any way interested in the story
of Roman Britain. With a public spirit that is beyond praise, he has
had the camp and its surroundings systematically explored at his own
expense, keeping in close i)ersonal touch with the work throughout, and
letting it be clearly understood that excavation Avas to proceed until
there was nothing more to be discovered. It is but fair to add that the
success achieved is due in no small measure to the enthusiasm, care, and
well-reasoned perception of ^Ir John M*Intosh, the forester on the
<iartshore Estate, to whom was entrusted the duty of immediate super-
vision. Mr M*Intosh has also rendered valuable aid in the i)reparatioii
of the present Report.
Operations were commenced on November 20th, 1902. Attention
* The Antoniiu WaJl, cU\, }». 94.
410 THE ROMAN FORTS ON THE BAR HILL, DUMBARTONSHIRE.
was first directed to those points where the surface indications were at
all abnormal. The field had been under corn, and several patches
showed stubble of unusually vigorous growth. An hour or two sufficed
to dispose of these. On their being * pitted,' the evidence was such as
to suggest that, at some time or other, at least some of them had been
fireplaces. Underneath each was a layer of wood ashes, from 1 to 2 feet
thick, with a large stone in the centre. The spot next chosen for
attack lay almost exactly in the middle of the fort. It had long been
remarkable for its peculiar greenness in spring and early summer. The
sloping ground immediately to the south of it, too, was frequently damp.
Digging soon revealed the cause of these phenomena. Less than a foot
beneath the surface the workmen struck the kerb of an old well.
Such a discovery on the very first morning was a piece of rare good
fortune, and it was followed up without delay. In the face of consider-
able difficulties, the well (which had plainly been filled up of set
purpose) was entirely cleared out. The upper stratum was disappoint-
ing. It consisted wholly of building material — pieces of freestone of
various sizes, sometimes dressed, but generally quite rough — piled in
hopeless confusion. At a depth of 12 feet there came to light the
capital of a column, the precursor of much that was interesting. On
November 22nd the workmen were 17 feet down, and had recovered
five capitals and bases of pillars, 15^ linear feet of round columns, and
one fragment of an inscribed tablet. At this juncture it became
necessary to erect overhead gear. In view of the great weight of tlie
stones and the consequent danger of serious accident, it was deemed
advisable to employ two winches, one to let down and pull up the man
who attached the tackle for haulage, the other to bring to the surface the
columns, bases, and capitals that now formed an almost solid mass, the
larger pieces usually jammed hard against the stone * cradling ' of the
well. With a total diameter of not more than 4 feet, the space con-
ditions were extremely trying. The water also proved very troublesome,
rising with steadily increasing rapidity. To keep it under, a running
gear with two buckets had to be constantly in motion.
DISCOVERY OF THE WELL. 411
AU obstacles were, however, overcome ; and the deeper the workmen
descended, the keener grew the interest. On November 24th a second
and third fragment of the inscribed tablet reached the surface, as well
as more portions of pillars and a few pieces of oak. On Monday the
26th, besides further portions of pillars, the spoils included an inscribed
altar (found 33 feet down), the horn of a red deer, a single coin (which
was resting on the edge of one of the * cradling ' stones), a number of
bits of squared oak, the frame and pulley wheel that had belonged to the
original overhead gearing, and many pieces of iron. On the 27th, at
38 feet, there Avas found a broken amphora of great size, with a bag of
what looked like tools inside the largest fragment, as well as a miscel-
laneous collection of objects of iron. Bottom was finally touched at 43
feet. Immediately above, a stratum of mud and small stones, 2J feet
in thickness, had been encountered. The whole of the material of which
it was composed was carefully washed through riddle-s, with the result
that a number of coins and other small objects were recovered. The
foundations of the * cradling' were then strengthened with cement, the
bottom filled in with concrete, and the well allowed to fill with water.
Fig. 1 is a view taken after all was over. In the background are shown
some of the building-stones that had been used to fill the uppermost
portion.
An inventory of the contents of this wonderful cache will be given
below. Its exploration provided a powerful incentive to further investi-
gation of the site, and the subsequent operations, though fruitful in many
ways, furnished no episode nearly so exciting. The work proceeded —
more or less intermittently, according to the season — until the summer of
1905. During the first few months of its course the excavators were
much hampered by wet weather, and particularly by a succession of
heavy rainstorms, which interrupted the digging, caused the excavations
in many cases to fall in,^ and interfered seriously with accurate observa-
' It was specially unfortUDate that much damage was done before photographs
were secured. But for this, the illustrations in the present Report would have been
a good deal more effective.
THE EARLY FORT. 413
tion of Roy's conjecture that the Bar Hill had originally been fortified
under the orders of Agricola. It will be convenient to deal first with
the evidence for this older occupation.
III. Thk Early Fort.
Of the early fort no trace whatever remained above the surface. Its
discovery was accidental. During a search for buildings within the
ramparts of the later enclosure, the workmen had occasion to cut a series
of parallel trenches N. and S. Quite unexpectedly these revealed a
large ditch about 9 feet wide by 4J feet deep, and of the V-shaped type
so frequently associated with Roman military engineering. On further
examination, this ditch proved to be part of a connected system. When
the whole had been opened up, there finally emerged the outline shown
in red upon the Plan (Plate II.), and here reproduced independently as
fig. 2. Its form speaks for itself so clearly that verbal description is
hardly necessary.
The shape and size of the fort proper are indicated by the course
of the inner ditch. It was oblong, with slightly rounded comers. The
major axis ran nearly due S.W. and JN^.E., and had a total length of
191 feet, measured over the ditch at either side. The minor axis,
similarly measured, had a length of 160 feet. After deduction for the
breadth of the ditch, this gives an interior area of little more than half
an acre. And the available space must have been still further reduced
by the ordinary requirements of defence. There would certainly be a
rampart running all the Avay round. As the depth of forced soil was
always greater on the inner than on the outer margin of the fossa, it is
probable that the rampart was an earthen af/ger, in the construction of
which the upcast would be utilised. There were no signs of a stone
foundation. The fort appears to have had but a single gateway. This
stood almost in the centre of the N.E. side, and had a width, at the
ditch, of 14 or 15 feet.
As will be seen from the Plan and from fig. 2, there was also an outer
414 THE ROMAN FORTS ON THE BAR HILL, DUMBARTONSHIRE.
defence, consisting mainly, if not entirely, of a second ditch. This
latter presents some rather remarkable features. The line it follows is
far less regular than might have been expected, and the object of the
Fig. 2. The Early Fort.
deviations is not always easy to appreciate. The ingenious way in
which it is doubled in front of the gate of the fort is, of course, readily
intelligible. Again, the break just beyond the doubled section was
obviously the regular entrance ; its width corresponds very closely to
the width of the break in the inner ditch. The apparent weakness of
THE EARLY FORT. 415
the whole N. W. face is more difficult to understand. The great gap on
that front seems to have been unprotected. It is, of course, always
possible that it may have been covered by a palisade, or by some form
of brushwood entanglement. But no evidence to that effect was
forthcoming. The post-holes discovered towards its eastern end clearly
belonged to a later structure ; some of them had actually been sunk in
the filled-up ditch.
Contiguous to the fort on the S.W. was an annexe having the shape
of an irregular quadrilateral. Its exact form was doubtless determined
by the secondary purpose which its ditches were evidently intended to
serve. A comparison of Plan (Plate II.) and Sections (Plate III.)
will show that any water accumulating in the inner ditch of the fort
would be drained off westwards by the ditches of the annexe. At one
point the southern ditch of the annexe dipped into a hollow, and just
there it was tapped by a long conduit, dug into the clay and covered
with large flag-stones. No corresponding provision was necessary on
the N.W., as on that side the inclination of the ground was such that
the northern ditch of the annexe would drain the other ditches into the
most westerly ditch of all.^ This last, it should be observed, was
afterwards transformed, by the engineers of the second occupation, into
the inner ditch of the later fort — a circumstance that gave not a little
trouble to the excavators. They owe the solution of their difficulty to
a timely visit from Mr Haverfield.
As has already been stated, the whole of the eiirly ditches were cleared,
except, of course, where they passed beneath the walls of the later or
Antonine buildings. It is noteworthy that the only relic they yielded
was one old shoe. The usual method of opening them was to dig a
narrow trench down the centre. The earth then slipped away from the
sides and was easily shovelled out. At four places, however, complete
' It is worth drawing attention to the ingenious bending of the various ditches at
the N.W. comer of the fort. The object was evidently to break the force of the
water that, after heavy rain, would rush from three different directions into the
northern ditch of the annexe.
416 THE ROMAN FORTS ON THE BAR HILL, DUMBARTONSHIRE.
sections were cut, with the view of observing the precise nature of the
stratification. The following was the result : —
Section No. 1 (cut at the point A ; ^ width of ditch, 9 feet ; deptli of
ditch, 4 feet 3 inches). — This was almost entirely filled with cut
pieces of turf in a wonderful state of preservation. Near the
surface were a number of small boncH. Roots of whin and hazel
were embedded in the sides.
Section No. 2 (cut at the point B ; ^ width of ditch, 8 feet ; depth of
ditch, 4 feet 2 inches). — At the bottom was a depth of 1 foot
9 inches of soft clay. Then came loose soil, stones, and pieces
of heathery turf. Hazel roots were again in evidence, and also
fragments of branches.
Section No. J (cut at the point C ; * width of ditch, 8 feet ; depth
of ditch, 3 feet 7 inches). — The bottom was composed of sandy
silt and vegetable matter, in a layer 1 foot 10 inches thick.
Upon this there rested a mass of loose soil and stones, near the
foot of which were found a few small pieces of cut wood.
Section No. 4 (cut at the point D ;^ width of ditch, 11 feet; depth of
ditch, 4 feet 6 inches). — Here 1 foot of soft clay, at the bottom,
was followed by 1 foot 6 inches of vegetable matter and sand.
Next came loose soil and stones. The sides of the ditch once
more contained roots of hazel and whin.
Such are the main facts as ascertained by help of the spade. We
have still to inquire what inferences can safely be drawn. The mere
existence of the a7^7^fttre, no less than the elaborate arrangements for
drainage, proves that the early fort was more than the temporary
halting-place of a detachment on the march. It was constructed to be
the permanent home of a small garrison. But the period of actual
occupation was very short. Had it been otherwise, broken pottery and
similar debris would inevitably have gathered in the ditches. When
the builders of the second and larger fort arrived upon the scene, tlie
» See fig. 2.
THE ANTONINE FORT. 417
site had long been abandoned. The ditches had silted up to the depth
of about 2 feet. Above that they were still oi)en, but their sides were
overgrown with brushwood. Half a century would seem a reasonable
allowance for the transformation, and this tallies admirably with the
historical data. It is beyond question that the later fort is contemix)!-
ary with the Vallum of Antoninus Pius. In other words, its erection
may be fixed at about 140 a.d. Going back fifty or sixty years, wv
find that Agricola, in the course of his fourth campaign (81 a.d.), erected
a line of fortified posts along the southern side of the Forth and Clyde
isthmus.^ Three or four years later he was recalled by Domitian, and
the Roman troops apparently withdrawn from Caledonia.- The links
in the chain of testimony could hardly be forged more strongly. The
early fort on the Bar Hill is to be associated with Agricola's 'con-
quest.' Its situation and its cunningly devised defences furnish an apt
illustration of the eulogium of Tacitus : " Experts used to remark upon
the exceptional sagacity he displayed in choosing suitable sites; they
said that no fort planted by Agricola had ever been either taken by
storm or surrendered upon terms." *^ At the same time, its size shows
how slender was the force he could spare for garrison duty, how pre-
carious the foothold he had Avon. It is a strange commentary on the
boast which Tacitus makes him address to his soldiers : " Finem Britan-
niae non/ama nee rumore, set! camtiHs ef armia ienemus ; inventa Britannia
et subacta.^*^
ly. The Antonine Fort.
A. General Description.
The later or, as it may conveniently be termed, the Antonine fort
was fully six times as large as its predecessor. It was more nearly
square in shape, but had the usual rounded corners. For a detailed
plan see Plate II. Measured from the inner kerb of the rampart at the
* Tacitus, Agricola, c 23.
* PerdomUa Britannia et statim rnissa, as Tacitus puts it in his Histories (i. 2).
' Tacitus, Agricola, c. 22. * Ibid., c 33.
418 THE ROMAN FORTS ON THE BAR HILL, DUMBARTONSHIRK.
gateways, the dimenBions were 375 feet from W. to £. and 369 feet &om
S. to N. The area was, therefore, just over three acres.^ The general
situation is clearly exhibited in the sections (Plate III.). No. 1,. which
passes right through the Well, runs (on line CG) from the S.W. to the
N.E. corner. No. 2 runs along the other diagonal (on line EA) from
N. W. to S.K No. 3 follows a line (DH) between the W. and E. gateway.
No. 4 gives the corresponding line (BF) from S. to N., and is at the
same time prolonged sufficiently far to include the ditch of the Antonine
Vallum. A comparison of the levels will show that the fort occupied
the whole crown of the hill. The highest point is not very far from the
centre. The ground falls away more or less quickly on every side.
Towards the N. the descent is regular and rapid.
Roy*s remark regarding the peculiar position of the Bar Hill fort
has already been quoted. Alone among the * stations ' on the Vallum
it stands entirely detached. The others (so far as known) all abut
directly on the great Rampart, which thus forms their northern
bulwark. In this case the northern defences of the fort are entirely
independent, although weaker than they would have been but for a
consciousness of the formidable barrier that lay beyond. Fig. 3 repre-
sents the view from the inside of the N. gate. To left and right are
visible the ends of the ditch of the fort, where it flanks the approach.
From the gate an exploratory trench has been carried out to, and
through, the Vallum, the southern kerb of which is, at this point, 120 feet
(list4int from the outer kerb of the Rampart of the fort. The section
made in the body of the mmpart aifords a glimpse of the great Ditch
outside. In the intervening space can be seen the ^lilitary Way running
westwards. Its southern margin is 78 feet from the outer kerb of the
rampart at the gate.
In spite of the completeness with which the opun vcUli is described in
^ This calculation is only roughly approximate, being based on the dimensions
stated. It should be explained that, apart from the rounded comers, the outline of
the fort was slightly irregular. The N. rampart was 15 feet longer than ^e S., the
E. 6 feet longer than the W.
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420 THK ROMAN TORTS ON THE BAH HILL, DUMBARTOKSHIRK.
the Olasgnw Ueporf^ aited aliove, it may Ije well to reconl brietiy the
result of the cuttiDg^ tnnde on the present oocudtQU. Fi^^ 4 give^ n near
view of the section shown in the distance in fig. 3. It brings out very
clciirly the geueml stnit^tnte uf the Eampart itself—the atone \m^e^ J 4
feet wide, with its carefully laid kerb on either E^ide, and the layers of
turf rising above it in regular courses. At this point the turf atill stfinds
^
4 feet high. Opposite the section the Diteh wai> found to be 14 feet
deepj and to have a breadth of 40 feet— almost the maximum. The
Military Way was kid bitre for 140 laieal yards Hlong the line seen in
fig, 3. Fig, 5 gives a good idea of the gene ml effect looking west. The
road proved to lie abcnit 17 feet in width and excellently eoiistmcted.
Its foundiition wm formed of n stratum of fairly lai^e stones resting on
a bed of wrought clay. This waa surmounted by a eonvcx layer at
smaller stones, providing a surface whence the water must have drained
422 THE ROMAN FORTS ON THE BAR HILL, DUMBARTONSHIRE.
easy and comfortable. A precaution so eminently practical would be
worthy of the best traditions of Roman engineering. So far, however,
as the layer of clay is concerned, the evidence cannot be regarded as
quite conclusive. Even if it be conceded that the clay within the camp
differed markedly in appearance from the ordinary boulder clay of the
surrounding fields, we have still to reckon with tlie constant going to
and fro of human feet during perhaps thirty or forty years of actual
occupatio!! ; assumiiig that the loose surface soil had first been cleared
away, we should expect such trampling to produce an effect not
dissimilar from * puddling.' Corroborative testimony may one day be
obtained from other sites, for it is in the last degree unlikely that the
Bar Hill fort would be unique. But, in the meantime, judgment must
be suspended. (Jn the other hand, the probability that the turf and
the loose soil were removed seems very strong. It will be recollected
that cut pieces of turf were used at some points for filling up the ditches
of the Agricolan fort. This must represent a surplusage which could
not be turned to account in any other way. The bulk would doubtless
he absorbed in the construction of the new defences, in a manner whicli
will presently be clear.
B. The De/efices.
(a) Tlie Rampart, — Tlie rampart, which constituted the principal
defence of the fort, was built on precisely the same plan as the great
rampart of the Antonine Vallum. That is, it consisted of a wall of turf
resting upon a foundation of stone. The stone foundation proved to be
intact for the larger part of the way round. It had a uniform breadth
of 12 feet, and was formed of two parallel kerbs of dressed stones with
a mass of rubble between. Owing to the slope, cutting had everywhere
been necessary in order to obtain a level bed. Hence the inner kerb
was always further below the modern surface than the outer one.
On the north side, to the east of the gateway, where the ground is
unusually steep, the foundation had been stepped, as is done with
modern foundations, the outer half being 6-8 inches lower than the
THE DEFENCES. 423
inner one. Special care had been bestowed upon the rounded corners.
At each of them the stones were larger and the rubble better laid, as if
the superstructure were intended to be heavier. In all likelihood we
have here an indication that the angles of the enclosure were fortified
with towers, in accordance with the usual Homan practice.' One of the
principal objects of such towers was to serve for the mounting of artillery.
In the present instance they were probably of wood.^ No other trace
of their existence was observed, if we except the numerous ballista balls
found scattered throughout the camp.
Fig. 6 will serve to illustrate the description just given of the stone
foundation. It is a view of the N.E. corner, taken from the north-west,
and it is interesting as showing that at this point the rampart was pierced
by a well-made conduit, built of heavy, dressed stones, and having a
width of 1 foot 2 inches. There was a similar conduit near the N.W.
corner, but no corresponding provision could be discovered at either of
the southern angles. The inner kerb is well displayed in fig. 7, which
represents a longitudinal section of the western rampart, looked at from
within the fort. Above the kerb can be seen a considerable portion of
the original turf wall, with the familiar dark lines pencilled across its
ffice. This and other sections were examined with particular attention.
It was found that the dark lines, or carbonised strata, were generally
about half an inch thick, and that they occurred at intervals of from
4 to 6 inches. These dimensions suggest that the layers of turf
had been placed grass to grass,^ a plan not uncommon to this day
iu the construction of turf fences. As a matter of fact, it sometimes
proved practicable, by dint of cautious handling, so to separate the
* Cf. Hyginus, Dc mun. eastr.^ c. 68.
2 Cf. the description quoted below from Arrian of the fort at Phasis {infra ^ p. 31).
* Otherwise the intervals between the dark lines would have been much smaller.
It is true that Vegetius (iii. 8) gives 6 inches as the noimal thickness of a sod
cut for military jiurposes. But, even if the authority of Vegetius stood higher
than it actually does, there would remain (1) the practical difficulty of cutting sods of
such thickness in ordinary Scottish soil, and (2) the certainty that the original thick-
ness, whatever it may have been, would be considerably reduced under pressure.
426 THE ROMAN FORTS ON THE BAR HILL, DUMBARTONSHIRE.
respectively 138 and 137 feet distant from the inner kerb of the northern
rampart. From the southern rampart the corresponding distances were
216 and 211 feet.^ It follows that the Porfae PrincipoUes were almost
exactly opposite one another, but that the line of the Via Principalis^
or street passing in front of the Praetorium, was some 76 feet nearer the
Porta Praetoria than the Porta Decunianar All four gateways were
much of the same size, being from 12 to 14 J feet wide. That on the W.
was decidedly larger than the rest.^ That on the N. was singular in having
a small conduit crossing it at an angle (see fig. 3), to carry the surface
water from behind the rampart into the ditch on the west of the approach.
At each of the gateways, except the southern one, there was found on
either side, close to the stone base of the rampart, a line of three post-
holes, placed from 3 to 4 feet apart and varying in depth from 2 to 2^
feet. Every one of the eighteen holes contained the stump of an oaken
post, fixed in its place by atones rammed in hard beside it. In fig. 8,
which gives a view looking out through the E. gateway, the three stumps
on the right hand (which are in very fair preservation) have been taken
out and planted on the ground, each beside the hole to which it originally
belonged. The position of the holes themselves can be best appreciated
by once again turning back to fig. 3, where there is a foot-rule lying
between two of them. It will be noted how near they are to the end of
the stone foundation.
It must not be supposed that these stumps are the remains of the actual
posts of the gates. If that had been their character, the absence of holes
at the southern entrance would have been inexplicable. Their true
purpose was- altogether different. It is practically certain that each of
the gateways was flunked by wooden towers raised on the top of the
rampart. It may be presumed that, at those entrances where the stumi>8
' It will be remembered that the E. rampart was 6 feet longer than the W. one.
See »upra, p. 16, footnote.
'^ This was the most usual ari-angemeiit ; see tlie statistics collected by Dr
Christison {Proceedings^ 3rd series, vol. xi. p. 347).
^ The exact figures are — N. gateway 13 feet, S. gateway 12 feet, E. gateway 12
feet, W. gateway 14i feet.
428 THE ROMAN FORTS ON THE BAR HILL, DUMBARTONSHIRE.
occur, the flanking towers were connected by a wooden gangway, paanng
over the top of the gate and supported on either side by stout posto oi
oak. It will })e observed that the posts were not sunk so deeply in tb^^
ground as might have been expected from their size. This may indic*^
that they were trussed or strutted. Struts or a * lining ' would u-^^'
<ioubtedly add to their efifectiveness in respect of a secondary obje
which we may believe that they were meant to serve — the provisio-i
of a facing for the turf rampart at the points where it descende
perpendicularly. In view of the character of the material, some sucl^
system of protection at those points would be essential. Otherwise**^
the main defence would have tended to crumble away under the ^
influence of natural causes.
The exception in the case of the southern entrance has still to l)e
accounted for. Here, although there were no post-holes, there were
distinct, if imperfectly defined, traces of stone foundations, just within
the fort, on ouch side of the gateway. This entrance, therefore, was
constructed in more elaborate fashion than the others. On the W. side the
surviving foundations were sufficiently extensive to }>e the remains of a
guard-chamber, and we may conclude that there was probably a guard-
chamber 0!i the E. side also. As for the wo(xlen gangway, it was in all
likelihood supi>orted by solid masonry. A motive for such special pre-
cautions is easy to discover. The Antonine Vallum notwithstanding,
the country lying to the rear had to be regarded as at least potentially
hostile. The wild tribes inhabiting it were never thoroughly subdued.
It is significant that the * stations' at Ardoch and at Birrens both
turn their faces southwards. And at Bar Hill, so far as the configuration
of the ground was concerned, it was the S. side of the fort that was
most exposed to danger of attack. The forces of the enemy could l>e
massed only a siiort distance oft', on the slope of Creecy Hill (see Plate I.),
while the intervening depression contains hollows where small bodies
could rally for a sudden rush. That the engineer who designed the
fortifications was alive to this weakness will be still more apparent
when we come to describe the ditches.
430 THE ROMAN FORTS ON THE BAR HILL, DUMBARTONSHIRE.
the inner ditch of the Antonine fort. Accordingly, that ditch was
widened somewhat, to adapt it to its new surroundings, and at the
same time a second ditch, the outer one, was dug parallel to it
all the way along. While the twofold barrier thus created would
add to the strength of the gate, it would not prevent its being
used for a sally. In an emergency a bridge of planks could easily
be improvised.
The ditches were all cut upon a uniform general plan. On leaving
the surface, scarp and counterscarp sloped inwards as if destined to meet
and form a V. The initial angle of descent ranged from 30° to 40*.
But the actual meeting never took place. About 18 inches alx)ve the
Fifj. 9. Section showing shape of Ditches.
lowest level, the two sides suddenly ])ecame perpendicular, as indicated
ill fig. 9, the result being to provide a flat bottom, sometimes as much as
2 feet broad, sometimes no more tlian 8 inches. Such a device would
render the trenches most difficult things to get out of, and we cannot hut
suppose tliat this accounts for its adoption.^ If the width at the bottom
varied, so did the width at the top. In this latter respect the differ-
ences between the different ditches are particularly interesting. They
can be most simply shown by the following table, which should }ye
compared with the illustrations given in Plate IV.
^ Something of the same sort has been noted on the line of the English Wall, in the
case of the ditcli attached to the Turf Wall at A\y]>\etree {Trans, of the Cumb. and
Wfiit. Aut, and Airh. Society, xiv. 187).
THE DEFENCES.
431
CROSS-SECTIONS OF DEFENCES
TABLE OF WIDTHS^
Rampart
. 12 feet
Berm
6 eet
Ditch
I-terva.^ ^^^
Total
North .
20 feet
38 feet
South .
. . T2 ,.
7 „
16 „
6 feet 17 feet
58 .,
East
12 ,,
8 ,.
16 „
6 „ 16 „
58 ..
West .
. . 12 „
8 .,
16 „
9 ,. 1 13 ,,
58 „ 1
It will be seen that only o!ie element is absolutely constant — the
breadth of the stone base of the rampart. If, however, we leave out of
account the N. side, with its single ditch, we find two other features
that do not change — the breadth of the inner ditch, and the total
measurement from the kerb of tlie rampart to the further margin of the
outer ditch. The diiferences, therefore, can hardly be altogether
haphazard. How are they to be explained ?
The exceptional width of the fossa on the N. was obviously due to
the fact that it was the only defence of the kind on that face of the fort.
On the remaining three sides the breadth of the outer ditch appears to
have been determined by the character of the ground lying beyond.
Towards the W. this was open. A limit of 13 feet was accordingly
deemed adequate. It was otherwise towards the S. Attention has
already been directed to the peculiar danger to which the defences there
lay open. A consciousness of such danger is reflected in the formidable
nature of the outer ditch, which was 8 J feet deep, and fully a foot wider
than the inner one. We may trace evidence of the same feeling of
' The figures are taken from sections (see Plate IV. ) very carefully made— two
on each side, at the points indicated in Plate II. — for the express purjKxse of secur-
ing accurate measurements. At the same time they ought to be regarded merely
as reasonable averages. The lines of the ditches were not drawn with mathematical
exactitude.
432 THE ROMAN FORTS ON THE BAR HILL, DUMBARTONSHIRE.
insecurity in yet another precaution. The gap admitting the road from
the S. was completely * covered ' by a short ditch or titulvs, some 30 feet
long, 1 2 feet broad, and 7 feet deep — an effective check to the force of a
direct charge. Similar care was called for on the E. There the rampart
overlooked the green basin of the Castle Hill Park. At first the slope
was gradual. After 30 or 40 yards it became steeper, and at one part
the descent was sufficiently abrupt to conceal a portion of the hillside
from the view of the defenders. Special measures were taken to cope
with these conditions. On the E. the outer ditch was 3 feet wider than
on the W., while the gateway was * covered ' just as was the gateway on
the S. The covering ditch, however, was not a mere tittdus ; it was too
large for that.^ Beginning opposite the gateway, 25 feet from the outer
ditch, it ran parallel to the main ditches for a distance of 93 feet towards
the S. It is significant that it occupied the crest immediately above
the expanse of * dead ' ground that has just been referred to. An
attacking party emerging from the hollow would have found them-
selves immediately confronted by an obstacle not less than 14 feet
wide and 6 feet deep.
Finally, it may be noted that the depth of the ditches was by no means
uniform. The outer ditch on the S. side represented the maximum
(8 J feet). The average all over was from 1 to 2 J feet less. Even in the
case of the same ditch there were sometimes very considerable variations.
On the W., for example, for a distance of some 20 feet in front of the
W. gateway, the two ditches were no more than 3J feet deep. This
was on or near the summit of the liill. Lower down, they made a much
closer approach to the average. Similarly, the single ditch on the N,
was 7 J feet deep beside the gateway, but more than 8 feet at its western
end. The lack of uniformity as between different ditches, and even
(occasionally, at least) as between different parts of the same ditch, was
partly the result of subsequent levelling of the ground. But it may also
have been largely due to the varying requirements of defence ; where the
^ Per UUitudinem portarum similiter fossa fitt, quod jn-opter hrevitatem tUiUum
cognominatum est (Hyginus, De mun. casfr., c. 49).
434 THE ROMAN FORTS ON THE BAR HILL, DUMBARTONSHIRE.
strong by nature and admirably calculated to secure the safety of those
approaching the town by sea. Two ditches run round the rampart, both
of them broad. Formerly the rampart was of eartli and the towers
planted on it were of wood. Now both rampart and towers are made of
brick. The former rests on a substantial foundation, and has artillery
mounted upon it. In a word, the preparations for defence are so
complete that there is little likelihood of any of the natives coming to
close quarters or of the garrison ever being called upon to stand a
siege."
From the point of view of construction, the fort on the Bar Hill and
that at Phasis both belong to a period of transition. Ramparts of turf
and ramparts of brick were alike intermediate between the earthwork,
pure and simple, and the wall of stone. But the stages they represent
should perhaps be regarded as parallel rather than as successive. As a
matter of fact, the Phasis fort, with its brick ramparts, was the earlier
of the two {rirca 130 a.d.). That the alternative material was employed
at Bar Hill, as it was elsewhere in North Britain, was in some degree the
result of accident. Bricks would have had to be made, whereas turf of
excellent quality lay ready to hand upon the spot.^ If we allow for this
difference, the resemblance between the two cistella is exceedingly
remarkable. It may have extended even to their size. According to
the basis of calculation laid down by Hyginus, 21,600 square feet were
required for the housing of an infantry cohort of 480 men. Measured
by this criterion, Bar Hill could have held 1400 or 1500 men, even
assuming that only half of the available ground was occupied by
barracks. But the specificatiims of Hyginus refer to the temporary
camp of an army on the march, where economy of space was a considera-
tion of importance ; it is futile to try and apply them to a permanent
* station.' On the reasonable supposition that the Bar Hill fort was
designed for the comfortable accommodation of a recognised military
^ Mr Haverfield (whose unwearying assistance we would take this opportunity of
acknowledging) points out to us that there is another consideration to be weighed :
the East was ]>robably ahead of the West.
436 THE KOMAN FOBTS ON THE BAR HILL, DUMBARTOKSHIEK,
kid. Above that catiie a course or two of dressed stones, and ih^ti —
the real beginning of the wall — a fresh course of stones, better dressed «
and so much narrower than the lower one ae to leave u scnrcement of
I'l;;. 10. K. Wall of the riwti.riiim, l-Hikin^^ X
3 mebes on either side. Fig. 10 will serve u< illustrate wme of the
points just mentioned. It is a view taken from the interior, looking
I^.^ and represents the moflt southerly portion of the E. wall, with the
end of one of the crosg-walls abutting on iL
438 THE ROMAN FORTS ON THE BAR HILL, DUMBARTONSHIRE.
consisted of three main divisions. The most southerly of these contained
three separate chambers (Nos. 4, 5, and 6). To what extent the division
in the centre was broken up is doubtful. But the one towards the N.
had certainly no partition walls. Although all traces of the doorway
have disappeared, we cannot doubt but that the entrance was from the
N. — in other words, direct from the Via PrtncipcUis. And we may be
sure that the door was in the centre, so that, when the soldier crossed
the threshold, his eye might travel straight along a vista to the central
chamber on the S. This little apartment (No. 5), 15^ feet square, was
the sacellum or shrine, where the standards were kept — the sanctuary
consecrated to their worship and to that of the Imperial House. Usually
the sacellum had two rooms — probably business-rooms of some sort— on
either side of it, making a row of five in all. But the seeming
use of only three can be paralleled from elsewhere — from Hardknott in
Cumberland,^ for example, from Melandra in Derbyshire,^ and i^par-
ently from Rough Castle.^ In the present instance the two side
apartments were considerably larger than the one in the middle.
The back walls of Nos. 4 and 6 measured 25 feet and 24 feet
respectively, as against 15^ feet in the case of No. 5. All three
rooms appear to have been paved with freestone flags, from 2 to 3
inches in thickness.
When we leave the part of the Praetorium lying to the S. and pass to
that in the centre, the task of interpretation becomes much harder. To
judge from analogies at Birrens, Housesteads, and elsewhere, an open
court might have been confidently expected. But the evidence against
such a view appears to be conclusive. The eastern end would seem to
have been a separate room, about 22 feet square, and paved with flags.
The dividing wall and the remains of the floor were immistakable. Some
of the flags still in situ are shown in fig. 12, which gives an outside view
^ TraTis. of the Cumh, and West. Ant. and Arch, Society y vol. xii, p. 386.
2 Melandra Castle (Manchester, 1906), Plan ; and also Victoria County Histari/ of
Derbyshire, vol. i. p. 212.
^ Proceedings, 1905, vol. xxxix. p. 472.
440 THE ROMAN FORTS ON THE BAR HILL, DUMBARTONSHIRE.
normal number of four business-rooms in close proximity to the
saeellufn^
A peculiar interest was associated with the S.E. comer of Room No. 3.
The southern end of the Praetorium was partly built over the inner
ditch of the Agricolan fort. As the dotted lines in fig. 11 show, the
line of the ditch enters below the S.W. comer of Room No. 4, passes
across this and across the sacellum in a north-easterly direction^ mns
under the dividing wall between Room No. 6 and Room No. 3, and
then under the flags in the S.K corner of the latter, finally emeigmg
just beyond. Where the actual foundations were to be laid above it,
the bed of the early ditch has been packed with broken freestone,
instead of being merely filled with earth or turf. But even this precau-
tion has not proved sufficient. At some time or other, probably soon
after the erection of the building, there has been a marked subsidence
on the line of the dividing wall chiefly concerned, and the flags in the
S.K corner of Room No. 4 have also sunk considerably. These phe-
nomena are well exhibited in fig. 1 3, which gives a view of the wall and
flags, looking E.
The general character of the front or northern division of the
Praetorium was not difficult to determine. It had been an open court-
yard, about 70 feet by 34 feet, apparently floored with clay and a
stratum of small stones. In its eastern half was the Well, whose dis-
covery and clearance have already been described. This well, it will be
remembered, was 43 feet deep and 4 feet in diameter, and was * cradled '
all the way down with dressed stones. The lowest course of the
* cradling ' rested on five well-squared oaken beams arranged in the form
of a pentagon. Examined from above, the whole produced a strong im-
pression of the thoroughness and durability of Roman workmanship. It
is fair to add that some, at least, of those who ventured to the bottom
experienced a rather different sensation as they looked up and saw the
^ The same end might, of course, have been attained by the use of wooden parti-
tions in No. 4 and No. 6. And such an explanation of our difficulty would have
much to commend it. The W. wall of No. 3 would remain a very puzzling fact
THE PRAETOmUM, 441
liulging sides project in clear relief against the BmaU civth of bright sky*
The contents — a full record of which is reserved for tlie Appendix —
:f iiriiished important evidence as to the original appearaaice of this pturt
Fl|t. 13. PartitioD Wall in PraetoHum, showing subttidenoit ou line of AgricolAii Ditch.
of the fort, a centre where officerB or Boldiera must oftea have fore-
^^athered.
It h certain that a colonnade of stone pillars rati roujid at least a
portion of the open court* Careful search was made for the sul*-
\
442 THE ROMAN FORTS ON THE BAit HILL, DUMBART0N8HIRB.
structures on which the bases must have rested, but all trace of them
had vanished. The proof supplied by the extant remains is, however,
convincing. These will be subjected to detailed examination at a later
stage. ^ In the meantime a general statement must suffice. There were
extracted from the Well 21 columns or pieces of columns, 14 bases, and 11
capitals. A twelfth capital was subsequently recovered from the refuse-
hole distinguished on the Plan as No. 7. Placed end to end, the columns
would cover a distance of 64 feet. Their diameters averaged from 10 to
13^ inches, and each of the three tallest was rather more than 5 feet
high. A characteristic group is reproduced in fig. 14. The bases were
fairly uniform in appearance ; but there was some variation among the
capitals, a few of them being decorated.
Next to the colonnade, the Well itself was probably the moBt ocm-
spicuous feature of the courtyard. It was worked by means of a rope
running on a wooden pulley. Parts of the bucket and of the pulley, as
well as of the wooden framework to which the latter had been fastened,
were among the * finds * of special interest recovered from its depths.
The debris from the Well also included a good many bits of squared oak,
one of them as much as 9 feet long, — remains which might suggest that
the framework had been protected by a wooden shelter. That is, of
course, quite possible. But it is more probable that the beams in question
had formed part of the roof of a covered walk inside the colonnade.
(b) The Storehotcse, — Immediately to the E. of the Praetorium was
a street, running N. and S., and having a width of 10 feet between the
inside margins of its two stone gutters. On the other side of this street
rose a long, narrow building of stone, which may with confidence be
identified as a storehouse. Its foundations lay parallel to those of the
Praetorium, and were just about equal to them in length (85 feet).
One or more such structures have been found in every Roman fort in
Britain that has been explored with any degree of completeness. They
are generally situated in the immediate neighbourhood of the head-
^ See infra, '*Note on the Architectural Fragments."
444 THE KOMAx^ FORTS ON THE BAR HILL, DUMBART0N8HIRB.
quarters building. The grounds for supposing them to be granariee or
storehouses have been well stated by Mr Bosanquet in his account of
the excavations conducted under his supervision at Housesteads.^ In
some respects the Bar Hill example represents a departure from the
normal type. In particular, its outside walls were less thick than is usual
— being only about 2 feet — and they were not supported by buttresses.
Again, compared with the great majority of similar structures elsewhere,
it was remarkable for its relative breadth (32 feet). With a length of
85 feet, we should not have expected it to be more than from 20 to 26
feet wide.2
A stone partition divided the Storehouse longitudinally into two
slightly unequal halves. Probably this is the explanation of the
peculiarities just enumerated. If there were to be two divisions, the
whole would require to be broader than is usual. On the other hand,
the partition could be so utilised as to relieve the side walls of much of
the pressure of the heavy roof with which we must suppose the granary
to have been provided. Buttresses would thus be rendered unnecessary.
Of the two halves, the eastern was the larger. It had an interior width
of 13 feet, and had evidently been paved with flags, as pieces of flagstone
were found lying undisturbed in the bottom. The western half was
only about 11 feet wide. Its floor was doubtless also formed of flags.
In this case, however, recourse had been had to a method of construction
that is frequently associated with such buildings. In order to guard
against damp, the flags had been supported by three dwarf walls that
ran from one end of the division to the other. A good many ashes were
observed in the northern portion of the free spaces so provided, but
there was nothing to indicate when or how they had accumulated there.
About 17 feet from the N. end were traces of what appeared to be a
cross wall. It became obvious during the excavations that the two
most easterly of the dwarf walls, taken along with the stone partition,
* Arch. AeL, xxv. pp. 237 f.
^ Sec Bosanquet, Lc. His statistics are entirely borne out by sites examined
since the publication of his paper, e.g. (])astlecary, Rough Castle, and Gellygaer.
446 THE KOMAN FORTS ON THE BAR HILL, DUMBART0N8HIRX.
represented the ** three rows of ruins" shown very prominently in
Gordon's plan, and spoken of by Horsley as being still visible " within
the Praetorium." ^ Fig. 15 gives a view, looking south, of the nortliem
end of the "three rows," as they appeared when uncovered in 1903.
The third dwarf wall and the main wall on the W. are barely dia-
tinguishable. Towards the right the stone gutter on the K aide of
the street is very well seen.^
(c) The Workshops.— 'To the E. of the Storehouse were the remains
of yet another building of stone. It had been sadly mutilated. None
of its details were ascertainable. Even the limits of its foundations
could not be certainly fixed, although it must have covered an area of
not less than 41^ feet by 33 feet. The fact that it had contained the
workshops seemed tolerably clear from the nature of the objects found
within what was left of its walls. These included quantities of ashes
and other indications of large fireplaces, the remains of flues, many
pieces of wrought iron, a number of iron nails, and — most significant
of all — much iron-slag and glass-slag. Near the S.W. comer a well-
preserved flue entered the building from the E.
(d) The Baths and Latrines, — After the Praetorium itself, the most
extensive stone structure discovered was a range of buildings that
stretched nearly the whole way from the N. gate to the N.W. angle of
the fort, at a distance of not more that 4 feet from the rampart.
Measured over the foundations, it was about 15 feet broad, and rather
less than 150 feet long. The general view, looking eastwards (fig. 16),
conveys a good impression of its dilapidated condition. While it had
evidently been a continuous suite of apartments, three clearly marked
divisions had existed. Before entering on a particular description, we
may mention that the N. ditch, opposite the two higher or more easterly
^ See sujira, p. 407.
^ The pool of water in the centre of the foreground marks a hole dug to verify the
line of the Agricolan ditch.
^^^^^^p ^^
^^^^^H
^^^^H ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^■KtK^^^^HH^^^Df^^H^^^^^^^^I
^
P^E^^^M 1
1 ^^pi'^.'^imEijH
1 V msijn
^1
^^1
H
^^1
^^^1
^^H
^fHi
i H
448 THE ROMAN FORTS ON THE BAR HILL, DUMBART0N8HIRR.
divisions, contained many fragments of small clay bottles such as
might have been used for holding unguents, and also that in the very
same neighbourhood, but on the inner side of the rampart, there were
picked up five loose coins — one of silver and four of copper — as well as
broken and corroded pieces of several others. These facts are in
complete accord with an inference to which the character of the ruins
themselves will be found to point. They indicate that a good deal of
money changed hands in or about the building, and that some of the
rooms were devoted to purposes connected with the toilet. In other
words, they suggest that what we have here is the wreck of the public
baths and their ordinary adjuncts.
An examination of the internal arrangements renders the conclusion
a certainty. The division next the gate yielded quantities of stones,
ashes, burned wood, and broken pottery of the coarser sort. Its lower
portion was furnished with a hypocaust, the brick pillars of which
crumbled away rapidly when exposed to the frosty atmosphere. Much
cement had been used in its construction ; many large pieces nearly as
hard as stone were among the fragments. It must have been a ealdarium
or a tepidanum, or both, for it had had a regular water-supply laid OD.
The waste was carried off at the back by a drain, 6 inches wide and 15
inches deep. The fresh water came from a reservoir or tank that stood
on a slightly higher level, about 23 feet to the S. of the eastern extremity
of the main building. Fig. 17 represents this Reservoir, looking N., with
the ruined hypocaust in the distance. It will be seen that it was a
rectangular pit, 1 2 feet long by 6 feet wide. There was a step across
the centre of the bottom, the western half being 3 inches lower than the
eastern. The sides had originally been protected by masonry, and the
floor was roughly paved with stones laid on a well-packed bed of puddled
clay. The whole had at one time been covered by a roof or canopy, as
was proved by the discovery of the stump of an oaken post in each of
the four corners. Had these posts been sunk deep enough to give them
a hold at once secure and independent, they would have penetrated the
j)uddled clay and so caused a leakage. Accordingly, they were merely
450 THE ROMAN FORTS ON THE BAR HILL, DUMBARTONSHIBS.
planted on stones lying above it. The necessary support or * bracing '
was provided by tenon-struts mortised into them about 6 inches from
their lower end. In the illustration the mortise-hole can be distincUy
seen in the stump that is leaning against the left-hand comer of the
northern wall of the reservoir. The channel-stone just to the right is
lying in its original position, and was evidently the outlet. The three
similar stones in the foreground were got face downwards in the bottom,
as if they had been thrown in by hands intent on destruction. Probably
they formed the inlet.
Returning to the Baths, we find that the division in the centre was
likewise provided with a hypocaust This was on a somewhat lower
level than the one already spoken of, and its pillars were of stone, not of
brick. The mouth of the furnace and some of the pillars are shown in
fig. 18. In one or two instances the flagstones of the floor are still poised
upon the top. The confused heap beyond represents the remains of the
upper hypocaust. It was remarked that the centre division had had no
communication with the drain that passed immediately behind it. It
was not, therefore, used for bathing in the strict sense of the term. But
its position as a member of the suite goes to prove that it was the bathers
who frequented it. Possibly it was a Laconicum or sweating-room. Or
it may have been merely a comfortably warmed apartment for dressing or
undressing, and for lounging. Or it may have served both purposes, as
did the apodyterium in Quintus Cicero's villa near Arpinum.^
Regarding the nature of the lowest or most westerly division there can
be no manner of doubt. It contained the Latrines. These were situated
at the precise point in the fort where the fall of the ground was most
rapid. Turning back to fig. 16, and comparing it with the Plan on
Plate II., we may note the system of drainage. A stone gutter ran all
the way in front of the other two divisions. It probably collected the
rain from the roof. Immediately below the furnace of the stone
hypocaust it was diverted towards the N. and taken obliquely through
the wall into the Latrines — possibly an indication that the latter had
* Cicero, Ep, ad QuiiUwn Fratrein, in. i. 2.
452 THE ROMAN FORTS ON THE BAR HILL, DUMBARTONSHIRE.
no roof for rain to drip from. The drain that carried oflf the waste
from the upper portion of the Baths was the main source of the water
used for flushing purposes. During nearly its whole course it was
closed in with stone covers. About 20 feet from the W. wall of the
building it sent off a branch that crossed the lowest division at an
angle towards the S.W., and then turned northwards to fall once more
into the main stream. This branch (which, as the illustration shows,
had also been partially covered) formed the actual latrine trench, and
the outflow of sewage was ultimately led through the N. ditch by a
conduit raised a little way above the bottom. The stone with a perfor-
ated hole, in the foreground of fig. 16, is a somewhat curious relic. It
was found on the top of the latrine trench, just where it lies in the
picture, and it shows that the seats were of stone.
(e) Other Buildings of Stone. — More or less doubtful indications of
other stone buildings came to light here and there; but there was
nothing that could be called definite or certain. And there was at least
one remarkable blank. There was no evidence to show what had lain
in the western section of the latera praetorii — the space corresponding
to that occupied by the Storehouse and the Workshops on the E.
It would be a natural enough situation for the private quarters of the
commandant of the garrison. This would probably be a stone house, «^
with hypocaust installation underneath some of the floors. The sup- — ^
position that such a house was among the buildings that once stood here ^^■
may perhaps help us to find a clue to their utter disappearance. The
" vaults .... covered above with flat bricks," which are mentioned in
the old Statistical Account of Scotland^^ were undoubtedly hypocaust
chambers. They are described as being " still entire " when accidentally
revealed in 1791. Unless they were speedily and carefully buried again,
their destruction would inevitably follow. That they were so destroyed
is all the more likely, if their discovery was associated with a search for
stones or with an endeavour after agricultural improvement.
^ See supm^ p. 408.
THE WOODEN BARRACKS,
455
one of them was represented by but five post-boles. At the same time,
the space Jivailable here was much more extensile, and the measure-
meiits lead one to suppose that in this quarter there muBt be not less
than thf%Q wooden buildings flltogetber unaccounted for. That would
give a total of at least nine for the whole fort, the odd number beiDg
explamed by the intruaion of the Baths,
The best preserved of the Barrack Blocks was the one that lay in the
extreme S*W* (No* V*), If we Inctude all the post- holes that appear to
h&VB belonged to it and to its ftt^ancts, we get a length of 123 feet and a
breadth of 31 feet — a fairly ulose approximation to the dimensions given
by Hygiaue for the equivalent unit in a temporary camp {130 feet by
30 feet). It can, however, be proved that tlie actual building was not
quite so large. Fig, 20 is a view, looking eastwards, along the more
northerly of the two longest rows of holes that marked its outline.
Observe the line of stones set up on edge behind the posts. The pur-
poee of these was obvious. The building lay upon a slope, and the
stones were intended to prevent the water that ran down the hill from
making its way beneath the wall. This, therefore, was the true back.
Measured from here to the front, the breadth was 24 to 25 feet. Similarly,
measured from the western extremity of the line of stones, the length
was not more than 110 feet. It was only 87, if the most easterly of tbe
three cross rows represents a verandah and not a partition. The ac-
ceptance of the last hypothesis would deprive us of any evidence for a
division of tbo huikling into compartments. But the original existence
of sneh compartraentj? would remain beyond doubts The testimony from
other sites is decisive. Incidentally, the stones set on edge furnish
proof thiifc this block of barracks faced towards tbe 8, That was a
nmrkeil ad^^ajitage. In the case of a sudden alarm, it would be the work
ot a moment to man the southern rampart.
The vistu of fig. 19 exluhits almost all that was left of the two more
northerly of the Barrack Blocks in tbe refmiura (Nos. III. and IV,). It
ifi taken from tlte eastern end, AJ though the post-boles seem, in the
tlluatration, to stretch in an unbroken line, there is really (as the Plan on
THE STREETS. 457
tively 113 and 1 15 feet long. Regarding their breadth we cannot speak
positively. There were, however, clear indications that it was towards
the Praetorium that they extended ; other post-holes were found to the
^^^. of both halves of the line. The doubling of tlie row at the eastern
^nd of what would thus be the S. wall of No. IV. — a feature distinctly
'reproduced in the figure, and still better seen in the Plan (Plate II.) —
^^axk be interpreted with some approach to confidence. It would appear
-probable that the building had been L-shaped, with a verandah at the
4end, much like certain of the stoiio barracks at Gellygaer and at
Cheaters.^ If this was so, the verandah must liave been almost 4 feet
wide and between 40 and 50 feet long. The meagre remnants of
barrack blocks in the praetentura have little to tell us. One building
(No. II.), part of whose outline is traceable on the E., had been 22 feet
broad. With the five solitary post-holes on the W., which are all that
is left of No. I., there was associated a curious hole or pit, 5 feet long,
4 feet wide, and 5 feet deep. At the bottom of this was a trough made
of four flagstones set on edge round a fifth flagstone that lay flat.
These were held in place by stout wooden stakes. The trough so
formed was 8 inches deep, 2 feet long, and 1 foot 3 inches broad. It
may have been connected with the mess-kitchen wliich, following tlie
usual arrangement, would probably occupy one end of the building to
which the five posts belonged.
(g) Hie Streets. — We liave already had occasion to mention that a
atreet, 10 feet wide, divided the Praetorium from the Storehouse.
Allusion has also been made to the Via Priudpalis. Considerable
traces of the latter could be distinguished ; its CAstern half must have
l)een one of the best-trodden portions of the fort. The same remarks
apply to the Via Praetorift, which led from the courtyard of the
* See The Roman Fori of Oellygaer^ pp. 65 ff. Three buildings of this shape
were also found at Camelon. There, however, no verandahs were traced. In all
these instances the narrower end of the building pointed inwards. At Bar Hill, if
the structure was similar, it pointed outwards.
458 TUE ROMAN FORTS ON THE BAR HILL, DUMBART0N8HIBS.
Praetorium straight to the N. gate. Again, the arrangement of the
wooden barracks in the retentura undoubtedly points to the existence of
a now vanished street that had passed from the S. gate to the back of
the Praetorium. Besides these four, the only other which we can
identify with certainty was one that ran round the interior margin of the
southern defences, occupying (so far as that side of the fort was
concerned) very much the position held by the Via soffularis in the
temporary camp of Hyginus. Its remains are shown on the right in fig.
21, at the spot where they were most extensive. The post-holes on the
left of the illustration belong to the S. front of Barrack Block No, V.,
the view being taken from the W. The street itself was 7 to 8 feet wide.
Towards the W. its outer kerb was about 17 feet behind the inner kerb
of the stone base of the rampart. Further E. the corresponding
interval was only 15 feet. At its western end, if not also at its eastern
one, there were faint indications that the street may have rounded the
corner with an easy curve. Was it continued along the line of the
defences on the other three sides of the fort? To this question no
positive answer can be given. If it was, then we can see that^ after
crossing in front of the N. gateway, it must have swung slightly south-
wards, so as to leave the Baths and Latrines in what Hyginus calls the
inter vcUlurn,
Qi) Fireplacea. — Remains of rude hearths or fireplaces were found in
various directions throughout the fort. Many of these must mark the
site of the camp-fires that warmed the soldiers* quarters. Probably
there was one sunk in the floor of each of the compartments into which
the wooden barracks would be divided. Hut they could not all have
been of this nature. Among the most notable exceptions were three
that lay in a row, close to the rampart on the W. side of the fort, about
midway between the gate and the S.W. corner. Built of stone, they
were circular in shape, 7 or 8 feet in diameter, and about 3 feet high.
They had evidently been much used, although nothing survived to
suggest their real purpose. Whatever that purpose may have been —
460 THE ROMAN FORTS ON THE BAR HILL, DUBiBABTONSHIRE.
and it might be anything from the kindling of signal-fires to the con-
sumption of rubbisli — it is odd that they should have been placed just
where a westerly wind — the prevailing wind in the district — would
drive the smoke straight on to the Praetorium and the blocks of barracks
in the retentura.
The most remarkable of the fireplaces was, however, a circular recessi
cut into the W. side of the outer ditch, 21 feet N. of the W. gateway,
and walled with solid masonry. A good idea of its appearance is con-
veyed by fig. 22. The floor was of boulder clay, and on the same level
as the bottom of tlie ditch. The dimensions were as follows : —
Diameter above scarcement 7 feet
Diameter below scarcement 5 feet.
Width of scarcement 1 foot.
Height to scarcement 3 feet 8 inches.
Height (surviving) above scarcement —
(a) on S. side 1 foot 10 inches.
(6) on N. side 10 inches.
Width of furnace opening 1 foot 8 inches.
Beneath the line of the scarcement the recess contained a laige
quantity of red ashes, above which were loose stones and soil Ashes of
a similar character were lying in abundance in the ditch outside ; they
had evidently been drawn from the fireplace, when it was in use. It
should be added that the mass of loose stones was so considerable as to
show that the building had originally been much higher.
One's first impulse is to regard the circular recess as an oven. Four
ovens were found in the body of the rampart at Birrens,^ and a like
number at Inchtuthil.^ Or the red ashes might suggest that it had
been a kiln for drying bricks or tiles.^ There are serious difficulties in
the way of both of these views. It would be strange indeed if the
garrison had been dependent for the baking of their daily bread on an
* Proceedings, 1896, vol. xxx. p. 101.
2 Proceedings, 1 902, vol. xxxvi j)p. 209 tf.
^ For kilns near the S. gate at Amboglanna, Aesica, and Housesteads, see Arch.
Ad., XXV. pp. 282 ff.
462 THE ROMAN FORTS ON THE BAR HILL, DUMBARTONSHIRE.
used for drying corn, in which case the fire would be a smouldering one,
so that the top would be left open, and planking might suffice as a
bridge.
Against all these suppositions there is one most powerful argument —
the intense degree of heat to which the whole recess had been subjected.
The actual furnace was large out of all proportion to what would be
required for a kiln or oven of similar dimensions, and the stones that
formed the wall were burned red, deep below the surface. In these
circumstances, a suggestion that originated with Mr M*Intosh deserves to
be carefully weighed. His view is that the recess was employed for
cremation — that it was, in fact, the tistrinum of the fort. He supposes
that the fireplace below the scarcement would be piled up with dry fuel,
and that the body would then be lowered on a strong hurdle of green
wood, the ends of which would re^ upon the ledge provided by the
scarcement. It will be noted that the diameter (7 feet) suits this
hypothesis exactly. The fire would be kindled and fed from beneath,
and the hurdle would support the body until it was wholly consumed.
It is a matter for regret that it was not found possible to test this theory
by having specimens of the ash microscopically examined. An oppor-
tunity for that may occur elsewhere. In the meantime it is worth
pointing out that, if cremation was to be effective, some such system
as has been described would be essential. A }>ody would not he
consumed by being merely thrown upon a blazing fire. Nor is there
much force in the objection that a ustrimim in such close proximity to
the fort would be offensive. The walls, be it remembered, were higli.
If the fire were fierce and the consumption rapid — as it would be in
such circumstances — no smell would be observable. Except when the
fire was freshly lit, there would be little or no smoke. Besides, we
have already found great hearths much nearer to the soldiers' quarters.
(i) Refuse-Holes, — Within the ramparts of the fort the excavators dis-
covered nine rubbish-pits or refuse-holes, all of which were thoroughly
examined. The position of each will be found marked upon the Plan
THE REFUSE- HOLES. 463
(Plate II.). It will be observed that one of them lay within the area
of the early fort, and a second on the line of the early ditch, while the
rest were entirely clear of the Agricolan enclosure. As we shall see
presently, their arrangement distinctly suggests that the whole group
belongs to the Antonine period. The main facts regarding them are
embodied in the following descriptions : —
Hole No, 1 lay in the N.W. corner of the praetentura. It must
have been close to the western end of Barrack Block No. I.
Circular in shape, it had a diameter of 18 feet at the mouth, as
against 5 feet at the bottom. The depth was 15 feet. Stakes
of oak and of mountain ash had been driven in all round it,
evidently to support the sides. The contents consisted of 2 feet
of soil and stones next the surface, 2 feet of ashes, 8 feet of
decayed vegetable matter, and 3 feet of soft clay and large
boulder-like stones. Mixed with the vegetable matter were
bones of animals, boots, pieces of red-deer horn, broken pottery,
bits of wrought wood, a * first brass ' coin of Trajan, and sundry
fragments of metal. Eleven of the bones proved to be human —
all either of hands or of feet.
Hole No. 2 lay in the eastern half of the praetentura, about 10 feet
to the rear of the line of the S. wall of Barrack Block No. II.
Like Hole No. 1, it was circular, the diameter being 15 feet at
the mouth and 5 J feet at the bottom, while the lip was protected
by a stone kerb, 6 inches deep, running all the way round the
edge. When it was cleared, 5 feet of stones and soil, 12 feet
of decayed vegetable matter, and 5 feet of soft clay gave a total
depth of 22 feet. The vegetable matter contained many bones,
lx)ots, and pieces of leather, besides pottery and other relics.
The circumstance that for the last 5 feet of their course the
sides were perpendicular suggests that the hole was originally
meant for a well. If so, the large quantity of soft clay in the
bottom possibly explains why the project was abandoned ; it may
indicate that the upper portion of the sides had slipped.
464 THE ROMAN FORTS ON THE BAR HILL, DUMBARTONSHIRE.
Hole No. S lay due W. of the southern portion of the Praetorium.
It formed a rectangle 6 feet long by 5 feet wide, with a depth of
6 feet. A quantity of ashes was found near the surface.
Beneath these came stones and soil. The relics were very few
in number. A noteworthy feature was a stratum of coal,
6 inches thick, which covered the bottom. The pieces of coal
were very small, the greatest dimension of the largest being
only about {in inch.^
Hole No. 4i which was likewise rectangular, lay in the retetUurOy
close to the S.W. angle of the fort. It was 4 feet long, 3 J feot
wide, and 4 feet deep. It contained about 2 feet of decayed
vegetable matter, but yielded no objects of any importance.
Hole No. 5 was also unfruitful. It was similar in shape to Xo. 4,
which it closely adjoined. It was 5J feet long, 4 feet wide, and
5 feet deep. The layer of vegetable matter was 2J feet thick.
Hole No. 6 was one of the most remarkable of the series. It was
near the S. gate, on the western side of the street that ran
thence towards the Praetorium. Its surface measurements were
14 feet by 6 feet, and it was 8 feet deep. In the 2 feet of soil
that had first to be removed were several large sandstone flags.
The 5 or 6 feet of decayed vegetable matter that followed
contained the usual debris of pottery, leather, wood, bones, and
the like, as well as a number of mussel shells. Then came a
complete chariot wheel. Three long oaken stakes had been
driven into the boulder clay of the bottom, one of them
passing between two of the spokes of the wheel. It looked as
if tliese stakes or posts had been intended to support the flag-
stones on the top.
Hole No. 7 was 5 feet long, 4 feet wide, and about 5 feet deep. It
lay directly opposite No. 6, on the other side of the street already
> It may be mentioned that there is a coal outcrop in the immediate iHl^Wwr-
hood, about 150 yards to the E. of the Castle Hill. It is hardly more lliaii 4 i
thick at the surface.
THE REFUSE-HOLES. 465
mentioned. The decayed vegetable matter with which it was
filled contained nothing that calls for special mention. Near the
surface was one of the capitals from the colonnade round the
open court of the Praetorium.^ It had been broken, probably
by the plough
Hole No, 8 was of exactly the same size as the preceding. It lay
about 12 feet S. of the eastern end of the line of post-holes that
marked the course of the S. wall of Barrack Block No. IV.
Beneath 2 feet of soil and stones was a stratum of vegetable
matter 3 feet thick, containing boots, bones, and so on, as well as
a few oyster and mussel shells much decayed.
Hole No, 9y which, like all the others in the retentura, was rect-
angular, lay just within the easteni rampart near the S.E.
angle of the fort. It was 14 feet long, 7 feet wide, and 7 feet
deep. At its northern end there were some indications of a
built cover, the chief relic being a large flagstone, 4 feet long and
1 foot 8 inches wide. In the centre of this was a rectangular
opening, 4J inches by 4 inches. The hole itself contained 2 feet
of soil and ashes, and 5 feet of decayed vegetable matter.
Among the * finds ' were boots, bones, portions of red-deer horns,
oyster shells, the greater portion of the shell of an egg — about
the size of a hen's egg, — several birch brooms or * besoms,' much
worn, and a large sheet of leather rolled up, with a rope inside
of it.
The general character of the pits just described hardly admits of
question. They were neither more nor less than the ordinary * middens '
of the Antonine fort. The nature of their contents (with the single
exception of the chariot wheel) accords completely with this
supposition. And the same may be said of their distribution. The
two large pits were intended to serve the blocks of barracks in the
pradmtvra. One lay to the E., the other to the W. of the Via
ffwMitL The six smaller ones in the retentura were divided in similar
* See supra ^ p. 441.
\
466 THE ROMAN FORTS ON THE BAR HILL, DUMBARTONSHIRE.
^^
fashion between the two sides of the fort, and here again a connection ^
with the barrack buildings seems certain. Attention may be directed g^
to the manner in which the latter group is arranged, with some
approach to symmetry, in relation to the neighbouring streets. In
view of all this, the position of No. 3 may perhaps be regarded as
confirming an opinion already expressed, to the effect that a dwelling-
house — the residence of the commandant — had once stood to the W.
of the Praetorium.^ The sharp contrast that Nos. 1 and 2 present to
the remainder is somewhat striking. They are very much larger, and
they are circular in shape, not rectangular. It was suggested above
that No. 2 was originally intended for a well.^ Possibly No. 1 may
also have been dug in quest of water ; but the whole of the rest appear
to have been specially prepared as receptacles for rubbish. Two points
that call for remark in passing are, first, the probability that at least
Nos. 6 and 9 had been provided with a covering of stone, and second,
the occurrence of quantities of ashes near the surface of Nos. 1, 3, and 9.
The latter feature may indicate that, after the holes had been filled, the
refuse was thrown on the top and burned.
V. Thb Relics.
The mass of relics recovered in the course of the excavations was of
unusual extent and interest. Many of them came, as has been already
stated, from the Well. The majority of the rest were extracted either
from the refuse-holes or from the ditches. It is worth observing that,
in the case of the ditches, by far the most prolific spots were the outer-
most corners.^ The reason is not difficult to divine : it was only natural
that it should be the parts furthest from the gates that were selected for
the deposit of rubbish. The one exception proves the rule. The N.E.
corner yielded absolutely nothing. And there was an obvious motive
^ See su-pras p. 452. * See iu^a, p. 468.
^ Mr Haverfield tells us he has noticed the same thing at other forts, €.g, at
Chesters.
/
468 THE ROMAN FORTS ON THE BAR HILL, DUMBARTONSHIRE.
value as a working basis of classification when one is confronted with
actual remains. There was so much variation of shape and form that it
must always be doubtful where the dividing line is to be drawn. In
dealing with the Bar Hill relics there is the added difficulty that the
potsherds are for the most part too fragmentary to admit of reliable
inferences being drawn as to the outlines and dimensions of the original
vessels. All that can be said with certainty is that many sizes and
several distinct types of storage jars are represented, some of them
having two looped handles, some one, and some none at all.
Fig. 23 reproduces an almost perfectly preserved example of a class
to which not a few of the fragments should undoubtedly be attached.
This is the specimen recovered from the Well at a depth of 38 feet. It
may fairly be described as an amphora. The * find-spot * suggests that
it may perhaps have been used to draw water in an emergency.^ It
is of a yellowish colour, stands 2 feet 6J inches high, and has, at its
widest part, an inside diameter of 18 J inches. The circumference
round the outside of the lip is 20 inches, round the neck 13 inches, and
round the widest part of the body 62 J inches. The walls vary much in
thickness, the maximum being about an inch. They are of compara-
tively rude workmanship, showing no traces of the wheel, and would
appear to have been moulded on the inside by the hand, and on the
outside by the aid of a piece of wood. The neck and handles are much
more carefully made, and have been attached subsequently while the clay
was still soft.
Fig. 24, No. 1, shows the upper part of a jar of quite a different type.
It is of yellowish clay, more finely wrought than is usual in the case of
vessels of this size, and has evidently been made with the wheel. The
outside diameter of the mouth is 5J inches, and the circumference of the
neck is 13 inches. Close beside it (No. 2) is a curious fragment, also
wheel- wrought, but presenting some rather unusual features. As placed
in the illustration, it looks like a portion of a cylindrically-shaped jar.
^ Jacobi has already inferred that amphorae were occasionally employed for such
a purpose {Das Romerkastell Scuilburg, p. 421).
Fig. 24. Fmgmenfe* of Pottery, WtKKit'n Bobbin^ etc,
i
THE POTl'ERY. 471
walls thicken in similar fashion — a fact which is in itself conclusive
against the view that it formed part of a water-pipe. The extreme
height of the surviving portion is 11^ inches, and its greatest girth
is 17 inches.
For the rest, storage vessels are represented mainly by a heap of
disconnected fragments. Necks, mouths, and handles are very common.
A few examples are given in fig. 26, Nos. 3-5. The frequent survival
of these parts is due to their more careful and substantial make. Occa-
sionally a handle or a mouth bears a potter^s stamp or a mark, recording
either the capacity of the vessel or the name of the manufacturer, or some-
times, possibly, the nature of the contents. Unfortunately, the heavy clay
3oil of the Bar Hill has had a prejudicial effect on the legibility of these
inscriptions. One amphora shows distinctly X and X on opposite sides
of its everted lip, as well as what seems to be N on one of its handles.
The remaining amphora marks are all more or less doubtful. Here is a
list, hardly any letter in which is to be regarded as quite certain : —
I.. S r. . . (1 , on handle.
c^/VMPCO, » .
VI RA. M lip.
Slightly doubtful is also All, scratched on a liandle.
Apart from storage vessels, the coarser ware was mainly used for what
are generally termed mortaria or pelves. The pelvis was a deep basin,
not unlike a modern milk-pan. A special feature was the very large
everted lip, pierced at one point by a grooved spout. The larger part of
the inside surface was roughened by an admixture of small pebbles or
pounded quartzite. The clay itself was harder and finer than that em-
ployed for many of the storage vessels. The colour varied. The Bar Hill
fragments, which are fairly numerous, are either ashen-grey or decidedly
\
472 THE ROMAN FORTS ON THE BAR HILL, DUMBARTONSHIRE.
red. A potter's mark was frequently placed on the lip. The following
occurred at Bar Hill. It will be seen that several of them are uncertain.^
A conventional palm-branch.
cicv CI
Co...,
In describing the corresponding fragments from Birrens, Dr Anderson
has drawn attention to the fact that some of them presented a blackened
exterior, and has suggested that these dishes must sometimes have been
used for heating food.^ Although nothing of the sort was observable at
Bar Hill, ample evidence from other sites confirms his inference.' The
roughened interior, however, supplies an unmistakable clue to the most
ordinary purpose of the pelvis — the preparation of com, fruit, or vege-
tables for the actual process of cooking. The broad rim was intended
to provide a firm hold, while the spout was for draining off the water
employed in cleansing or in softening during trituration.*
^ Mr Haveriield reminds ua that many of the stamps on amphorae and pelves were
probably ' bogus,' having no definite significance, but being merely intended to lend
an air of general respectability to commonplace ware.
•-* Proceedings, 1896 (vol. xxx.), p. 183.
2 H. B. Walters, Ancient Pottery, ii. p. 551.
■* The probable metliod of use has been well explained by Jacobi {Das Eihnerkasle//
Saafburgf pp. 424 f.).
THE POTl'ERY. 473
(b) Finer Reddish Ware, — Fragments of a somewhat finer reddish
ware — varying in quality, but generally resembling that of which
flower-pots are made nowadays — were also present in considerable
quantities. The upper parts of two jars or vases afforded an interesting
glimpse of the method of manufacture. After the body of the vessel
was finished, but while the clay was still soft, the workman attached
the mouth by thrusting the neck into an aperture left to receive it.
He then inserted his finger, bent the lower part of the neck inwards
till it united with the body, and finally rounded off the junction as best
he might : the finger-marks can still be clearly seen. Last of all, the
handle was added. On the average, the vessels of the * flower-pot '
ware are considerably smaller than those made of the coarser material
already spoken of. A few specimens arc covered with white or black
colouring matter. In one instance a layer of black clay has been
superimposed on a layer of red. No potters' stamps were observed on
vessels of this class. But there are two (jraffiti — SEN on what may
once have been the bottom of a jar, and ^ '*" ^ handle, the latter being
probably an indication of capacity. A somewhat curious style of
decoration is exemplified by a portion of a bowl. The outer margin
of the everted lip is * frilled' instead of straight, and about 1^ inches
from the top there projects a circular band, the lower edge of which
is also * frilled.' Similar vessels have been found in London (now
in the Guildhall Museum) and York, as well as at Caerwent and
Gellygaer.^
(c) Thin Black Ware, — The familiar black ware is well represented.
The colour, as displayed at the fractures, is by no means uniform, but
varies from blue to grey. Sometimes it is actually red, a result of the
hard burning process to which vessels of this class were subjected.
Three main groups can be distinguished. The first, which is also the
smallest, consists of storage vessels. The example here illustrated
^ The Rovian F(trt of Odlygafr^ p. 79. Mr R. A. Smith informs us that a piece of
grey ware from Silchester, now in the Reading Museum, is similarly decorated.
476 THE ROMAN FORTS ON THE BAR HILL, DUMBARTONSHIRE.
departure from the normal pattern. In one case a set of deep scratches
gives an effect of unusual crudity.
The third group is in some ways the most interesting. The vessels
belonging to it may conveniently be termed of/oe, for the thick coating
of hard soot with which the fragments are covered makes it clear that
they were cooking-i)ot8. The method of decoration corresponds generally
to that employed on the platter-like dishes. The ollae differ slightly in
shape ; but, taken as a whole, they may be described as having a
narrow bottom, bulging sides, practically no neck, and a very wide
mouth with a lip that turns rapidly downwards. Tlie narrow bottom
suggests that, when in use, ollae may have frecjuently been set into an
iron framework that stood upon the cooking-hearth.^ But one of the
Bar Hill fragments proves clearly that sometimes at least they were
suspended. This is a portion of a mouth, having attached to it a solid
*ear,' three-quarters of an inch long, pierced by a small hole. The
greatest breadth of the ear is a quarter of an inch, and the diameter
of the hole is one-sixteenth, just sufficient to admit a suspending wire. It
may l)e added that suspension would be possible even without ears. Tlie
lip — as shown, for example, in fig. 27, No. 2 — is usually sufficiently
everted to allow an encircling wire to rest safely and comfortably in the
groove beneath it. To this would be added a second wire arched over
the top of the olla, much as in the case of the bronze pot illustrated in
fig. 26, No. 2. The second wire would serve also on occasion as a
handle. Handles of any other sort, it should ]ye explained, occur but
rarely on vessels of this type. That they had a value where they did
exist is shown by the fact that an ear-shaped open handle (fig. 24, No. 4)
has been carefully mended in the same material. Another piece of an
olla has three small holes, evidently for lead clam]>s.
((f) ' Samian * Wai^e. — Fragments of red * Samian * ware are numer-
ous. As a rule, they are in poor condition, the heavy, wet clay
having made sad havoc of the lustrous surface. The drinking-ciip of
^ See Jacobi, Das Riimn'kasteU Saalburg, |». 242, for Illustration.
478 THE ROMAN FORTS ON THE BAR HILL, DUMBARTONSHIRE.
pieces from Bar Hill has failed to disclose any that bear cbaracteris
signs of being * early.' In addition to the stamp already mention*
the following makers' names occur : —
AVITVSF,
CALV...(?).
DIVICATVS.
MALLVROF,
P£]CVLIARISF.
T....
VA — ,
— ARO(?).
- — VSF.
-Sg^ — ing
These are on the inside in every case. The following^ all representi^^^^- -^^
the same name {Cinnnmi m\iinu]), are on the outside : —
MIMAMMI D,
---1 M---,
ciM---. ^^%y^
The whole of these marks, so far as they are certain, are of more or less ^^if^^^^^
common occurrence elsewhere. Three pieces of Samian have letters ^.^^"^
scratched upon their outside surface. One of these reads GLH.
Ejich of the others has VI.
(e) MiscellaneotLs Fragjyients, etc, — There remain a certain number of ^^"^
potsherds which cannot conveniently }>e classed under any of the four ^^
heads already dealt with. There are, for example, about half a dozen >
fragments of vessels of * Castor' ware. They are of the usual dull ^
slate colour, with a coppery tint. The majority are ornamented with "^^
conventional foliation, but one piece shows the legs and part of the body
of an animal. In all cases the decoration has been laid on in *barbotine '
THE POITERY. 479
with self-coloured slip. Fig. 24, No. 7, shows an interesting little drink-
ing-cup of fine clay, now reddish in colour, but possibly once black.
i'Vom the N. ditch, where it passes in front of the Baths, there were
collected (as has been mentioned above) ^ numerous portions of small
Vases or bottles, of different qualities of clay, often reddish in colour, and
ocjcasionally bright red. The shapes vary somewhat. One of the most
Ciomplete seems to have been originally about 4 inches high, with a
xiftiaximum outside diameter of 2^ inches, narrowing rapidly to a small
^olid 'foot.' In another instance the surface has been granulated by
«i.n admixture of gritty particles which appear to have been dusted on
"%vhile the slip was still moist. Tliis device would enable the vessel to
Tdc held securely even by oily fingers. A third piece, with a diameter
of 1^ inches, looks like a lid or cover. The most remarkable, however,
"is the lower end of a small vase which has been covered with bright
enamel on the inside and on the upper part of the outside. The bottom
and the lower part of the outside are coloure«l a deep, rich bronze. The
general character of these vessels has already been interpreted as sug-
gesting that they were originally used to hold unguents or similar toilet
requisites.2 Green glazed ware was represented by several fragments,
three of them of reddish clay. Mention should also be made of the
bottom of a jar, about 2 inches in diameter, pierced with four holes, for
use as a sieve or strainer. It recalls a somewhat similar but decidedly
larger article from Castlecary.^
A few miscellaneous objects of clay have still to be enumerated. A
iamp of the ordinary form was found in trenching the ground between
the N. ditch and the Antonine Vallum. Its greatest length is 2 J
inches, inclusive of the mouth but exclusive of the handle, which is
tnissing. It bears no ornament or stamp of any kind. A solid lump is
^xirious as showing the distinct impression of two human fingers. In
^liape it has some resemblance to the rude outline of a lamp. A small
^irucible was recovered from the N.W. corner of the outer ditch. It is
^ See mipra, p. 448. ^ See supra, p. 448.
'•" Proeee^lings, 1903 (vol. xxxvii.), p. 335, fig. 34.
480 THE ROMAN FORTS ON THE BAR HILL, DUMBARTONSHIRE.
1^ inches in diameter, exclusive of spout, and has an inside depth oi \i
inches also. Six little balls or marbles of clay from Refuse-Hole No. 6
are much too light to be sling bullets. They average about ^ inch in
diameter, and have been rolled with the hand and burned red. They
are probably children's playthings. Lastly, there are a number of
* counters * or discs, fashioned out of broken pottery, such as are often
turned up on the sites of Roman forts. It is generally agreed that they
were used in some game. A few have holes in the centre, like
spindle-whorls.
B. Tiles and Remains of Floors.
Broken tiles were fairly numerous. The flange on the edge of some
indicated that they had l^een used for roo6ng purposes. Red roofs,
therefore, fall to be added to the details that go to make up our mental
picture of the original aspect of the Antonine fort. They would be
doubly conspicuous as exceptions, for the wooden buildings, which
occupied so large a portion of the area, were in all probability covered
with thatch. Other tiles had obviously been intended for flooring or
for use on walls and in flues. No stamps were observed on any of them ;
but scored lines — possibly * keys' for plaster — were not uncommon,
there being generally two sets crossing each other either diagonally
or at right angles. One tile was marked with a circle.
A small, flat, perfectly diamond-shaped piece of black composition,
\ of an inch in thickness, would appear to have belonged to a mosaic.
It was found in the Well. From the N.W. comer of the outer ditch
came a little bit of flooring brick overlaid with cement on both sides,
and having four holes for inlaying. Its original dimensions were } of
an inch thick by IJ inches broad by at least 2 J inches long. More
interesting still is a fragment of flooring — measuring IJ inches by IJ
inches across the top, and square cut on two sides — from the short ditch
on the K side of the fort. It is in three well-defined layers. The
bottom consists of very fine concrete about 1| inches thick. Above
that is I of an inch of glass, and above the glass is ^ of an inch of
482 THE ROMAN FORTS ON THE BAR HILL, DUMBARTONSHIRE.
is accustomed to associate with the Romano-British period. The latter
type is represented by five specimens, all of the same greenish colour.
The largest is | of an inch high, and has a transverse diameter of ^ an
inch. An oval piece of porcellanic paste, pink in colour, has evidently
dropped from a setting. Its greatest length is i an inch, and its
greatest breadth j^. Its upper surface is slightly rounded. Beneath,
it is quite flat but has a bevelled edge.
D, Stone,
(a) Inscrilyed Storips. — The excavations added two to the list of
Roman inscriptions found in Britain. Both of these were discovered in
the Well. The altar reproduced in fig. 28 is of the ordinary form, and has
the usual basin-shaped depression on the top. It was uninjured but for
a fracture at the lower right-hand corner. The total height is just over
3 feet, 9 inches being given to the moulded base, 18 to the * die,' and 10
to the cornice or * capital.' Measured across the front, the lowest plinth
of the base and the topmost tier of the cornice have each a width of
17 inches. In the case of the die, the corresponding dimension is 15
inches at the bottom and 14J inches at the top, while at the latter
point the depth from front to back is 14 inches. The inscription, which
is clearly cut in letters about 2 inches long, reads as follows : —
cohT-
baetasior
•OR-
The interpretation is of the simplest. " Goh{ors) prima Baetasior (t*w),
c{imum) R{omanorum) *' can only mean " The First Cohort of the
Baetasii, Roman citizens, [erected this altar]." But to whom did they
erect it 1 The al)sence of the name of a divinity is at first sight puzzling.
It ceases to be so, if we remember that the * find-spot ' was within the
precincts of the Praetorium. Doubtless the altar had stood in the
Sacellum. Such a setting would of itself suffice to show its significance.
THE INSCBIBED STONKS.
485
m
speedily supplied,* Had the stone been found entire* it would have
read somewhat as follows i — *
•IMP-CAESARI-
TAELHADANTONINO
_ -AVG-PIOPPCOH-
l-BAETASIORC-R-OB
VIRTVTEM-ET-FIDEM
lIlT'
IIVIP-C
-L-HADAr ■• 1^..
rvIfDAETASiOR'OfipBl
' ^^FvTVTEM-ETflfcM
u:
Fig. 30, Inscribed Tablet restorud, (i-)
"The First Cohort of the Baetasii, made Roman citizens for their
valour utid loyaltyi [erected tbia] in honour of the Emperor Caesar Titua
Aelius Hadrianus Antoninut Augustus Piua, Fatljer of his Country."
' Bj Mr Hftrerfield in Athma^^um, No. 398D (Feb. 6, 1804)^ pp, 184 t
* Poflsibty there wan an other line eonsbtitig of oim wnrd m sm&I] letters.
*Appdlttta/ which must either have been eip^rea^ or linderatood, 13 probable, Mr
Hayerfield in forma ua that snch an addition would be quite in second centnry
epigrapble style.
486 THE ROMAN FORTS ON THE BAR HILL, DUMBARTONSHIRE.
The analogy with Birrens holds good once more. If less elaborate in
form, the inscription is of exactly the same class as that upon the large
tablet from the Dumfriesshire * station ' with the name of the Second
Cohort of the Tungri.^ And the * find-spot ' is also the same. Closely
akin is the stone set up by the Sixth Cohort of the Nervii at Bough
Castle.^ In all three cases the remains were discovered in the front court
of the Praetorium. We may safely conclude that a similar slab occupied
a prominent position in the corresponding quarter of all the second
century Roman forts in North Britain. It recorded the name of the
corps that had formed the original garrison.
Under the Empire it was a recognised principle of army administration
that the frontier posts should be defended, not by the legionaries, but
by the less costly levies known as auxiliary cohorts. The particular
cohort mentioned in the new inscriptions had originally been recruited
among the Baetasii. This people probably had their permanent home
somewhere about the mouths of the Rhine, near the borderland where
Celt and Teuton met. ' To which of the two stocks they belonged it is
impossible to say. The sum of our information regarding them amounts
to little more than tliat they were neighbours of the Tungri and the
Nervii, and that tliey were among the tribes who took part in the great
revolt of Civilis.3 We have clearer ideas as to the history of the unit
they contributed to the Roman army of occupation in Britain. Military-
diplomas of the years 103 and 124 a.d. prove that the First Cohort of
the Baetasii was in tlie island at least as early as the beginning of the
second century.** They must have lain for some time at Uxellodunum
(Ellenborough, near Maryport), close to the western end of Hadrian's
wall, for their presence there is attested by no fewer than five inscriptions.^
^ Proceedings, vol. xxx. (1896), pp. 128 ff.
2 Ibid., vol. xxxix. (1905), pp. 470, 472.
=* Pliny, Nat. Hist., iv. 106 ; and Tacitus, HUL, iv. 66 and 66.
* C.I.L., vii. 1193 and 1195.
* C.I.L., vii. 386, 390, 391, 394, and 395. They do not, however, appear to have
formed the regular garrison of Uxellodunum. The Cohors Prima Hispanorutn,
Equitaia, was there under Hadrian, and was still there in the time of the NciUia.
488 THE ROMAN FORTS ON THE BAR HILL. DUMBARTONSHIRE.
Westerwood. It is much more likely that it helongs to Bar HilL^ The
two others are lost. They were hoth on stones that appear to have been
erected by legionary detachments in honour of the Emperor Antoninus
Pius. One, a part of a pillar, was seen by Gordon "at Barhill fort,"
and subsequently passed into the collection of Baron Clerk.* Its feUow
was built into the wall of the garden of a manor-house near Kilsyth.'
Mention may also be made of two altars from Bar Hill seen by Gordon
at * Achenvole ' House, and figured by him in the Itinerarium (PI. 1 3,
1 ff.). One was of a commonplace character. The other was noteworthy
for *• several remarkable Figures engraved upon it, having a Corona Trium-
phalis^ with an Inscription in the Middle, which is now defaced. Upon
one side is engraved, in Relievo^ a Quiver fidl of Arrows', upon the other
side an Arcus or Bow." * The bow and quiver remind us of the Hamii.
{b) Sculpture. — The architectural remains will be discussed below in
a special Note by Mr Ross. Apart from these and from the inscribed
stones, the main interest attaches to four rude pieces of sculpture,
executed in native freestone (fig. 31). Though they are placed together
in the iUustration, they were found in widely different quarters of the
fort — No. 1 in the S.E. corner, close to Refuse-Hole No. 9 ; No. 2 in
the N.E. section, 36 feet W. of the inner kerb of the E. rampart, and
12 feet S. of the inner kerb of the N. rampart ; and Nos. 3 and 4 to the
N. of the Storehouse, on the lines, respectively, of the inner and outer
Agricolan ditches. It is a remarkable fact that each of the four was
discovered lying among the ashes of a rudely constructed hearth.
No. 1 is 11 1 inches high and has a maximum breadth of 12| inches.
It represents the bust of a man in the act of raising to his lips a
drinking vessel held in both hands. The attitude is unmistakably
reminiscent of the squatting Silenus as figured in certain ancient works
of art.* And the identification thus suggested receives strong support
^ See James Macdonald, LL.D., Roman Stones in the Hunterian Museum^ p. 69.
2 C.I.L., viL 1109. » C.LL., vii. 1110a. * It, Sept., p. 65.
• See, for example, S. Reinach, Repertoire de la Statuaire greeque et romaine, ii p. 59.
490 THE ROMAN FORTS ON THE BAR HILL, DUMBARTONSHIRE.
furnishes a direct link of connection between No. 1 and No. 3. The
latter is a bearded head, 5 inches high by 4 inches broad, evidently a
fragment broken from a larger whole. It has the same bald crown as
No. 1. Here, however, the ridge is traceable all the way from the
front. Above the temples it is so prominent that it can be distinctly
made out in the illustration. In spite of the smaller size of No. 3, we
cannot doubt but that, when complete, the two jueces of sculpture just
described have formed a pair.
Such a correspondence is precisely what the obvious relation between
the two remaining pieces might have led us to expect. That Nob. 2
and 4 were intended to be a pair, stands in no need of demonstration.
While they differ slightly in size, they are very similar in eharacter.
No. 2 is 15 inches high and 11 inches broad; No. 4 is 14 inches high
and 12i inches broad. Each presents a bearded bust, with arms crossed
over the chest. In the case of No. 2, however, only one of the arms
has actually been chiselled. All three hands show the middle finger
thrust boldly out from a closed fist. One meaning of this peculiar
gesture is familiar to students of Latin literature.* But the itrfamu
digitus had another significance. Like the phallua itself, it was a
potent charm against the evil eye ; and in this we may perhaps find a
clue to the real character of the busts. So far as they were not merely
ornamental, they may have served the same general purpose as the
phallic symbols that the traveller of to-day sees here and there project-
ing above the dooi-s of houses in Pompeii. Each of them has been
carefully squared on the bottom, as if to stand upon a pillar or pedestal.
The pillars or pedestals may have flanked the entrances to some of the
public buildings, possibly the Storehouse, which must have had more
than one door, and in connection with which the figure of Silenus would
be peculiarly appropriate.
(c) MificeUaneoiis. — (Quantities of other stones of different shapes and
sizes, picked up at various points within the fort, bear evidence of human
' Mayor's note on Juvenal, Sut. x. 63, contains all the more important references.
^^^^H
[^^^^P^ MlSCELLiJiEOUS OBJECTS OF STONE. 491
handiwork. Frtigmenta of the ao-calied * Andernach ' atone have
fibviously belonged to querns. But all the grinding stones were not
made of this material. Two of common freestone were fonnd complete,
one of them broken in half. These last are respectively 14 and 15
mches in diameter, with n thickness of 3| and 3 inchej^ at the centre.
Towards the edges they become considerably thinner. Of sharpening-
stones there are at least fifteen, A number of ftut diace^ cut for the
1
^j^^^ ^ V^
1 iWS» -F^nCjFlM
Fig. 32. Mii«?e1lG.iieuiirtGiiiii[j ofSUii^ ObjccLn.
most part out of freestone, suggest a homely g,'ime like quoits rather
than the athletic exercise of StcrKo/5oXici, Tbey are alKJiit f of an inch
thick, and the diameter h generally aljout 5 or 6 inches, although in one
instance it faUs as low as 3 J, Fig. 32 shows a characteristic group of
m.iseellaneous stone objects, including a trough, what has possil^ly been
a saddle-quern, and the remnants of three great mortars. Mention must
also be made of more than a hundred stone balls^ doubtless chiefly ball is ta
Wis. They vary in diameter from 8 inches to 1 inch, pointing to the
u«e of engines of very different degrees of power. As was stated above, ^
^ See supra, p. 42^ md p, 434.
X^^lR^^^^^^^^I
492 THE ROMAN FORTS ON THB BAR HILL, DUMBARTONSHIRE.
the artillery was almost certainly mounted on the ramparts. We
may add here a reference to the three blocks of stone turned up by the
plough on the Bar Hill in 1895. They are figured and described in the
Glasgow Archaeological Society's Antoninti Wall Report, where it is
conjectured that they may have formed part of the western gateway or
of some building adjoining it.^ They have holes for posts. The illustra-
tion in the Report also shows several diamond-brooched stones which
undoubtedly belonged to the Bar Hill buildings. They were taken out
of the modem dyke to the £. of the fort.
Two large lumps of jasper, as well as a good many smaller pieces^
prove the presence in the fort of material for architectural decoration.^
Another article of interest is the major portion of a palette of greenish
slate. Its full breadth is 3 inches, and its length (incomplete) is 3|
inches. It is about \ of an inch thick. All round its under side the
edge is bevelled to a depth of ^ an inch. The upper side was originally
flat, but it has been worn into a slight hollow by use. Similar palettes
have been found elsewhere. A smaller one, made of marble, is now in
the British Museum. It is from the King's Arms Yard, London.
Another, also of marble, is figured by General Pitt Rivers.' A third,
now in the Saalburg Museum, resembles the Bar Hill specimen in being
made of slate, but is rather smaller. In describing it, Jacobi points out
that it was probably employed for mixing salves or, it may be, unguents
for toilet purposes.**
A curious relic is a piece of hard lime in which lies embedded what is
apparently a mother-of-pearl button, |^ of an inch in diameter, pierced
^ Op. eil,, pp. 94 f. and p. 61.
' In this connection the followinj;^ quotation from Follarton's Topograpkieal,
SUUUUeal, and Hiatorieal OazetUer of Scotland {lSi2) is of some interest : " Specimens
of yellow and red jasper were discovered [in the Kilsyth Hills] in 1791, or rather were
iben brought into notice ; for the jasper, possessing a very fine grain, had even at
tiittfc tfano found its way to the lapidaries and seal engravers of Edinburgh and
(pp. eU. roL u. p. 188).
imuimOrambprne Chate^ vol. i., PI. xxL, 15.
mBMrntfluuieU Saalburg, p. 458, fig. 71, No. 22.
Cf M
OBJECTS OF WOOD. 493
"Vfith two holes. This was found 3 J feet below the surface, on the inner
side of the rampart, immediately to the E. of the S. gateway. A little
l>it of cannel coal or oil shale, shaped somewhat like a slate-pencil,
deserves passing notice. It is li inches long, witli squared sides, and is
'brought to a point at the top. It may well have been used for writing.
On some surfaces it leaves a mark which is very distinct, but which
can be easily obliterated by washing. The half of an armlet of
shale also falls to be noted, as well as an object of the same material
that 18 not unlike a coin-mould. The last-named was found in the
Well. The circular depression is J of an inch deep, and has a
diameter of | of an inch. There are faint tnices of markings in the
bottom ; but these are too obscure to justify any expression of
opinion as to what they represent. Finally, we may reconl a
few small discs or counters seemingly of the same black composition
as the teasera of mosaic already describexl.^ One or two of them
have holes in the centre. They should be compared with the similar
objects made of broken pottery.-
E, Wood.
The damp, which proved so destructive to the pottery, has exercised a
Icindlier influence on the vegetable remains. A twig of hawthorn got
tiear the bottom of the Well looked as if it had been but a few months
T>roken from the branch. From the same spot came the skin of a
common * puff-ball ' (scleroderma). The preservation of the wood found
nearer the surface was not, of course, so remarkable. But, taken as a
whole, the quantity that survived was proportionately much greater
than has been the case on other Roman sites excavated in Scotland.
Before entering on a description of the actual objects, it will be of
interest to give the names of the trees and bushes of whose presence
indubitable traces came to light, sometimes in the shape of manu-
factured articles, sometimes through impressions of leaves, sometimes
' See«M/wa, p. 480. - See supra ^ p. 480.
\
494 THE ROMAN FORTS ON THE BAR HILL, DUMBARTONSHIRE.
through evidence from roots or fruit or branches. The following
were noted : —
Alder Hazel Thorn
Ash Mountain Ash [Walnut]
Birch Oak Whin
Elm Pine Willow
(a) Structured Fragments. — Allusion has already been made to the
stumps of posts found in the post-holes. They numbered considerably
over a hundred, and were all of oak. Thirty pieces of the same wood
were recovered from the Well. They varied in size from 9 feet long by
6 inches broad by 5 inches thick down to 1 foot long by 3 inches broad
by 2 inches thick. Some of them are unmistakably charred with fire
(fig. 33, Nos. 9, 12, and 13), an indication of the fate that overtook the
fort when it was abandoned. All had probably been used for structural
purposes, although the proof of this was plainer in some cases than in
others. Fig. 33, No. 1, is a good illustration. With it maybe classed
a remarkable oak plank from Refuse-Hole No. 1. It is 3 feet 8 inches
long by 7 inches broad by 1 1 inches thick, and is perforated with seven
square holes, ranged in line. The holes are each about 1 J inches square,
and the distance between them is 7 inches from centre to centre. The
upper portion of the overhead beam of the Well, with cleft to admit the
pulley, is clearly recognisable (fig. 33, No. 7). The part that has
survived is about 19 inches long, the cleft being about 12 inches deep.
Immediately above the cleft is a hole, 2 J inches in diameter, through
which there must have passed a timber support of some sort. On the
more complete of its two sides can be seen one of the small holes that
received the ends of the axle of the pulley- wheel. Two pieces of the
pulley itself were also found. Placed together as they are in the illustra-
tion (fig. 33, No. 10), they show that the original diameter was about
10 inches.
(b) Whefih. — Among relics that may be roughly called non-structural,
the most conspicuous is a splendid specimen of a chariot wheel, dis-
496 THE ROMAN FORTS ON THE BAR HILL. DUMBARTONSHIRE.
covered absolutely intact,^ 8 feet below the surface in Befuse-Hole
No. 6. Fig. 34 conveys a good idea of its geneml appearance, although
it rather fails to give the full effect of the relatively large ' hub.' The
outside diameter is 2 feet 10^ inches, while the nave measures 14^
inches from end to end, and has a diameter of 9^ inches at the centre
and ol 6\ inches at the ends. The felloe, which is of ash, is formed of
a single piece of wood, artificially softened and then bent into a circle ;
there is therefore only one joint, and the same grain runs all the way
round. The spokes, which are of willow, are eleven in number. They
are beautifully turned with the lathe, and are carefully tenoned into felloe
and nave, the mortise-holes in the former being round, while those in
the latter are partly squared. The whole is firmly bound together by
the iron ring that forms the tire. The nave is probably of elm. Like
the felloe, it is shod with iron, and is also * bushed' inside with the
same metal. The pattern of inlaid iron on either end of it seems to be
purely decorative.
Remains of similar wheels have been found elsewhere. A nave with
fragments of spokes was discovered at the pre-Roman Lake-Village near
Glastonbury. When whole, the Glastonbury wheel must have had twelve
spokes. The dimensions indicate that, all over, it had been slightly
larger than the present example ; the diameter, without felloe, had been
30f inches. The nave, however, which was without iron or ornament of
any kind, was smaller ; its greatest length was 13| inches and its greatest
diameter 7^ inches. The various parts were lathe-turned and highly
finished.- Portions of several wheels have also come to light at the
Saalburg.* But even the most considerable of these is not nearly so well
preserved as the Bar Hill specimen. It has only had ten spokes, and,
as at Glastonbury, the felloe is awanting.
1 Unfortunately, in spite of every etfort to raise it with the minimnm of vibra-
tion, the spokes collapsed as soon as they lost the support of the ground.
' For these particulars we are indebted to the kindness of Mr Arthur Bulleid, the
discoverer.
' Jacobi, Das Eom^rkastell Saulburgy pp. 172 and 447, with Tafel Ixxx.,
No. 1.
WOODEN WHEELS. 499
comparatively rude workmanship. But the chief feature of interest is
that here, as at Bar Hill, the felloe was entire, and that here too it was
formed of a single piece of ash, bent. At one point there had been a
fracture, which had been cleverly mended with a bit of iron and a nail.
For the closest analogy of all, however, we must return to Scotland.
The excavations now in progress (1906) at Newstead, near Melrose, have
yielded two wheels, complete but for portions of the spokes. In their
details they bear a very strong resemblance to that from Bar Hill. The
main difference is the absence of the inlaid iron decoration on the ends
of the nave.
This difference emphasises the superior make and style of the Bar
Hill example. It is perhaps justifiable to conclude that the latter had
belonged to a vehicle of more than usual importance. In any event its
presence at the bottom of a refuse-hole is curious. Had it been worn
and broken, there would have been an intelligible motive for throwing
it aside. But the very reverse is the case. It must have been in the
best of condition when tossed into its strange hiding-place. Why was
it treated as a thing of nought ? The possibility at once suggests itself
that it may have been native, not Roman — the relic of an assault
repelled or of some stricken field. The suggestion is one which, on its
merits, it would be dangerous to push too strenuously. On the other
hand, it forces us to ask : Is there any proof that the wheel is really of
Roman workmanship 1 And to this the reply must, in the meantime, be
in the negative. We may go further. There are indications that the
burden of such proof would be heavy.
It is true that the Greeks, and a fortiori the Romans, were familiar
with the process of curving wood to form the felloes of wheels. In one
of his similes Theocritus introduces the picture of a coachbuilder who
uses heat to bend the young branches of the wild fig-tree to his purpose.'
Even in Homer there is possibly a hint of something of the kind.^ But
bronze enters largely into the construction of the actual remains of
chariot-wheels discovered in Mediterranean countries — at Canino, at
1 Theocritus, Id, xxv. 247 ff. « Iliad, iv. 485 f.
VOL. XL. 33
\
500 THE ROMAN FORTS ON THE BAR HILL, DUMBARTONSHIRE.
Perugia, at Toulouse.* All the wooden wheels cited above have been
found in Northern Europe. At La T^ne the association was entirely
Celtic, and the Glastonbury Lake- Village is incontrovertibly pre-Roman.^
Again, there is no ground for supposing that the Romans employed
chariots in warfare, and Bar Hill was a military station. On the other
hand, the war-chariot was, according to our literary authorities, a
characteristic feature of the equipment of ancient British armies.' If
we can trust Tacitus, Galgacus had a large contingent under his orders
at the battle of Mons Graupius.** These are considerations of which
account would require to be taken in framing a judgment. Meanwhile
it hardly needs to be pointed out that, if one could assume a 'Cale-
donian* origin for the Bar Hill wheel, the resulting glimpse of the
early civilisation of North Britain would be most illuminating.
Apart from chariots, wheeled vehicles were no doubt common enough
in and about the fort. At Rough Castle few things were more striking
than the deep ruts worn in the stones of the street that passed out of
the southern gateway. They were eloquent of the continuous traffic that
must have come and gone during the years of occupation. Bar Hill
supplies a relic of the ordinary work-a-day waggons in which much of
this traffic was probably carried on. Certain fragments from the N.W.
^ See Bromet, " Notices of the Remains of a Roman Chariot preserved in the Museum
at Toulouse,*' in the Proceedings of the Archaeological Institute {Oxford Meeting)^ 1850,
pp. 131 ff. For similar wheels found in Austria, see Sitzungsber. der kaiserl, Akademie
der fVissenscha/len : PhiL-hist, Klasse, Bd. vL (Vienna, 1851), p. 282, Taf. xix.
^ No tradition is more persistent than that which attaches to tools and to the
methods of manufacturing articles of common use. In that light it is perhaps not
without significance that to this day there are portions of the Russian Elmpire where
the felloes of large wheels are fashioned in the precise manner exemplified at Bar
Hill, at Newstead, and at La T^ne. Several fine examples, with a diameter of fully
3 feet, are to be seen in the Glasgow Corporation Galleries at Kelvingrove. They
were made in the Russian section of the International Exhibition of 1900. But we
have not been able to ascertain from what district of Russia the makers came.
» See particularly Caesar, De Bell, OalL, iv. 33. The belief that the British chariots
had scythes is much l^s well authenticated (Pomponius Mela, iii. 6, 52, and SUius
Italicus, PuniCf xviL 417).
* Agricola, c. 35.
;
WOODEN WHEELS AND BARRELS. 501
corner of the outer ditch enable us to reconstruct with tolerable certainty
an entirely different type of wheel from that which we have been
discussing. The fragments in question are all of oak. What they
suggest is a twelve-spoked wheel, 3 feet 2 inches in diameter, in the
construction of which no iron at all has been used. The felloe, instead
of being formed of a single piece, has consisted of six distinct sections or
* treads,' attached to one another by wooden dowels. One such section,
with the corresponding spokes, has been preserved entire ; see fig. 33,
No. 4. It is 19 inches long by about 2J inches broad. The spokes
measure rather more than 16 inches from end to end, and the inner
extremity of each has been tenoned into the nave to a depth of 3 inches,
while the outer extremity is driven right through the felloe and made to
project a little way beyond its outer surface. The series of knobs thus
produced served one of the objects of an iron tire. They helped to save
the body of the felloe from the wear and tear of immediate contact with
the ground. There was deliberate intention here, as is plainly shown by
the presence of an additional knob just midway between the two ends of
the spokes. The third projection is formed by a small dowel about 1 J
inches long, driven into the outer side of the felloe. In the circum-
stances it is, of course, impossible to say whether the device was
repeated in each tread all the way round, or whether it was merely a
precautionary measure of repair adopted at a particular point which had
begun to betray signs of weakness through usage. Considerable portions
of the nave also survive (fig. 33, Nos. 2, 3, 5, and 11). From them we
can estimate the original diameter of this part of the wheel at 12 inches,
and can see that its construction was comparatively primitive. It was
solid, and the axle revolved with the wheel.
(c) Barrels. — Barrels are responsible for another interesting set of
oaken fragments. The originals have been markedly small, in strong
contrast with the huge tuns found at Silchester in 1896.^ One example,
complete save for the head and the hoops, was discovered in the ditch on
' Archaeologia, vol. Ivi., PI. viii.
502 THE ROMAN FORTS ON THE BAR HILL, DUMBARTONSHIRE.
the W. side of the N. gateway. There were fourteen staves, each with
a length of hetween 13 and 14 inches and a maximum breadth of
2 inches (fig. 33, No. 14). When set up, they gave an inside depth of
12J inches and a maximum diameter of 8 inches. The diameter of
the bottom was only just over 5 inches. One of the staves, the upper-
most in the illustration, has scratched upon it the name
IAA/VA((IV(
Three barrel-heads came from Refuse-Hole No. 9, and another was
picked up in a different part of the fort. The diameter of the largest
is 5| inches, that of the smallest 3 J. The bung-holes range in diameter
from IJ inches to | of an inch. A wooden bung was taken from the
detached ditch in front of the E. gate.
(d) Miscellaneoujf. — A few stray pieces of wooden piping were found
in the N. ditch. They are probably of willow, and they have had a
diameter of about J of an inch. As they were lying close to the Baths,
it seems likely that they had some connection with the water-supply
there ; but they were so few in number and so small that it is idle to
speculate regarding their exact purpose. A specimen is shown in fig. 33
(No. 8). Mention must also be made of a wooden bobbin (fig. 24, No. 6).
It was lying 7 feet below the surface, immediately above the large
wheel, in Refuse-Hole No. 6. When it first came to light, there were
still some pieces of thread adhering to it. In shape it has a general
resemblance to the corresponding modern article. It is If inches in
heigh tj and has a diameter of | of an inch at the centre and 2 inches at
either end. A little round box of willow wood from Refuse-Hole No. 9
is also interesting (fig. 33, No. 6). It is beautifully turned with the
lathe, and has its upper edge grooved for the reception of a lid. It is
1| inches deep by IJ inches in diameter. Then there are two combs,
LEATHER SHOES. 503
originally about 6 inches long, but now much shrunk through exposure
to the air. One is from Refuse-Hole No. 1, the other from tlie N.W.
corner of the outer ditch. In appearance they resemble the modern
* small-tooth * comb, and the neatness and care with which they have
been cut are remarkable. In each case, one of the two rows of teeth is
decidedly finer than the other. Lastly, several handles of tools were
recovered in a more or less complete condition. One had the iron
ferrule still adhering to it. In another instance— a bradawl — the metal
blade was actually in position.
F, Leathei\
The collection of cast-ofF articles of ancient footgear is extraordinarily
rich, amounting in all to some three or four hundred specimens, gathered
partly from the refuse-holes and partly from the ditches. An exhaustive
classification of these under their proper Latin names does not appear to
be possible. Rome and its neighbourhood naturally dominate the
literary tradition, and the same is true of much of the evidence that has
been drawn from works of art. But the garrison of the Bar Hill fort
was composed of Romanised provincials, not of Romans. It would not
be reasonable to look for all the modes of the capital in the remnants of
their dress. Besides, the climatic conditions of North Britain were severe.
Combined with the scarcity of well-made roads or streets, they must
have exercised an influence before which fashion itself would have to
bow. In one respect, indeed, the reflection of Roman life is accurate
and enlightening. The variety of pattern displayed by the remains, no
less than the elaboration with which some of the individual examples are
decorated, accords completely with the testimony of literature. Among
the Romans, just as among the Greeks, money and ingenuity were freely
lavished on the covering of the feet. The cut of a shoe might express
a very real social distinction. Beyond this, and the possible influence
of climate, the material now to be described has no general lesson to
teach. In the meantime, it can best l^e judged by itself. Comparison
even with the Saalburg finds shows a wide difference in custom.
506 THE ROMAS FORTS ON THB BAR HILL, DUMBARTOKSHIKKL
The third group approximates more nearly to the modern shoe. H*vle
and tipper are quite di^tinet. Like the preceding, this type appeara to
have been worn by persons of b*Jth sexes and of all ages. It was clearly
intended for out-of-door use. The soles are formed of several layers!,
generally four or five^ and the precaution of studding them with heavy
nails is never neglected even in the smallest si^es. Tlie n^tils iire some*
times arranged in decorative patterns, as on the kdj's for l>oy s) shoe
- y ^ ^^-#-. .- .I-V.V..V.V. ■
rti^^^■; .■.^:*k<?:::.•.yr.'. -^
Fig» 37, Portion of Upper of Ladj^s Shr«f,
represented in fig, 36, Ko, 5* The absence of any raised heel should
be observed. Fig. 36, Xo. 3, is especially interesting. It must liave
belonged to a chiH of nine or ten. To correct some slight lameness,
an iron eupport about 2 inches long and { of on inch high haa been
driven in beneath the right side of the ankle. As will be seen from
the specimens illustrated, there is gniat variety of |Mttern among the
uppers. One extreme is represented by the solid leather of fig. 36,
Nofi. 7, 8j and 11, another by the delicate fretwork of fig, 37, Fig. 38
LKATHEH SHOES.
shows examples (mountol uii modem * trees *) of wbat we may eousider
as the medium, in all three atxes.^
The fa§tening^ musi have Iwen verj aubstaBtial. This is plain from
the size of the opeoings left in the upper for their insertion. They
resemble buttonholes rather tliau mere eyelets for kces. The explana-
tion, no doubt, lies in the strain that would be produced by tlte heavy
weight of the nail-fltudded soles, The method of attaching upper to sole
Fi|^ BB. MiLii'a, Woman X and Child^a Shoe.
was also well adapted to meet this difficulty* There was no stitching.
Instead, the lower part of the upper — ^to the depth of about an ineh all
the way round — was thrust in between two of the layers forming the
sole, and was presumably subjected to the process by wbieh the varioua
layers were made to adhere. Fig, 36, No, S, ia but one of many
examples that show bow the final touch of Becurity was given by
making scuue of the nails pass through upper and sole alike.
Poaaibly the ahoes we have been describing would have been called
^ The^ B{»eeii[ieci« wtm wt ti(( for Mr- Whit«1aw at the Aahmolean MuHSuni, Oxford.
508 THE ROMAN FORTS ON THE BAR HILL, DUMBARTONSHIRE.
ccUcet, It is probable that they were worn by the officers and the more
well-to-do among the non-combatants. Yet they do not quite correspond
to the calceus as ordinarily understood. Nor is the evidence sufficient
to enable us to distinguish with any clearness between them and what
must have been the footgear of the common soldier. Sheer force of
numbers compels us to find the ccUuja, or private soldier's shoe, in the
type represented by fig. 36, No. 10. Generically it belongs to our third
group. The relation between sole and upper is the same as in the calcei.
The construction of the sole, too, is the same, and there are the same
heavy nails. But in practically every one of the scores of examples the
upper has almost entirely disappeared. When any considerable vestiges
are left, it is always at the heel that they are found. Their survival
there is due to the extra protection afforded by the * counter ' — a stiff
piece of leather inserted behind to provide the shoe with a strong back.
At the best, however, the remnants are so scanty that we cannot say in
any case what the original appearance of the whole may have been, and
we are equally doubtful as to the nature of the fastenings and as to the
manner in which they liave l)een arranged.
In some of the better-preserved specimens of ccUcei leather laces were
found still in their place. A few other objects of leather remain to be
enumerated. An interesting relic is a bag or satchel — virtually entire,
with its carrying strap— measuring 15 inches long by 12 inches deep.
At the two ends and on each side of the mouth, as well as along the
carrying strap, it is very neatly stitched in herring-bone pattern with
double- thong leather. A portion of a belt, 2 feet long by IJ inches
broad, shows stitching along the centre and also at each side. A piece
of double leather, 11^ inches long by 3 inches deep, scalloped to a depth
of 2J inches and stitched along its lower edge, may have belonged to the
fringe of a tunic or to the trappings of a horse. Loose pieces of leather,
of various sizes and qualities, are numerous. One of the largest of these,
2 feet 2 inches long by 1^ feet broad, may have been an apron. It was
found in Refuse-Hole No. 9, with a 6-foot length of hemp rope rolled up
inside of it.
SILVER AND BRONZE COINS. 509
G. Coins,
Stuart, in his Caledonia liomana, speaks of Roman coins having
been picked up on the site of the Bar Hill fort. He specifically mentions
" denarii of Trajan, Hadrian, and Antoninus Pius, in the highest state
of preservation," which " were procured by Professor Anderson, and are
now deposited in Glasgow in the museum of the institution which bears
his name.*' ^ These pieces are no longer traceable, and we must therefore
be content with Stuart's vague description. Of the coins found in the
course of Mr Whitelaw's excavations, four are probably Scottish. They
are of copper and are absolutely illegible, but their size and appearance
suggest that they belong to the seventeenth century. If we set these
aside, and also certain corroded fragments (indubitably Roman) from
the Baths,2 there remain twenty -seven which must be connected with the
presence of the Roman garrison. In the following list the specimens
taken from t!ie Well ^ are indicated by an asterisk : —
I. Denarii.
M. Antony {circa 35 B.C.)
No. of Specimens.
1. Obv. ANTAVG (above), IIIVIR'RPC (beneath). Prae- 1*
torian galley witli rowers.
Jiev. Inscription illegible. Roman eagle, flanked by two
standards.
Vespasian (69-79 A.D.)
2. 06v. [IMPC]AESVESPAVG[PM] Head of Vespasian r.. 1*
laureate.
Bev, AVGVR (above), TRhPOT (beneath). Instruments
of sacrifice.
3. Obv. IMPCAESAR VESPASIANVSAVG Head of 1
Vespasian r., laureate.
Rev. COS VI II Mars, helmeted, standing 1. , holding trophy
and spear.
* Op, cit. (second edition), p. 338.
'^ See supra, p. 448. ^ See supra, p. 411.
510 THE ROMAN FORTS ON THE BAR HILL, DUMBARTONSHIRE.
Domitian (81-96 a.d.)
No. of Specimens.
4. Obv. IMPCAESDOMITAVG GERMPMTRPXV Head 1*
of Domitian r. , laureate.
Rev. IMPXXIICOSXVIICENSPPP Minerva standing
r. on prow, in attitude of attack.
Nerva(96-98 A.D.)
5. Obv. IMPNERVACAES AVGPMTRPOT Head of 1
Nerva r. , laureate.
Rev. COSIIIPATERPATRIAE Instruments of sacrifice.
Trajan (98-117 A. D.)
6-8. Obv. IMPTRAIANOAVGGERDACPMTRP Head of 3*
Trajan r., laureate.
R6V. COSVPPSPQROPTIMOPRINC Hope standing 1.
9-13. Obv. IMPTRAIANOAVGGERDACPMTRPCOSVIPP 5*
Head of Trajan r. , laureate.
Rev. PAX (beneath), SPQROPTIMOPRINCIPI Peace
standing 1., holding comucopiae on 1. arm, and with
r. setting fire to a heap of booty.
14. Variety doubtful.
Hadrian (117-138 A.D.)
15. Obv. HADRIANVS AVGCOSIIIPP Head of Hadrian r. , 1*
laureate.
Rev. SALV SAVG Health standing r., feeding serpent
twined round altar.
16. Obv. Similar, but emperor l)are-headed. 1
Rev. Similar.
M. Aurelius (161-180 a.d.)
17. Obv. AVRELIVSCAESAR AVGPIIFCOS Youthful 1»
head of M. Aurelius r. , bare.
Rev. PI ETAS A VG Instruments of sacrifice.
Uncertain.
18. Probably Trajan. 1
19, 20. Probably Hadrian. 2
21. Probably Antoninus Pius. 1
22. Undecipherable. 1
DENAKII OF TIN. 511
II. * FiKST Brass.*
TrsjaD.
No. of Specimens.
23. Variety doubtful 1
Uadrian.
24. Obv, IMPCAESARTRAIANVS HADRIANVSAVG 1
Bust of Hadrian r. , laureate.
Bev. PONTMAXTRPOTCOS - - Fortune seated 1. ;
in ex., FORT RED ; in field, S. C.
III. * Second Brass.'
25-27. Undecipherable. 3
One or two of the coins in the preceding list might conceivably have
been lost by the soldiers of Agricola ; but the great majority of them
certainl}' speak to us of the second invasion. Taken as a whole, they
are just what we should look for under the circumstances. The
evidence collected by Mr Haverfield ^ shows that (with the exception of
the legionary denarii of Antony, for the survival of which there were
special reasons) the Roman silver and bronze coins found in Scotland
are, as a rule, not earlier than Nero and not later than Commodus.
We know approximately upon other grounds the date when the Antonine
fort was built {circa 140 a.d.). The coins found here and elsewhere on
the line of the Vallum furnish a strong presumption that the whole
work was abandoned before the close of the second century. We may
thus venture to fix the period of continuous occupation at some forty
years.
Apart from this general inference (which is not in itself new), the
Bar Hill coins provide interesting material for the historian. Thirteen
of the denarii were taken out of the well. Ten of these thirteen are
made of pure tin, and have been run in moulds, not struck. The tin
coins are quite unlike the work of ordinary forgers, since they can never
have been intended to pass current as silver. Their light weight and
the softness of the metal — they can readily be bent with the fingers —
would have led to instant detection. Furthermore, the fact that in one
^ The Antonine Wall JiepoH, pp. 169 AT.
512 THE ROMAN FORTS ON THE BAR HILL, DUMBARTONSHIRE.
case five, and in another case three, of the ten have been cast in the
same moulds, shows that they cannot have found their way from a
distance to North Britain in the ordinary process of trade. On the
other hand, it is in the last degree unlikely that a forger would haTe
selected as a convenient centre for the exercise of his activity a small
military outpost on the very fringe of civilisation. The clue seems to
lie in the character of the * find-spot.* The throwing of money into
wells or rivers from superstitious motives is a very familiar phenomenon.
The tin denarii may have been shams expressly manufactured for
devotional purposes. This would give a fresh significance to the pro-
hibition in the Digest (xlviii. 10) — "ne quis numnios stanneos, plumbeos
emerCf vendere dolo mcUo velit^ What is there forbidden is not the
manufacture of tin coins, but their being fraudulently passed into
circulation.^
H, Oilier Objects of Metal,
Apart from the coins, tlie finds did not include a single object in
either of the precious metals. Taken in conjunction with the almost
entire absence of personal ornaments, this is significant. It would seem
to indicate that the life of the fort had been very simple. When the
troops were withdrawn, a strenuous effort would no doubt be made to
remove everything of value. But a search carried out under such circum-
stances could not possibly have extended to the accidental losses that
must have occurred during the years of occupation. Yet it was not so
much the desire for display that was lacking as the means to gratify it ;
several of the articles in bronze have been treated in a manner that gives
them a superficial resemblance to gold or silver.
* The view of the tin coins put forward in this (utragraph was set forth at greater
length in a paper in the Numismatic Chronicle for 1905 (4th series, vol. v. pp. 10 if.).
To the references there given must be added a paper by F. Gnecchi on '* Le Monete di
Stagno" in Riv. Ital, di Numismatica^ 1905, pp. 166 If. Comm. Gnecchi accepts the
suggestion that the Bar Hill coins are shams for devotional purposes. He mentions
that he has had an analysis made of a certain number of pieces in his own possession,
which were recovered from the Tiber, and that all of these proved to be of tin.
OBJECTS OF IRON.
513
(a) Irmt, — ^As might be oxpcted, iron is the commonest metal. Many
of the fragments are evidently [>art of the debris of buddings. Some of
them are rusted beyond hope of recognition ; but there are a good many
the original character of which can still be satisfactorily determine^L
Nails and holdfasts, of various sizes and |>atterns, occurred frequently*
A few are reproduced in the miscellaneous assortment of iron objects
which will be found in fig* 39. Fifty-six pieces of 3-inch strap iron
from the Well, placed end to end, give a total length of 47 feet. They
are, on the average, j^ ^^ **-" ^"^^ thick, and are pierced at intervals for
the passage of nails or Iwlts. Apparently they have at one time been
very firmly attached to woLKlen beams. In a fevv cases the large nails or
bolts are in their original position, held fast in place by rust. Two char-
aeteristia a|iecimen8 of this strapping are illustrated in fig. 39, Ko* 6.
Otlier pieces of flat iron, somewhat narTOwer and thinner, but likewise
perforated for fastenings, may be the mountings of doors (fig, 39, Kos,
7 and 20). They, too, came from the Well, along with a latch 4 J inches
in length. The interesting group which is reprejuented by fig, 39, Nos,
9 and 10, and which is also from the Well, should probably be connected
with the framework of some of the windows in the buildings of the fort.
The spikes have l^een riveted oo to pieces of flat iron, as shown in
No. 10, and their purpose would lie to hold the panes of glass in
position. Similar objects have been found at Pompeii, at Epinay in
France, and also in one of the forts on the German Limes.^
The hoops l)elongint^ to the draw-bueket of the Well itself are illus-
trated in fig. 39, Noa. 1 »5, There appear to liave been seven of them in
alb The topmost one (No. 2), recognisable by t!ie * eyes 'for the rope,
has a diameter of 14 inches. The corresponding dimension of the
smallest is 12 inches, indicating that the tai>er on the bucket had been
fairly gradual. No. 1 7 of the same figure is clearly the ferrule of a tool
* The iaterjji"etation given above is that of liger {La Ftrtmxerie, Piiri», 1875,
voL ii* }ip. 2^1 f.). Om the otJiei' hand, the object from Knatell ITiiuK ou the Lim€&
la classed by Winkelmaun as a door-moanliag {Dtr Obay^rttuinUche-Mi^tiscfw Limeit,
lief, xh'., Taf. xdii, 7, and p* 26).
IRON TOOLS AND IMPLEMEKTS.
515
handle ; the larger iron rings beside it (Noa, 16 and 21-23) jxiay con-
ceivubly h^ve l>elonged to the naves of wheels. It is not worth while
spaculating on the original association of detached hckoks like No. 25*
A hiiekle (No. 15), ^ inches long by IJ inchoa broad, is perhaps the
remtiaut of a harness strap, A bridle-bit (No. 24), 5 J inches long^ witli
closing cleekfl at either endj is curiously like its counterpart of to-day*
The resemblance is even mote striking in the case of another type of
mouthpiece for a horse (No. 13).
u^
Fig, 40, Iron TooU Atitl Weapons.
The to«>l« and implements imJnde a fragment of a sickle (fig, 39,
No. 8), a nim4i rtiste^l axe-lieiid (fif(. 40, No. 2), a bradawl in ita wooden
hiindle, t\w leg (if u pair of comiwiaseis at least one mason's wedge, a
pohited <<hiKet, and two chisels with square fac^. The chisels have
hnd no InuuUeR, the {<^p in each case liearing the marks of the mallet.
The example f^fiown in Hg. 40 {No, 8) is 6| inches long, ami measureB
^ an incli aert>s« the face. Immediately above it in the illustration is a
hammer-liead (Ka 3), one end of which ha'5 been broken away. A
second, but rather smaller, liammer-head is complete (No, 1); it bos a
length of h\ inchea, and is excellently made An interesting feature
VOL. XL. S4
516 THE ROMAN FORTS ON THE BAR HILL, DUMBARTONSHIRE.
which it displays is the following inscription, scratched upon the
upper side of its staved end, and indicating that the hammer had
belonged to "the century of Ebutius."
>]\m\
Not all the tools admit of such ready identification. Among the
more puzzling is a curious punch. The pointy which has been square,
is chipped away. The full length of what remains is 3 inches, and its
squared and tapered shape rather resembles that of a heavy club, the
girth at the thickest part being 2 inches. The metal is particularly
hard, and has not rusted in any degree. Another strange implement is
a piece of equally hard metal, 7 inches long, which looks like a screw
bit. It is square for rather more than an inch at its upper end, and
then round for the whole way beneath. On its lower portion, which
tapers to a point, is a series of circular markings — a good deal worn, but
apparently graded downwards, exactly as if its purpose had been to
thread small screw nuts. Like the punch, it is free from rust. Rust,
on the other hand, has played an important part in the preservation
of one of the most remarkable of all the relics — the mass of wrought
iron shown in the centre of tig. 39 (No. 14), and again separately in
fig. 41. This was found inside a large fragment of the great amphora,
discovered 38 feet down in the Well.^ It is 25 inches long by
about 10 inches at its broadest. That it retains its present form
is due to cohesion induced by rusting. But its present form must be
substantially that which it had when it was originally lost ; the marks
on the outside prove that it represents the contents of a bag which had
at some time fallen or been thrown into the water. The folds of the
bag, and the very grain of the material of which it was made, are still
distinctly visible upon the surface. Here and there minute fragments
of rust-covered thread can be detached. It is not possible to say much
regarding the individual objects that the bag had contained. The
' See mpra, p. 411 and p. 469.
IKON TOOLS AND WKAPOKS.
517
mafority seem to lie large nalti^ Btid holdfasts, but there ifl one which
bears some tesemblarice to a pair of pliers.
Weapons are far from common. The tang of the handle of a bronze -
mounted knife or dagger, witli a jjortion of the wooden grip adhering
(fig. 39, No. 12), was found 2 feat below the surface in the N,W.
corner of the fort. A much rusted piece of iron from the Well may be
a sword-bladcj and there are several more or leas fragmentary apear-
heads. Two of the latter have been aocketed on to the shaft (fig, 40,
^^ifP^^Jfe^ 4^
Fig. 41. Bftg of WTUUglit iron from tHo Well. (|.)
Nos. 5 and*6). In the case of another (fig. 40, Ko, 7) the stem is
solid. A piece of round-baeked iron, 1 foot 5 inches long, pierced at
intervals for nails, may have been used for * stiffening' the leather of
a shield (fig. 39, No. 19).
We have learned from the inscriptions that at one period there were
Syrian bowmen in the garrison.* It is doubtless with the presence of
this contingent that we tshould connect seven three-winged arrow-heada
silted out of the muddy de|TOSit in the bottom of the Well. Two of
these are reprodactid in actual itize in fig^ 42 (Nos. 1 and 3). Tlie
* Se« mt^pra^ p. 487,
518 THE ROMAN FORTS ON THE BAR HILL, DUMBARTONSHIRE.
workmanship is very good.^ In the centre of the same illustration
(No. 2) — and also in actual size — is one of the best preserved of five
other objects found in close association with the arrow-heads. Like
the latter, the five vary somewhat in their dimensions ; like them, too,
they are brought to a point at one end, and have three projecting wings.
They are, however, open in the centre. Can they be the heads of arro'ws
Fig. 42. Arrow-heads, etc., from the Well, (f )
used for carrying fire? Such weapons were familiar to both Greeks
and Romans. Pollux mentions irvptfiopoi oiaroC as a well-recognised class
of arrows ; -^ and Dio Cassius relates that, in the crisis of the battle of
Actium, Octavius endeavoured to set Antony s ships ablaze by a shower
' It should be coinpai'ed with that of the two isolated arrow-heads found at House-
steads {Arch. AeL, xxv. p. 290, fig, 48). The eight hundred examples discovered in
the Praetorium there were of much coarser make. Cf. also Jacob!, Das Romerkastell
SacUburg, Taf. xxxix. 31.
* Orwmasticon^ i. 137.
IRON WEAPONS. 519
of fiery shafts (/ScAt/ in}p<f>6pa).^ If this conjecture (for it is only a
conjecture) be accepted, it is not difficult to imagine the method of use.
A tuft of tow, steeped in pitch or other inflammable material, would be
firmly twisted into the open iron framework at the point ; this would
be lighted before the arrow was discharged, and the fire would be
fanned into a great flame by its rapid passage through the air.
The group distinguished as No. 18 in fig. 39 calls for some discussion.
The twenty-two wedge-shaped articles that compose it were recovered from
the Well. Each consists of a square head and a short square tang, the
latter invariably broken. The head tapers to a point, and in every
instance the point has been bent and blunted hy use. There is con-
siderable variation in the sizes. The heads are from \\ to 2 J inches long,
and from ^ an inch to 1 inch square at the thickest part ; the tangs are
usually about | of an inch square. When they were first found, the opinion
formed regarding them was that tliey were a variety of masons' or smiths'
tools. Subsequently, however, it was suggested that they were spikes
that had been attached to tlie lower ends of spear-shafts. The latter view
derived strong support from the position in which an object closely
resembling them occurred in the tomb of a Gaulish warrior at Connantre,
Marne.2 But, not to speak of other obstacles in the way of its accept-
ance, it was difficult to account for such an accumulation of spikes
without the heads of the spears to balance them.
As the excavations proceeded, evidence was forthcoming which seems
to negative lx)th of the explanations given above. From the outlying
ditch that covered the E. gate of the fort there were taken four objects of
the same class. One of these, which is shown in fig. 40 (No. 4), appears
to furnish a clue to the real nature of the whole set. The tang is long,
out of all proportion to what would have been possible in a tool or in
the spike of a spear-shaft ; it measures 4J inches, or rather more than
1 Hist, Horn,, 1. 34.
2 See Morel, La Champagne Souterraine (Album), pi. 31, fig. 5. We owe this
reference to Mr Reginald A. Smith, of the British Museum, with whom the suggestion
itself originated. Mr Smith has also kindly given us help in connection with some
of the other finds.
518 THE ROMAN FOBTS ON THE BAK
workmanship is very gooti.^ In tin? •
(Xo. 2) — and also in actual size — is on-
other t^bjects found in close associatiiir-
the latter, the five vary somewhat in f^
they are brought to a [Xjint at one end.
They are, however, open in the ccntn*.
Fig. 42. Arrow-h»**('*i
used for carrying tire? Such w
and Romans. Pollux mentiou 1^
of arrows ; '^ and Dio Cassius ;
Actium, Octavius endeavoured
' It should be compared with that of i\
steafls {Arch. Ael., xxv. p. 290, fig
th« PraeWrium there were of much
Sfuilhimj, Taf. xxxix. 31.
■-* fhUfiiifntfitttH, i. 137.
522 THE ROMAN FORTS ON THE BAR HILL, DUMBARTONSHIRE.
Three pieces of metallic foil with a bronze-colouied lacquer have appar-
ently been wound round some article that has been square in shape. The
original outline is still retained. They vary in size from 4 inches by 2
to 3^ inches by l^, and the foil has a thickness of about ^^ of an inch.
Two small rectangular plates of bronze — one an inch square, the other
an inch high and 1 J inches long — have evidently served as corner-pieces
for the mounting of a square-sided box or casket. They have been
treated in such a way as to give them a bright golden tint, which still
retains its brilliance almost undimnied. The same treatment has been
applied to three flat discs, just over an inch in diameter. Into the
centre of two of these discs there have been riveted pins which project
rather less than an inch from their surface. In one case the pin is round ;
in the other it is flat, and pierced by a hole at the upper end. Whatever
the use of the third disc may have been, it is clear that the two with pins
are of the nature of studs or fastenings for dress.^ Eleven fragments
of a bronze drinking-cup or quaich were taken out of the Well ; they
represent about one-half of the original vessel, which has been rather
more than an inch deep, with a probable diameter of 1 J inches at the
bottom and 3| inches at the top. The bottom is flat, and the outward
slope of the sides straight and regular. In this instance, the bronze has
the appearance of tarnished silver. The same alloy occurs in a flat
crescent-shaped fragment, which has belonged to a diflerent vessel, and
also in a flattish ring, with an outside diameter of 2j^ inches. A small
lump of similar metal, about 2 inches in diameter, looks as if it had
come from the bottom of a crucible, the shape of which it still retains.
(c) Lead, — Articles of lead were comparatively uncommon. One of
the most interesting is a mason's plumb-ball, 1^ inches in diameter,
with an iron staple for the suspending cord ; tlie under side of the crown
of the staple shows very considerable marks of wear. A bullet-like
object, I of an inch in diameter and perfectly round, was discovered 2 feet
^ On the method of use, see Jacohi, Das HomerkasteU Saalburg^ p. 603, Taf. ILL.
No8. 1-3.
524 THK ROMAN FOKTS ON TBK BAR HILL, DUMBABTONSHIKE.
writea to n& that he thinks the articles
rntiyj peril ap«, be cross-pieces fof the
ends of bridle-bit?, Ib the present
8tate *4 knowledge neither of tliese
»olutiuni seems etitlrdy convinciog.
Many of the nmnerou? pieces of
deer horii from the refuse-holes and
the Well have evidently been sawn,
probably because the part removed
was to be turned to good aecoupt.
Horn would hi useful in various
ways. It has certainly provided
w^hnt is^ »o far, the most haffliog
problem that the exeavations have
yielded— six pieces found in dififefent
titiarters of the forL^ Four of these
are little better tb^in fragments ; the
other two are abown in fig. 44.
Thirty-two similar objects of horu
were discovered in the armoury
*>f the great legionary fortress of
GHrntintum. These last have been
discussed at some length by von
G roller, whose description of them
may lie summarised as follows : ^
"Each of the ftagmenta has once
been a more or less considerable |)art
of a lai-ger piece which has had tlie
form of a gently curving sabre-blade,
^ One wiia lound in the Well^ one in
El* fuse 'Holt? Nn, 1, Aud tlic^ reomtniug
four in the ditcher
3 D&r Jiitm. Lim^ in 0§gUTrHtkt Heft ii
p. 131, Tat XXIV., figt. 2i-2*,
Fig. 4 1. ObjectB of Horn. ( J. )
526 THE ROMAN FORTS ON THE BAR HILL, DUMBARTONSHIRE.
represents a narrow end, which is brought to a fairly sharp fK)int.
Three are fragments of the body. The fifth, two views of which are
given on the left in fig. 44, is a broad end. It will be observed that it
is pierced with an iron nail, like the Hainburg specimen. The iron
nail must be about the same size in both cases, as can be seen from the
reproduction at the bottom of the left-hand side in fig. 44. An
examination of the five reveals all the characteristic features enumerated
in the description quoted above. Only in one respect does it suggest a
correction. It appears by no means clear that the flat side has been
roughened by the application of a file ; the markings there — apart from
those produced ])y tlie saw witli which the horn was originally cut —
may be purely accidental.
The sixth of the Bar Hill examples stands ])y itself. It is slightly
larger thfin any of the others,^ and is at the same time decidedly
superior in finish. It is also more complete. While illustrating nearly
all the points mentioned by von Groller — the peculiar shape, the
characteristic notch,^ the artificial roughening of portions of the convex
side — it supplements his description in one or two ways that are rather
important. As will be observed from fig. 44, where the two sides are
shown on the right, the horn portion of tliis particular specimen has not
been formed of two halves, as is usual. It has been made of a single
piece. For a distance of about an inch and a quarter the broad end is
convex on both sides. On one side the convexity ends abruptly along a
line tliat exhibits all the signs of fracture. Inside this line is a narrow
ridge, clean-cut and regular, hardly more than ^^ of an inch in breadth.
At one extremity, a tiny fragment of the convex portion projects beyond
the normal line of fracture in such a way as to make it evident that the
clean-cut ridge may ])e taken as a measure of the space that had
separated the two blades of horn. The interval is thus much smaller
^ Without reckoning the curve, it is 10^ inches long, and has originally been
slightly longer. The notch is about ^^ of an inch deep.
'^ The notch, however, is not nearly so much worn round its edge as is the case in
the other Bar Hill example.
528 THE ROMAN FORTS ON THE BAR HILL, DUMBARTONSHIRE.
discovery of some of the Uuugariau examples may, therefore, be noted.
At Szahadka a pair were found in a grave wliich Hampel assigns to the
seventh or eighth century. This grave also yielded, among other relics,
the remains of one or two weaving instruments.' At Gyor, two graves
(not dated by Hampel) each contained a single pair. In one instance
the pieces of bone were lying side by side close to the tibia of the
skeleton, the narrow end stretching down to the ankle.^
J. Animal Remains,
A very large quantity of bones of animals were collected from the
refuse-holes. For the most part these must represent the flesh food of
the garrison. Dr T. H. Bryce, of Glasgow University, was good enough
to examine them carefully, and has furnished us with the following
interesting report : —
Comparatively few species are represented. The great mass of the
bones l)eh)ng to oxen and sheep, and the chief interest centres in the
identification of the breeds of these domestic animals.
The ox is represented by a considerable number of skulls, several of
which are nearly complete, as well as by many metacarpals, metatarsals,
scapulae, and vertebrae. The skulls vary much in size. Some are
horned, and some without horn cores. The largest specimen measures
:J0 inches from the ridge between the horn cores to the top of the
premaxilla, and 16^ inches between the tips of the horn cores. The
horn cores vary very much in length, but many of them are so short
tliat the breed was certainly a short-horned breed. A great many of the
scapulae, metacarpals, and metatarsals further indicate a small breed of
cattle, and, judging from the characters of the frontal bone and the
direction of the horns, we can certainly refer some specimens to the
dwarf Celtic shorthorn (Bos longifrofis). Not a few, however, seem to
be too massive for this variety, and several of the skulls have horns Ux»
long and upturned for the breed in its purity. These laige-homed
specimens do not represent Bos primigenius, and it must be concluded
that the Romans here had a larger, probably a mixed, breed of oxen,
besides the small Celtic shorthorn.
1 See op. cU., vol. il pp. 839 f. ; and vol. iii. (Atlas), TaC 494, Nos. 2 f. For the
date, see vol. i. p. 849.
2 Op, dU, vol. ii. pp. 812 f.; and voL iii, Taf, 481, Nos. 1 f.
ANIMAL KKMAINS.
529
The iA*<j> id rejirefiented Vjy some complete skuUs^ and also by
metacarpals, metatart^is, and otber banes. The skulls are specially
small and narrow » and tli&?e ate to be as&cjciated with a series of very lon^^
and eleiider tDiiUuiaTfiftl?^ and meta^tarsaU. I liave iMjmpored in dehiil
these bontjs witli those of the small a lender-legged Soa slieep of St Kilda^
and 1 find that they correspond exactly. This slender-legged breetl lias
been found on many sites of the Roman o- British period, and the
uomparLsou with the Sua sheep lias been worked out by General Pitt
Bivera in the account of hia excavations in the Roman o*Britiah vQlage
Rg. 45, Skulls of Bm lon/^frmi» H).
of Eotherley^ Wilts,* A few of the metacar}>iiljj do not differ in their
dimensions frnm those of the modem sheep. It ia therefore probable
that the slender-legged breed wan not the only one posjseMed by the
Romans in thb fort*
Tlie d^er is represented by many home. They are aU those of the
red deer ; the tog and the fallow are not present.
The hor$e does not seem to have l>een used as food* There was only
one bone — ^a mandible — among the remains. It is a short and specially
narrow jaw^ indieatinga small breed of animal
Pitt Hirers, ExeaiHUiom in Cranbtfrtie Uhant^ voi ii, pp. 22fl JL
530 THE ROMAN FORTS ON THE BAR HILL, DUBCBARTONSHIRE.
The dog is indicated by two skulls as well as by other bones. These
belong to two breeds — the one a large, the second a small variety. The
skull of the large dog is almost certainly that of a domestic aninial,
and not that of a wolf.
The following is a list of the animals I have identified among the
remains : —
1. Ox (Bos longtfrons and a mixed breed).
2. Sheep {Ovis aries var.) — slender-legged variety.
3. Pig (Siis scrofa). The remains are those of the domestic boar,
but the wild boar is represented by two tusks.
4. Dog (Cants familiaris) — two breeds.
5. Horse {Equus caballus) — pony breed.
6. Fox (Cants vulpes).
7. Red deer (Cervus elephas).
It should be added that among the animal bones there occurred a
number of human metacarpal and metatarsal bones and phalanges —
the relics of the work either of the surgeon or of the executioner.
Besides animal food, in the narrower sense of the term, the soldiers of
the garrison also ate shell-fish. The fondness of the Romans for this
delicacy is matter of common knowledge. They seem to have eaten
almost every variety that was not positively unwholesome.* The shells
found at Bar Hill belonged to one or other of two kinds — the common
oyster (Ostrea edulisy Linn.), and the horse mussel (Modiola modiolus^
Linn.).2 There is nothing surprising in the occurrence of the former. As
early as Juvenal's time, long before the Vallum of Pius was built, British
oysters were imported into Italy. ^ But the popularity of the horse mussel
is rather contrary to the canons of modern taste ; nowadays it is eaten
but rarely, and then only under pressure of dire poverty.* A somewhat
curious fact remains to be recorded. A few of the oyster-shells were
found in the Well ; the rest, and also the whole of the mussel-shells,
came from the refuse-holes in the retentura or southern half of the fort,
^ Of. Gel BUS, ii. 29, " cochleae . . . estreat pelorides, echini, musctUi, et omnesfert
conehulac.**
*•* Dr R. H. Traquair, F.R.S., of the Royal Scottish Museum, has kindly verified
these identifications.
• Juvenal, Sat. iv. 140.
* Oeorge Jeffreys, British Conchology^ ii. p. 112.
SUMMARY OF RESULTS. 531
the most prolific being Refuse-Hole No. 6. Neither of the two great
pits in the yratentura^ rich as they were in bones, yielded a single shell.
Has this any ethnographical significance? The inscriptions tell us of
the presence in the fort of two regiments of different nationalities —
one from Syria, the other from the Low Countries.^ Can we venture
to suppose that the Hamii shared the passion of the Romans for shell-
fish, while the Baetasii cared for none of these things? Or are we to
invert the supposition? Or ought we rather to look upon the distri-
bution of the shells as nothing but an accident, due perhaps to a differ-
ence in date, or to some variation in the commissariat arrangements?
A'. Miscellaneous.
Under this heatl there fall to be included a very few articles to which
there has as yet been no opportunity of referring. A good many hazel-
nuts were found in the Well, and in some of the refuse-holes. The
Well was also responsible for one or two walnuts — apparently grown in
an uncongenial climate, jus they were stunted and had no kernels. The
various pieces of hemp rope picked up here and there would make a
length of 10 or 12 feet in all ; the average diameter was f of an inch.
Bark rope was also in use ; several fragments were recovered from the
detached ditch on the E. side of the fort. Three Imnches of plaited
horsehair have possibly been harness trappings; they were found in
the ditches. Nothing else appears to call for particular mention.
VI. Summary op Results.
Before the record is closed, it may be convenient to sum up shortly
the main results of Mr Whitelaw*s excavations. Archaeology has for the
first time been brought into immediate, certain contact with the handi-
work of Agricola. That genemrs reputation as a skilful officer of
engineers has been strikingly confirmed. On the other hand, his
* conquest * of Caledonia would seem to liave reduced itself to the level
of a brilliant raid, followed by a brief and precarious tenure of a few
' See sitfpra, p. 487.
VOL. XL. 35
532 THE ROMAN FORTS ON THE BAR HILL, DUMBARTONSHIRE.
advanced positions. His tiny garrisons in the heart of the enemy's
country, far beyond their base of operations, would be constantly exposed
to serious menace. For their regular supplies they must have been
dependent on the support of the fleet. Tacitus attributes the abandon-
ment of this bold adventure to the jealousy of Domitian. In the light
of the prolonged struggle that we know to have ensued, such a sinister
explanation is surely unnecessary. At any rate, the emperor, in insist-
ing on withdrawal, showed a far sounder appreciation of the gravity of
the frontier problem than had been displayed by his lieutenant. Two
generations were to pass before the Roman outposts were again pushed
forward to the isthmus ; the turbulent warriors whom Lollius Urbicus
sought to keep in check were the children's children of the men that
had fought against Agricola. In the interval much blood had been
spilt, and Hadrian's efforts at pacification had given the Romans a fresh
base on the line from Tyne to Solway. Yet the force now planted on
the Bar Hill was far larger than the mere handful that had essayed to
hold it sixty years before. The significance of that fact is not to be
disputed.
But the second or Antonine fort is different. We shall misinterpret
it if we treat it as an isolated i)henomenon. It marks the definite
inclusion of Southern Scotland within the sphere of organised frontier
defence, and the exposing of its outlines has revealed what might have
been anticipated. The fort is typical of many more that lay scattered
at strategic points along the marches of the Roman Empire. These
cagtella, as they were called, — everywhere garrisoned by auxiliaries like
the Baetasii and the Hamii, — were the pawns in the grim game of
frontier war. Behind them the real fighting strength of the army was
concentrated in legionary fortresses, like Deva and Eburacum in Britain,
like Novaesium on the Gaulish side of the Rhine, or like Carnuntum
on the southern bank of the Danube. Viewed in this light, the
castellum on the Bar Hill does not differ in general plan from others
of its class. The central space in the Praetorium, it is true, presents
a peculiarity that is hard to understand. And there is another feature
SUMMARY OF RESULTS. 533
calling for remark. Usually the bath-house was built a little distance
off, outside the main enclosure; here it was within the fortifications.
The * caespiticious * rampart, too, is interesting. It links Bar Hill with
Rough Castle and with the great Vallum, to which both alike belonged.
The defences, however, have been somewhat simpler than the corre-
sponding works in either of the two other Vallum * stations ' recently
explored, — less solid than the stone walls of Castlecary, less impressive
than the formidable lines that still rise round Rough Castle. Com-
parison between the three interiors is scarcely possible. At Bar Hill
the main outlines were fairly intelligible. In neither of the other cases
did any clear idea of the whole emerge. The Praetorium in each was
easily recognised, and the Storehouse was unmistakable. A few
additional buildings were located, but their details were disappoint-
ingly obscure ; we do not know, for instance (as we do at Bar Hill), in
what direction the barracks of the soldiery were placed, nor of what
material they were built.
In the matter of relics, the Bar Hill excavations were fruitful to a
quite exceptional degree. It is practically certain that all of these
belong to the period of the Antonine occupation. The life they mirror
for us betrays small sign of luxury. It is a life of hard work and
hearty feeding, with but little extravagance or refinement about it.
What we see is not the Roman himself, but the provincial who has
assimilated the practical side of Roman civilisation. It is noteworthy
that, in glancing through the finds, one is reminded far more frequently
of the artisan than of the soldier. One realises that the whole site was
not merely a fort, in the modern sense of the word. It was also a
permanent military settlement. Nothing brings this home so vividly,
or with so distinctively human a touch, as the heaps of shoes that have
been worn by women and by children. These followers cannot, of
course, have dwelt within the gates; that would have been a grave
breach of military law. They must have been housed outside, with
traders and others, in an annexe or civil settlement such as was invari-
ably associated both with the castdla of the auxiliary cohorts and
534 TUB ROMAN FORTS ON THE BAR HILL, DUMBARTONSHIRE.
with the hlbema of the legions. At Bar Hill the annexe seems to have
Iain towards the East. That is the position suggested by such know-
ledge as we possess of other civil settlements along the line of the
Vallum. What is perhaps more to the point, the situation of the
Castle Hill Park is admirably suited for the purpose. Further,
attention has already been drawn to possible marks of its having been
occupied in Roman times. ^ It may now be added that trial cuttings
on the ridge leiiding from the fort to the highest peak have produced
more definite traces — the remains of fireplaces, and abundant fragments
of pottery. If the whole of this quarter could be as thoroughly
explored as the area of the fort itself has been, it is probable that
considerable additions would be made to our stock of information.
The annexe must have liad its refuse-holes as surely as the fort, and
itis not impossible that it contained a larger number of inscriptions.
The relics liave helped us to a clearer appreciation of the character of
the occupation. How far do they throw light upon its history % The
inscribed slab shows that the fort was built in the reign of Antoninus
Pius. The coins, unfortunately, are less instructive than is usual.
They do not really carry us any farther than the slab, for the solitary
denarius of Marcus Aurelius — or, rather, the original on which it is
modelled — is not later than 143 a.u. But the scores of cast-ofF shoes,
the odds and ends of refuse, and the innumerable potsherds are all
eloquent of years of continuous habitation. They justify us in concluding
that Bar Hill was held till Southern Scotland was abandoned — that is,
till some crisis that probably fell within the reign of Commodus.*
Finally, we get a lurid glimpse of the last scene of all. It is plain that
there was a great conflagration on the retirement of the defenders.
The hands that Hred the woodwork were without doubt the same hands
JX8 wrecked the Praetorium and cast the debris down the Well. Were
they Roman or Caledonian 1 Was the destruction wrought in sheer
vindictiveness 1 Or was there a deliberate intention to try and render
' See supra, p. 405. - The Anlonine Wtill Meport, pp. 168 f.
APPENDIX. 535
the fort untenable by a victorious foe? Was the altar thrust out of
sight to save it from possible desecration ? Or was it thrown down in
contemptuous defiance of the gods of the retreating soldiery? These
are questions that inevitably suggest themselves. In the meantime,
imagination alone can return an answer. One thing, however, it is
safe to say. The occurrence of similar phenomena elsewhere — at
Birrens, for instance, and probably at Newstead — affords some ground
for believing that the proceedings at Bar Hill were part of a general
policy. If this be really so, then careful excavation upon other sites,
combined with the accurate observation of minute details, may ultimately
put into our hands a clue that will transform conjecture into certainty.
Appendix.
The following is a complete list of the objects that were taken out of
the Well :—
A large amphora (p. 468), 3 fragments of * Samian ' ware ; 21 free-
stone columns, or portions of columns, of a total length of 64 feet, along
with 14 bases and 11 capitals (p. 536), a large altar with inscription
(p. 482), 3 considerable fragments of an inscribed slab (p. 484), several
ballista stones, varying in diameter from 4^ to 1 J inches, a piece of flint
pebble, a black tessera for mosaic pavement (p. 480), a piece of black
slaty stone, smoothed, a piece of shale, 2 round discs or counters of black
composition, small object resembling a coin-mould (p. 493), 2 pieces
jasper stone ; about 30 pieces of oak, varying in length from 9 feet
to 1 foot, in breadth from 6 inches to 3 inches, and in thickness from
5 inches to 2 inches (p. 494), portion of overhead beam of Well, with
2 pieces of pulley wheel (p. 494) ; 12 small pieces of leather, 2 boots ;
56 pieces of 3- inch by J strap iron, of a total length of 47 feet (p. 513),
a door-latch of iron (p. 513), 10 pieces of 1 to 1 J inch flat iron, with
spikes riveted on (p. 513), 7 pieces of IJ-inch flat iron, perforated with
holes (p. 513), several other pieces of varying breadths, 4 iron hold-
fast, swivel-jointed, hanging cleeks, 6 pieces of iron of various shapes,
3 pieces of welded iron cleeks, more than 50 miscellaneous pieces of
scrap iron, including nails, bolts, etc., 1 piece flat iron, welded, 1 foot
4 inches long by 1| inches broad by ^ an inch thick, 1 bag full of nails
and wrought- iron tools, etc. (p. 516), 3 pieces of iron bridle-bits with
rings (p. 515), 1 bridle-bit with closing cleeks on either side (p. 615),
3 pieces of 1^-inch strap iron ring, one 5 and two 3^ inches in diameter
536 THE ROMAN FORTS ON THE BAR HILL, DUMBARTONSHIRE.
(p. 516), 4 complete iron hoops of bucket and 8 fragments (p. 513), 1
iron harness buckle (p. 515), 1 iron ferrule, Ij inches by 1^, a piece of
a sickle-blade, 11 J inches long by 1 j broad (p. 515), 2 chisels, 1 wooden
handle with tapered iron femile, 1 leg of a pair of compasses (p. 515),
1 ring of round iron having an inside diameter of 1 inch and an outside
diameter of 1^, another iron ring with an inside diameter of IJ and
an outside diameter of Ig inches, 1 piece of round-backed iron, 1 foot
5 inches long l>y IJ inches broad (p. 517), 22 wedge-shaped articles of
iron from Ij to 2j inches in length (p. 519), 7 three- winged arrow-heads
(p. 517), 5 objects somewhat similar but open (p. 518), 1 iron finger-
ring (p. 520), 1 punch of hard metal (p. 516), 11 pieces of a bronze
drinking-cup (p. 522), 1 piece of another vessel of bronze, piece of bronze
from crucible, 3 pieces of metallic foil with bronze lacquer (p. 522),
1 small bronze harness ornament, portion of bronze ring with diameter
of about 1 inch ; 3 pieces of lead (p. 523) ; 13 coins (p. 509) ; 3 small
pieces of horn ; 1 red deer's horn ; 2 red deer's hoofs ; 1 ox's horn ;
2 large shoulder-blades and various other bones of ox ; 1 shoulder-blade,
2 jaw-bones, and 1 horn of sheep ; forepart of skull of very small car-
nivorous animal, perhaps a weasel ; 17 ox's teeth, and a number of tusks
and teeth of other animals ; several oyster-shells ; quantity of hazel-
nuts ; one or two walnuts ; twig of hawthorn ; skin of scleroderma.
Note on thb Architectural Fragments.
By Thomas Ross, F.S.A.Scot.
The collection of architectural details from Bar Hill is certainly the
finest hitherto found in Scotland. The forts previously excavated have
provided abundant evidence of extensive buildings, skilfully planned
and involving the use of pillars, pilasters, buttresses, arches, apsidal
alcoves of rooms, and such like ; but, although we could infer from these
the existence of various architectural features, we were unable to say
what they were like, owing to the fact that most of the stones had been
removed. We are now in a much better position to form a clear idea
of the real character of the architecture of Roman castella in Scotland.
The remains, with the exception of a capital from Refuse-Hole No. 7,
were found in the Well, probably not far from the place they originally
adorned. They included shafts of pillars, capitals, and bases, all
wonderfully well preserved. The shafts (see fig. 14) are circular and in
THE AKCHITECTUKAL FKAGMi£NTa
537
various lengths, tlie tallest fragment measuring 5 feet 4 inches, and
tapering in this height fTX)m 1 3 to 12 inche,s in difimeter. Three other
frogmeuts are a few inches s^horter, and other pieces decrease in length
to 4 feet 9 inches, 3 feet 6 inches, and 1 foot 9 inches. The diameter
of the shafts at the neck varies from 10 to 12 inches. If the pieces,
which numbered twenty-one in all, were placed end to end, their united
length would be about 64 lineal feet.
The twelve capitals have each a circular headed neck-moulding, about
2 inches deep, from which they spread out in a concave l>eU shape to a square
Fig 46. Curved Capital.
Doric abncus. They are of different siz^es, the height from the under side
of the neck-moulding to the top bed varying from lOJ^ to 13| inches, and
the depth of the abacuf) frotn 3 to 6 inches. In no instance is the ahacua
exactly square. A few examples of the variations may be of interest : —
16 inches X 14 J inches
12} „ xl2g „
One of tlie capitals (fig. 46) 18 carved with uptight leaves in the bell.
The carving ia confined to two sides, and the leaves are rougbly cut —
538 THE ROMAN FORTS ON THE BAR HILL, DUMBARTONSHIRE.
blocked out rather than finished. This particular example is 12 inches
high, the abacus being 3^ and the necking 2 inches deep. The square
of the abacus is 15 by 13^ inches, and the diameter of the shaft is
11 inches. Another capital (fig. 47) is entirely square on plan. The
neck-moulding, however, and part of the shaft are half-rounded. The
abacus, which is 5 inches deep, is divided by an incised line, and the
lower part is decorated with a neat, well-cut, and well-preserved chevron
ornament. The group contains another fragment of a similar capital
Fig. 47. Square Capital.
Fig. 48. Chamfered Capital.
(fig. 48) ; but instead of being square, this latter, has its angles
rounded or chamfered. The chevron is the same in both. It is
possible that these two capitals had shafts of a corresponding section,
and that they were wall-responds. The fact that they are left
unfinished on one side is in favour of this view. It may be
added that, in 1847, there was discovered at Castlehill Fort, near
the western end of the Vallum, the base of a rounded pillar (fig. 49)
having the chevron carved on the square plinth, exactly as in the
present example. It was lying beside an inscribed stone bearing
the name of the Twentieth Legion. The two capitals shown in
540 THE ROMAN FORTS ON TUB BAR HILL, DUMBARTONSHIRE.
usual scotia moulding of the Attic base. The outline sketch of fig. 51
gives the section of the mouldings drawn to scale. In two instances
the torus mouldings of the base have each a nick cut in them. It is not
possible to determine accurately from the surviving data the original
height of the whole pillars; but it is not probable that base, shaft,
and capital would exceed a total of 10 feet from the floor.
Two of the columns present a peculiarity calling for notice. They
Fig. 51. Baije of Pillar and Section.
have each (fig. 52) a corbel wrought ujwn the face. The corbels are
12f inches high, and the top forms a flat shelf, which is 9 inches wide
with a projection of 3i inches. Half an inch above the shelf there is
a mortise-hole or pocket, 2J inches deep by 2J inches wide, cut into the
shaft in such a way that its floor slopes downwards at an angle of about
45**. In the case of one of the shafts, the mortise-hole is broken away
but the corbel remains. This contrivance is evidently a rest and catch
for a timber strut to assist in supporting a lintel, the strut having had
\
542 THE ROMAN FORTS ON THE BAR HILL, DUMBARTONSHIRE.
another short fragment of a column there is a round hole IJ inches in
diameter by 2J inches deep. All the shafts show very distinct chisel-
marks running the long way of the stone. Over and above, some have
rough, decided scores, which would appear to be intentional, although
one cannot be quite certain upon this point. Most of these stones are
broken off roughly at their ends, and within one foot or so of the top
the larger ones taper considerably — the result, perhaps, of accident or of
weathering.
The details of base, shaft, and column, as above described, are sufficient
to establish a scale of architectural effort in our Scottish forts. It may
be admitted that they are rude in treatment ; but they are evidence
of leisure, security of position, and intention to remain in occupation of
buildings so adorned. The three architectural features illustrated are
strictly classical. The bases have a rough resemblance to the Attic base ;
the columns are well wrought with a taper ; the capitals are quite
unlike Roman capitals, but rather remind us of eleventh or twelfth
century work. In this, last respect there is a very striking analogy in
the use of the chevron.
As to the position occupied by the pillars there can be little or no
doubt. They were connected with the verandah or cloister that ran round
the entrance court of the Praetorium. This conclusion is made certain
by what is known regarding the arrangement of the corresponding build-
ing elsewhere. At Birrens a row of six pillars separated the entrance
court from the central space, while in the court itself there were found
the base stones of a row of four timber pillars that had supported the
verandah. At Housesteads, in 1898, there were discovered in the
Praetorium the foundations of a row of six pillars in a position exactly
similar to the six at Birrens, while pillars for supporting a verandah
were proved to have run round three sides of the court.
Most of the stones of which we have been speaking, as well as most
of the similar stones found in other forts, exhibit holes which are either
mortise-holes for a dowel of metal, stone, or wood, or lewis-holes made
for lifting the stones with a crane. The former explanation seems the
THE ARCHITECTURAL FRAGMENTS. 543
more probable. The stones are not sufficiently heavy to demand the use
of a crane, nor was their position so high above ground as to make one
necessary. The holes often appear on the bases of the pillars, although
these rested on the level of the floor. On the other hand, it is curious
that no traces of dowels have ever been reported. It is worth noting
that most of the capitals and bases have a portion of the shaft wrought
in the same stone ; the length of the portions varies greatly, the
maximum being 12 or 14 inches. These upper and lower beds
are all fairly perfect, unlike the ends of the shafts. The practice
of cutting the capital and as much as a foot of the shaft out of a
single stone entailed a waste, which can have been a matter of no
consideration.
On contrasting these and other relics of actual Roman buildings in
Scotland with the decorative representations of Roman architectural
work which are founi on altars, tablets, or monuments, one cannot but
be struck with the widely divergent architectural styles which they
exhibit, even although they are contemporary. As we have seen, the
Bar Hill details are rude in execution and design, while at the same
time they show a knowledge of the classic features of shaft, base, and
capital. So strangely do they differ in size and in method of re^iching
their purpose that, had they not all been found together, it might have
been supposed that they had belonged to different buildings. The
capitals in themselves have no affinity with any of the Roman orders,
although they are exactly of the same type as those developed in Western
Europe some centuries later. Further, we have noted in the mortise-
pockets an indication that the pillars were not connected with arches
but with lintels, and these probably of wood. Had they l)een of
stone, they would have had the same chance of being preserved as had
the shafts. Had arches been used, some of the voussoirs would surely
have survived. One can hardly suppose that these shafts and capitals
had supported a regularly designed classic entablature and cornice of
stone, or even a wooden imitation of these. Probably there was only a
simple beam.
546 THE ROMAN FORTS ON THE BAR HILL, DUMBARTONSHIRE.
work. The general conclusion — a conclusion applicable to sculpture as
well as to architecture — would seem to be that, in North Britain in
Roman times, there were competent artists busy, men acquainted with
the style of Southern art, but that much of the execution was left in
untrained hands. The remarkable thing is that these untrained artists
carried out the work along lines which (one may say) perished with them,
only to be revived centuries later in Christian times.
INDEX.
Abercromby, Douglas, Mound at Forglen, opened under direction of,
Hon. J., Graves at Gladhouse described by.
The Cemetery at Nun raw, by, .
■ Sir George W., of Forglen,
Sir Robert, of Forglen,
Aberdeenshire, Flint Arrow-heads from,
Bronze Axes from,
Star-shaped Beads found in,
Acres, Knockando, Urns from,
Act, the Ancient Monuments', Cup-marked Rocks at
under, ......
Adam King's Kalendar, ....
Admiralty, Philip Stephens, of the Board of,
Advie, Strathspey, Symbol-stone found at,
Adze of Porphyritic Stone from Delting, — Purchased,
Agricola, direct connection of Bar Hill Fort with,
Aken, Andrew, Tombstone at Currie of,
Alexander, Jean, Tombstone of, .
Altar dedicated to Mars Camulus,
to Silvanus,
from Birrens, Arched Gateway on,
from the Well at Bar Hill,
Monreith, Scheduled
Amphora, from the Well at Bar Hill,
Anderson, Dr Joseph,
on Birrens Pottery ,
Animals, Remains found at Bar Hill of,
Antonine Vallum, Tablet from the,
Antoninus, Pins, Vallum of,
Ard Ghaunsgail, Arisaig, Vitrification at,
Ardifiiar, Fort at, .
Ardross, Earth -house at, .
Arisaig, Experiments in Vitrification at,
VOL. XL.
36
PAGE
279
60
328-342
279, 309
188
135
11
36
310
327
255
101
346
351
531
222
226
487
405
545
483
469
34, 293
472
528-531
544
417
140, 148
6
355
143
548
INDEX.
Arisaig, Vitrified Forts in,
Armlet, Penannular, of Gold, foand in the Green Cairn,
Arms of Campbell of Glenorchy at Loch Docbart,
Amgask, Glenfarg, Cup-marked Stone at,
Amott, Col. N., of Camberley,
Arran, Circles excavated in,
Stone Circle in, .
Arrian, Governor of Cappadocia, •
Arrow-head of Flint found in a Mound at Forglen, .
Arrow-heads of Stone, from Massachusetts, Donation of,
from Aberdeenshire, Donation by W. J. Grant of,
of Flint found at Innesmill Circle,
- from Easter Balgillo,
- of Iron found at Bar Hill,
Arthur, William, of Monimail, .
Aubrey (John) and the Druidical Theory,
Auchenbadie, Banffshire, Site of Stone Circle at,
Auchendoir Church, dedicated to St Mary,
Auchintea, Rathven, Stone Circle at,
Auchlin, New Aberdour, Cist found at,
Auchterhouse, Graves at, . .
Auld Wives' Lifts, The, ....
Ground-plan and View of the, .
Aviemore, Stone Circle at, ...
Avochie, Cup- and Ring-marks on a Boulder at.
Axe of Clay-slate from Forgandenny, .
Greenstone, from Dunnottar, — Purchased,
Iron, found at Loch Dochart Castle,
Stone, from Shevaroy Hills, India,
Flanged, of Bronze, from Corstorphine,
Sandstone, from Strathspey,
Axes, from Caldonshill, Hoard of five Bronze,
of Bronze from Aberdeenshire, .
Baetasii, Tablet of the First Cohort of the,
Barbara's Hillock, Mound called, near Forglen,
Baile Margait, a Plateau called, .
Balbridie, Durris, Cists, with Urns found at, .
Balfonr, W.,ofTrenaby
Balgillo (Easter), Forfarshire, Flint Arrow-head fromj
Balkello, St Martin's Stone at, .
Balmerino, Carved Panel of Oak from, .
Bar Hill, Altar found in the Well at, .
— '■ — Bronze Relics found at, .
PAGE
148
194, noie
359, 360
325
92
297
296
433
287
134
135
202 note
10
516-519
43
195
167
262
191
310
60
325
298, 299
249, 250
318, 319
350
351
366
277
11
214
11
11
485
279
132
304-306
154
10
263
12, 13
483
520-522
INDEX.
549
Bar Hill, Carved Stone Busts found at,
Chariot- Wheel found at, .
Coins found at,
Columns found at,
Complete List of Objects taken out of the Well at,
Dumbartonshire, The Roman Forts on the,
Early Notices of, .
Fort, Account by Sibbald of,
directly connected with Agricola,
Inscribed Stones found at,
Leathern Relics found at,
North Gateway of Fort at,
Plate of " Samian " Ware found at,
Pottery found at, .
Relics found at, .
of Iron at,
Wood found at,
Kemains of Hypocaust at,
Skulls of Bos long^ifrons from, .
Slate Palette found at,
Storehouse near the Praetorium at,
the Antonine Fort on, .
the Ditches at, .
the Early Fort at,
the Praetorium at,
the Streets at, .
the Well at,
Baring-Gould, Rev. S., .
Barracks, at Bar Hill, of Wood, .
Barrel found at Bar Hill, Name scratched on a,
Bathgate, Urn found at, .
Baths and Latrines at Bar Hill,
of Constantine, Rome, Fragment of a Statue from,
Beads, Classification of certain Pre-historic,
found with Urns at Stevenston,
of Porcellanio Paste, Star-shaped, from Aberdeenshire,
Vitreous Paste, —Exhibited,
Star-shaped, found iu Ireland,
Beldorney, Cast of a Cup-marked Boulder,— Presented
Belhaven, Dunbar, Graves at, .
Bell, Robert H., Donation of a Steatite Cup by,
Bellenden, Tradition of the Nine Maidens, by,
Bellman's Wood, Stone Circle at,
Belshes, Mrs, Letter from Paul Jones to.
by J.
435, 436, 437,
446,
W. Grant of,
PAGE
489
497
509-611
442, 443
535
403-546
406-408
406
531
482-488
503-508
419
477
467-480
466-536
513-520
493-502
451
529
492
442, 445
417
429
413, 414
439, 441
457
412
256
453
r)02
369, 370
447, 449
48
396
387
86
351
38
320
60
344
255
181-184
77
550
INDEX.
Bernham, Bishop David de, . . . .
Berwickshire, Nine Wells in, .
Beveridgp, Erskine, LL.D., ....
Biddle, Nicholas, of Philadelphia,
Biesel, Augustus, of the American Embassy, Paris,
Birrens, Arched Gateway on Altar from,
Bismar of Wood from Shetland,
Black, Geo. F.,
Blackhills, Fyvie, Cist found at, ...
Blair- Drummond Moss, Star-shaped Bead found in, .
Bluebell Wood, Langside, Stones with Cups and Rings found in,
Boece, two of the Nine Maidens mentioned by,
Bogton Mill, Lhanbryd, Stone Circle at,
Bombay, Tally-stick from the Treasury Records of,
Bonchester, .......
Bone and Horn, Objects found at Ikir Hill of, .
* Bon Homme Richard,* Paul Jones* sliip,
Borthwick Water, ......
Bosanquet, Account of Housesteads by.
Bos longifrons. Skulls found at Bar Hill of,
Bottle of Clear Glass, Decorated, bequeathed by Hugh J. Rollo, W.
Boucher, James, of Garvald School, ...
Bowane, John M'Nab of, . .
Boyndie Church, Site of a Stone Circle at,
Brannan Stanes^ The, .....
Branxholm Loch (Easter), ....
Brechin Cathedral, Finhaven Church a prebend of,
Broch on Ca an Duin, Ruins of a.
Brochs in Strathnaver, .....
Brodie Stone, Craigbourach Moor, Banffshire, .
Bronze, Axes of, from Aberdeenshire, .
from Caldonshill, Hoard of five,
Bosses of, found in Dumfriesshire,
Flanged Axe of, from Corstorphine,
Harness Mountings of, found in Scotland,
Late-Celtic Harness Mounting of,
Objects at Bar Hill of, .
Ornamented Fillet of, . .
Spear-head of, from Cauldshiels,
Sword Hilt, etc., from Eriskay, .
Brooches of Silver, — Purchase of two Celtic,
Brook, Alexander J. S. , Notes on two Table Clocks by,
Broomend, Urns from Cists found at, .
Brown, Charles, Tombstone of, .
s.,
PAGE
263
260
9
84
96
545
277
38
311
37
322, 323
255
201-204
345
20
523
90
15
444
529
213
328
366
171
176
15
262
132
132
178
11
11
342
11
34, 36
33, 34
620-522
342, 343
10
847
847, 349
266
27
226, 227
552
INDEX.
Garnwath, Communion Token of, ... .
CariKrnter, Memorial at Mid-Calder to a,
Carrickfergus, capture of ship * Drake ' by Paul Jones off,
Cash, C. G., Stone Circles at Grenish, A viemore, and Delfour, by,
Castlecary, Donation of Relics from.
Castle of Craig, .....
on Loch Dochart, ....
Catherine II., Paul Jones in the Service of Empress,
Caterthun, the White, ....
Cauldshiels, East Lothian, Bronze Spear-head from,
Cemetery, Cist with Urn found at North Merchiston,
Chalmers (P. Macgregor), Notice of an Earth-house at Ardross, Fife, by.
Chapel Hill, Tablet from, .....
Chariot- wheel found at Bar Hill,
from La Tene, ....
wheels found at Newstead, ....
Charles II., Donation of a Tally -stick of the reign of.
Chess- and Backgammon Board, bequeathed by Hugh J. Rollo,
Christison, Dr David, . .
Christison, Dr D., Forts on Whitcastle Hill and Flanders Moss, by
Church of Skail, Pre-Re formation.
Cist at Skene,
found at Auchlin, .
Blackhills, Fyvie,
Pittodrie, .
near Hattoii Stone Circle,
with Urn, discovered at Wellgrove,
found at Burnsideof WhiteHeld,
found at Cowdenhill, near Bo'ness,
• found at North Merchiston Cemetery,
Cists, Notices of receutly discovered,
with Urns, at Balbridie,
Clark, Miss, of Dunbar, Donor of the First Folio Shakespeare,
Clayhills, Robert, of Currie,
Clay-slate, Axe of, from Forgandenny,
Clayton, Joseph,
Clerk, a Bar Hill Fort Stone' in the Collection of Baron,
♦* Glints," Fort called the,
Clyde- liaugh near Govan,
Coat of Arms and Cypher on Seal of Alarum Watch,
Coins found at Bar Hill,
Limits of date of the,
Coldingham, Priory of, .
Coles, F. R. , Note on a Pitchpipe by.
PAOK
14
239
86
245
47
53
358
94
19
10
313
355
544
497
498
499
345
213
231
15
130
27, 28
310
311
23
197
40
306-309
316
313
304-318
304-306
210
220
350
369
488
20
48
27t)
509-511
534
217
43
INDEX.
553
Coles, F. R., Notice of so-called Font Stone, by,
Notices of Standing Stones, Cists, and Cup
various localities, by, .
Report on Stone Circles surveyed in the North-East
under the Gunning Fellowship, by,
Comb, Matthew, Tombstone of, .
Communion Tokens, — Purchase of Nine,
Conrannu8, .....
Copenhagen, Shetland Stone Knives at,
Copper, Finger-ring of, from Liberton, .
Pot of, from Bar Hill,
Core Stones, Letterfourie, Stone Circle at,
Corshalloch, Glass, Site of Stone Circle at,
Corstorphine, Flanged Axe of Bronze from,
Cortachy Church dedicated to St Coluraba,
Court Stone, Craigbourach,
Cowdenhill, near Ho'ness, Cist found at,
Cowiemuir, Bellie, Stone Circle at,
Craigbourach Moor, Banffshire, Brodie Stone on,
Craighall, Sir Thomas Hope of, .
Craigmaddie Muir, Cup-marked Rock on,
Derivation of Name suggested,
Craig Phadric, ....
Cramond, Dr W., of Cullen,
Cree (James E. ), .
Creecy Hill, ....
Crescentia and Triduana, .
Cross and Sword on Recumbent Sl»b at Currie,
Stone, Sculptured, in East-Calder Church, with
' Crow Isle,' picture of the ship, on a China Plate,
Crown Half Groat of James II., ..
Cruikshanks, John, Tombstone of,
Crup]>er of a Lady's Saddle, Ornamented,
Culbin Sands, Bronze Harness Mounting found on the,
Cullen of Oriiiiston, ....
Cults Parish Church, Notice of a Pitchpipe used in,
Cunningham (J. H.), ....
Cup- and Ring-marked Stone found in Bluebell Wood
marks found at Eirkmuir, .
Cup-marked Boulder at Avochie, Rothiemay,
Boulders found at Hilton, Glass,
Rock on Craigmaddie Muir,
Rocks at Monreith, Wigtownshire,
Stone at Arngask, Glenfarg,
and Ring-marks in
of Scotland
403,
PAGE
76
291, 327
164-206
239
14
257
162
10
475
190
180
11
262
178, note
316
192, 193
178
55
324
301, note
136
174, 320
251
, 428, 429
265
225
243
93
14
236
48, 49
35
230
43
60
822, 323
326
318, 319
320, 322
324
327
325
554
INDEX.
Cup-marked Stone at Granibeg, in Strathnaver,
in the Circle at Thorax,
■ Tombstone reported at Fordyce Churchyard,
Cup-mark on a Stone at Aviemore Circle,
Cup-marks hitherto Unrecorded,
in Kirkmabreck, Stewartry of Kirkcudbright,
on West Pillar of St Brandan's Stanes Circle,
Cup of Steatite, Donation of small Oval,
Stone from Oallowflat, .....
Curie, A. 0., Notes on the Inventories of the House of Rossie, by,
Currie Church, Calvary Cross-slabs preserved in,
Latin Inscriptions at,
Kirknewton, and the Calders, Notes on the Churchyards of,
Recumbent Slab with Sword and Cross at, .
Remains of Ancient Church at, .
Vicarage of, .......
Cursiter, J. W., Shetland Knives in the Collection of,
Dallachy, Moray, Early Investigation of a Cairn at, .
Darlngdach, ........
Daruabo, Fyvie, Star-shaped Bead found at, .
Daubrees, Woody Fibre in Vitrification, noted by, .
DeiPs Stanes, Stones called TLe, ....
Delfour, Stone Cirale at, .....
Delting, Axe of Porphyritic Stone from,— Purchased,
Del vine, Perthshire, Whorl from, .....
Dempster's Meitologium, the Nine Maidens Tradition in,
DenofOgilvy, ........
Dickson, W. K., Note on a Copy of the First Folio Shakespeare,
by,
Diggle, Herbert, ........
Discs of Stone and Glass from Waulkmill, ....
Donation, by Spencer G. Perceval, of two Perforated,
Dobie, Rev. W. Jardine, of North Glassmount,
*♦ Doit "Bum,
Donations to Museum and Library, ... 7, 47, 133, 213.
Donnelly, W. A., Cup-marked Stone, first noted by the late,
Douglas, Joseph, Tombstone of, .....
Downes, Joseph, Cylindrical Beads of Vitreous Paste, Exhibited by,
Drawings of Buildings and Monuments in lona, by the late Sir Henry
Dry den, — Purchased, ......
Drumoak, Dalmaik, ......
Drumpelier, Miss Buchannan of, .....
Drumti-odden, three Monoliths at, .... .
PAGR
128
177
320
251
318-327
326
174
844
47
53
228
219, 221
217-245
225
218
217
161
194, not€
258
36
145
199
252, 253
351
10
257
255
207
44
133
213
291
61
. 342
322
239
351
27/
351
264
79
327
INDEX.
555
PAGE
Dryden, Sir Henry, Bart., Drawings of Buildings and Monuments in lona
I)y, — Purchased, ........ 361
Dubbs, Stevenston, Stone Coffin in a Sand-mound at, ... 290
Dulnain Bridge, Strathspey, Sandstone Axe from near, 214
Dumfriesshire, Ornamented Fillet of Bronze from, 342, 343
Small Tobacco Pipes from, .... 344
Dunagoil, Vitrification at, . 144
Dunbar, Donation of First Folio Shakespeare, by Miss Clark of, 210
Dundee, Goat Wynd in, ...... . 354
Hamlet called Ninewells, near, ...... 260
Dungoyach, Strathblane, Stone Circle at, .... . 301-303
Dun Kealmie Broch, ....... 132
Dunnottar, Axe of Greenstone from, — Purchased, 351
Dunse, Communion Token of, . 14
Duntroon, .......... 7
Dun Vidden 132
Durie, William, Precentor in Cults Parish Church, .... 43
Dussel, C. 0., Saddle-crupper, Exhibited by, ..... 48
Earthenware, Jar of Black, ....... 474
Eiirth-house at Ardross, Notice of an, ...... 355
EUsterskild, Hoard of Twelve Knives of Stone said to have been found at, 161
Edinburgh Castle, Box made by French Prisoners in, 10
Masonic Lodge of, ....... 89
Town Council, Minutes relating to French Vessels by, 101
Edintore House, Site of Stone Circle near, ..... 187
Eeles, F. C, . 264
Eildons and Rubers Law, . 15
Eilean nan Gobhar, Vitrification at, . 145
Election of Fellows, 2, 47, 133, 213, 277, 342
Eriskay, Bronze Sword-hilt and other Relics from the Island of, 215
Esheness, Hoard of Stone Knives from, ..... 151
Evans, Sir John, Shetland Knives of Stone figured by, 161
Excavations by the Society, ..... 5
Falconer, J., of Dundee, Note on a Pitchpipe in the Collection of, . 46
Fancy -box of Wood from Edinburgh Castle, 10
Fifeshire, Antiquarian Society of, . . . 12
Fillet of Bronze, Ornamented, from Dumfriesshire, .... 342,343
Finger- ring of Copper, from Liberton, . 10
Finhaven Church and the Nine Maidens, .... 261
Ninewell, near, ........ 262
Finnsech, an Irish Saint-name, ...... 264
Fire-dog found at Loch Dochurt Castle, ..... 865
556
INDEX.
Fireplaces at Bar Hill Fort,
Flanders Moss, Ground- plan of Earthwork on,
Menteith, Earthwork on,
Flint, Objects of, in Tiree,
Arrow-head of, found in a Mound at Forglen,
found at Innesniill Circle,
from Easter Balgillo,
Fochabers, RanaUVs Grave, near,
Font Stone on Monks* Rig,
Fordyce Churchyard, Cup-marked Stone in,
Forfar, Earthenware Jug found at,
Notice of a Jug found at,
Ochterlony's Account of the Shire of, .
Forgandenny, Axe of Clay-slate from, .
Forglen, Excavation of a Sepulchral Mound at,
Forsyth, Dr W., of Bombay, Advie Symbol Stone, noticed by,
Fort called " The Clints,' ....
Fortingall Yew, Teetotum made out of Wood from the,
Forts (Roman) in England, Compared with Bar Hill,
on the Bar Hill excavated by Mr Alex. Whitelaw,
on Whitcastle Hill and Flanders Moss,
with Vitrification in Arisaig,
Fox, Charles James, Paul Jones entertained by,
Franklin, Dr, .
Fraser-Tytler, Vitrified Mass at Craig Phadric, noticed by,
Fulton, James, of Saltcoats, ....
Fyncana and Mazota, .....
Gallowflat, Rutherglen, Stone Cup from,
Gallowgate, Aberdeen, Snuff-horn from,
Garden, Rev. Dr, of Aberdeen, Early Notice of Stone Circles
Stone Circle in Chapel Den, noted by, .
Garnard, King of the Picts, ....
Garrowby Wold, Barrow on, .
Garscadden, Fragment of Gateway Arch from,
Garvald, James Boucher, Schoolmaster in ,
Gateway on Altar, from Birrens,
(jaul Cross, Cinerary Urn found at,
Relics of Silver found at, .
Gavenie Braes, Gamrie, Banffshire, Stone Cii*cle at,
Geddie, Alexander, Tradition about Innesmill Circle related
G eikie^ 3 Sceneri/ of Scollumf, qvLotAtion from.
Giant's Grave, Ollaberry, Shetland,
Gingomyres, Cairnie, St(»ne Circle at, .
by,
by,
PAOB
458-462
21
15
373
287
202, noU
10
190
76
320
353
352
53
350
279-290
347
20
10
438
403
15
148, 149
94
86
140, 141
394
•255
47
10
195
170
256,267, 258
n
47
328
545
189
188
167-170
201, vote
301, note
293
185
INDEX.
557
Gingomyres, Cairnie, Stone Circle at, Doticed by Dr John Stuart,
Gladhouse, Graves at, ..... .
Glasgow, Notice of Bar Hill Fort by the Arohseological Society of,
Glass, Bottle of, bequeathed by Hugh J. Rollo, W.S.,
Glass, Relics found at Bar Hill of, . . .
Glassmount (North), Standing Stones of,
Glenesk, Sir Alexander Lindsay of, .
Glenluce Sands, Star-shaped Beads from,
Glenorchy, Sir Duncan Campbell of, .
Goat Wynd, Dundee, .....
Gold, Penannular Armlet of, found in the Green Cairn,
Gold-leaf found in Urn at Stevenston, .
Goodmanham, East Riding, ....
Gordon, Horsley, and Roy, Notices of Bar Hill by,
Goudie (Gilbert),
J., Shetland Knives of Stone in the Collection of,
Gowland, Professor, .....
Graham, Dr, Professor of Botany,
Graham's Dyke, mentioned in the Portland Papers of 1697,
Grant, Angus, Stone Circles noticed by,
W. J., of Beldomey, Cast of Cup-marked Boulder, —
Donation of Arrow-heads by,
Grantully, Crown Half Groat of James II. from,
Graverdus, son of Domath, ....
Graves, Group of Stone-lined, at North Esk Reservoir,
on N. Esk Reservoir, Plan of, .
Views of, .
Stone-lined, in Scotland, ....
l*resented by.
Greenstone, Axe of, from Dunnottar, — Purchased,
Grenish, Stone Circle at, .
Groller, Roman Objects of Horn described by Von,
Gruber, Hans, Watchmaker, of Nuremberg,
Grumbeg, Strathnaver, Cup-marked Stone at, .
Guildhall Museum, London, Earthenware Jugs in,
Gutterford, a Burn near the North Esk,
Haer Stanes, as a Place-name in Scotland,
Haerstanes, Lhanbryd, Stone Circle Site at,
Haldane, R. C, Donation of Oval Porphyritic Knives by,
of Lochend, OUaberry, ....
Hall, Francis, of Kingston-on-Hull,
Hamii, First Cohort of the, ....
Harness Mounting of Bronze found at Sheelagreen, .
Hart, Arthur, C.A.,
PAGE
186
60
409
218
481
291, 292
261
38
359
354
194, note
386
30
406, 407
60
161
37
79
408
245
320
135
14
259
60-76
69
70-74
60
351
245, 247
524
271
131
353
61
204, noU
204
134
293
93
487
33, 34
369
558
INDEX.
Hasse, Kev. Leonard, List of Irish Beads by, .
Hassell, S. J. , Donation of a China Plate by, ....
Hassendean Burn, Miss Watson of, .
Hatton, Aberlour, Stone Circle at, .... .
Hayerfield, F., Note on Roman Coins found in Scotland,
Hay Mount Farm, Kelso, .....
Headstone with Effigy at Kirknewton, ....
Heiton (Andrew), Brooches exhibited in 1872 by,
Heminge and Condell, publishers of the First Folio Shakespeare, .
Henderson, Dr, Donations by, .
Henlein, Peter, Clockmaker, of Nuremberg,
Henley, W. E., on First Folio Shakespeare,
Hibbert's Shetland, Oval Knives noticed in, .
Hill House, Captain James Johnstone of, . .
Hill of Mountblairy, Alvah, Urn found at,
Hilton, Glass, Cup-marked Boulders found at, . .
Hog-backed Monuments at Kirknewton,
Holy-water Stoup and other Antiquities in Strathnaver,
Hope, Sir Archibald, of Rankeillor, ....
Sir Thomas, of Craighall, .....
Houdon, Bust of Paul Jones by, ....
Housesteads, Description by Bosanquet of, .
Howie, Charles, Secretary of Largo Field Naturalists' Society,
Huiitly, Urn found at, ...... .
Hut, in Tiree, Pre-historic, .
Hutcheson, Alexander, Graves noticed by, ....
Notice of a Jug of Peculiar Form, and Earthenware Jars
built into House-walls, by, .....
Hypocaust of Stone at Bar Hill, . .....
Implement of Stone from South India, . .
Ingles, John, Tombstone at Currie of, .
Inglis, Francis Caird, Notes on a Wax Medallion, and Relative Autograph
Letter, of Paul Jones, by, .
Innes, Col. F. , of Learney , ......
Innesmill, Urquhart, Elginshire, Stone Circle at, .
Tradition about the Circle at, .
Inschewine, M*Nab of, ...... .
Inscription on a Crupper, Icelandic,
Inscriptions in Latin at Currie Church,
Inverey, Braemar, Chapel of the Seven Maidens at, .
Invergowrie Tombstone, Currie, .....
lona. Drawings of Buildings and Monuments in, by the late Sir Henry
Dryden, — Purchased, ......
PAGE
38
93
15
194
511
141
232
348
210
277
272
208
155
230
311
820, 322
231, 232
128
53
55
80
444
355
310
372
60
352
451
277
221, 222
77-127
312
198
201, noU
366
51
219, 221
260
220
351
INDEX.
559
Ireland, Star-shaped Beads found in, .
Iron, Axe of, found at Loch Doc hart Castle,
Candle-iuould of, ...
Relics at Bar HUl of, .
Island at N. Esk Reservoir, Views and Plan of,
IsleofGroaix, .....
James II., Crown Half Groat of,
James VI., Grant of Vicarage of Currie to Edinburgh by,
Jar of Black Ware found at Bar Hill, .
Joass, Rev. J. M., LL.D.,
Johnstone, Captain James, of Hill House,
Charles, Urn presented by,
Joly, Professor, Experiments in Vitrification by,
Jones, William, of Kirkbean,
Jug found at Canmore Park,
Forfar, ....
Forfar, Notice of a,
in Loch Dochart Castle,
illustrated in the Louterell Psalter,
Jugs in Guildhall Museum, London,
or Jars found in house walls,
Kaleiular of Adam King, ....
Kettle, Donation of a Mortcloth by the Parish Council of.
Key of Alarum Watch bequeathed by Lady Dundas,
Kildare, dedicated to St Bridget,
Killeith, dedication to St Kentigem of,
Kimmonity, Cup-marked boulder near Stone Circle on
Kincardine Castie, Urn from,
Kinghom, George, Discovery of Oval Stone Knives by,
Kingussie, Communion Token of,
Kinleitb, or Killeith, ....
Kinross, Standing Stones of Orwell, near
Kirkmuir, Kirkdale, Cup- and King-marks found at,
Kirknewton, Hog-backed Monument at
Tombstones at, .
Kirkwall, Icelandic Saddle- crupper from.
Knives, Donation of seven Oval Porphyritic,
Notes on a Hoard of eleven Porphyritic,
of Porphyritic Stone from Shetland,
in the Museum,
Knock Farrell, .....
Knowles, W. J., of Ballyniena, .
PAGE
38
366
134
513-520
64, 65, 67
86
14
217
414
346
230
42
146
84
852
353
352
361
354
355
352
255
134
275
258
217
318
309
157
14
217
293
326
231, 232
230
50, 52
134
151-164
152, 153
157
136
88
560
INDEX.
Lambie, Dr, .
Lamlash, Stone Circle near,
Langdale, Strathnaver, Donation of a Half Mould of Stone from,
Incised Slab at, .
Langwill, KB
Hie Last oftlu Mohicans^ the Pitchpipe mentioned in,
La T^ne, Chariot- Wheel from, ....
Latrines and Baths at Bar Hill, ....
Lcachell Beandich, Stone Circle called, .
Lead, Objects at Bar Hill of, ... .
Leamey, Col. F. Innes, of, ... .
Leather, Relics at Bar Hill of, .
Ledingham, Rev. J., of Boyndie,
Lee, Sidney, Census of Extant Copies of First Folio Shakespei
Leighton, Rev. Matthew, of Ciirrie,
Leitch, George, M.A., Notice of a Mahogany PitchpijKi by,
Leith, Martello Tower at, .
Petition of Porters and Sawers of,
— '- Projected Attack by Paul Jones on, .
Letter, Autograph, of Paul Jones,
Liberton, Communion Token of, ...
Finger-ring of Copper from,
Liddel, Rev. John, Minister of Advie, .
Lindsay, Sir Alexander, of Glenesk,
Loch Ailort, ......
Bhasapoll, Tiree, .....
Dochart, Armorial Bearings of Campbell of Glenorchy
Dochart Castle, Jug found in,
, Castle, Notice of Exploration of,
Plan of, . . .
View of, .
nan Uamh,
Logic, Auchendoir, Nine Maidens* Well at,
Lollius Urbicus, . . ....
Loney, John W. M., Notice of Long Graves, Stone- lined, by
Lothian, William, Archdeacon of, . . .
Low, Tour ihrmigh Orkney and Shetla-nd^ by, .
Luke, John, Earth-house discovered by,
Lyie, James, Donation of a wooden Bisniar by,
Macadam, Ivison, Analyses of Vitrification by,
Analysis of Slag by,
Macdonald, George, and Alex Park, The Roman Forts on the Bar Hill, by, 403-547
James, of Hun tly, ....... 184
lare by,
at.
PAGE
386
297
214
128
219
45
498
446, 447
195
522
312
503-508
171
207
220
43
90
103
87
77,78
14
10
347
261
148
372
360
361
358
368
358
148
262
487
60-76
217
154
355
277
137-139
142
INDEX.
561
MacduH's Cross, ......
MacGeorge Set of Four Shakespeare Folios,
Macintosh, Rev. Mr, Relics from Eriskay, Exhibited by,
Mackay, Mrs John, Donation of a Triple Candle-mould by,
Rev. Angus, Donation of Half of a Stone Mould by,
Notes on Antiquities in Strathnaver, by,
Mackinlay, J. M., Traces of the Cultus of the Nine Maidens in Scotland,
Maggie Redhead, Stone called, ....
Magnae, (Carvoran) on Hadrian's Wall,
Magniisson, Eirlkr, of Cambridge University Library,
Maidens* Well, Mid-Calder, ....
Malcolm, Colonel E. W., of Poltalloch, .
.Malleny, near Currie, Stone Coffins at,
Mann, Lud. M'L., Notes on a Drinking-cup Urn, on a Pre-historic Hut in
Tiree, and on Cinerary Urns found at Stevenston, by, 87,
Marcellinus, Caius Julius,
Marcus Aurelius, Coin at Bar Hill, of, .
Marnoch Church, Stone Circle at, .179,
Mars Camulus, Altar dedicated to,
Martello Tower at Leith, .
Maxwell, Sir Herbert E., Bart., Cup-marked Rocks Scheduled under the
Ancient Monuments Act, by,
Mayer, of Paris, .....
May oca or Mazota (St Maok),
Mazota and Fyncana, ....
M 'Donald, Rev. Allan, of Eriskay,
M'Ewan, Rey. John,
M'Intosh, forester on Gartshore Estate,
M 'Hardy, Col., C.B., on Vitrified Forts, with Results of Experiments as to
the Production of Vitrification,
M'Lean, Rev. John, . • . .
M*Nab, John, of Bowane, .
of Inschewine, ....
Meadowbank, Campbell Maconochies of,
Medal Struck in honour of Paul Jones, .
Medallion in Wax of Paul Jones, .
Meiklehill Wood, Letterfourie, Stone Circle at,
Membership of the Society, Roll of,
Mcnologiian, The Nine Maidens in Dempster's,
Merchiston, Cist found at the Cemetery of North,
Mid-Calder Church, Carved Oak Pew-back in,
- Memorial to a Carpenter in.
- Maidens' Well in, .
■ Tombstones at.
PAGE
260
209
215
134
214
128
255
178
487
50
261
6
229
322, 369
487
534
180, 181
487
90
327
96
264
255
347
35
409
136-150
14
366
366
230
92
77
191
8
257
818
288
239
261
237
562
INDEX.
Middlesbro*, Massachusetts, Stone Arrow-heads from,
Military Way at Bar Hill Fort,
Millwright, Insignia on Tombstone of a,
Milne, J. A., Donation of Stone and Glass Discs from Waulkmill by
Misk Knowes, Stevenston, .....
Mitchell, Sir Arthur, .....
Modesty, Oval Knives of Stone from,
Monreith, WigtownHhire, Cup-marked Rocks at,
Montrose, Connection of Loch Dochart with the ^larquis of,
Moreau, J. M., Portrait of Paul Jones by,
Morrison, Rev. James, on Stone Circles in Moray,
Mortcloth, Donation by the Pariah Council of Kettle of u.
Mould of Stone for casting Bronze Spear-heads, from Strathnaver,
for casting Flat Bronze Axes, ....
for casting Spear-heads, .....
Mound at Dubbs, Stevenston, .....
at Forglen, Excavation of a Sepulchral,
Ground-plan and Sectional View of the Sepulchral,
Mountblairy Estate, Summary of Relics found on the,
Mungle, Dr, of Kinross, ......
Pounder of Quartzite, Exhibited by, .
Munro, Dr Robert, ......
Notes on eleven Stone Knives found in Shetland, by.
Names in N. Esk District, local Ecclesiastical,
Napier, William, Tombstone of, .
Nectan, King of the Picts,
Nether Dumeath, Glass, Stone Circle at,
Newburgh, a Spring called Ninewells in,
Newstead, Melrose, Excavation of Roman Station at,
Chariot-wheels found at,
Newton, Alvah, Banffshire, Standing Stone at,
Nine-madin-chapell, ....
Nine Maidens, and Church Dedications, The, .
Nine Maidens* Chai)cl, Strath-dichty, .
Legend of a Bear or a Boar killing,
Traces of the Cultus of the,
Well, at Logic, Auchendoir,
near Pitsligo Castle,
Strathmartine, .
Nine Stanes, Stone Circles called The,
Ninewfll, near Finhaven Church,
Ninewells, a Spring in Newburgh called the, .
Chirnside, Berwickshire,
PAOK
184
421
235
133
378
171, 245
156, 157
827
366
81,82
201, 204
135
129
35
214
290
279-290
281
166
293, 326
351
293
151-164
75
223
258
184
260
5
499
167
262
261
263
263
255
262
261
263
198, 199
262
260
602
INDEX.
563
Ninewellb, Hamlet, near Dundee, called
North Berwick, Graves at,
North Burreldales, Stone Circle at,
North Esk District, Plan of,
Reservoir, Notice of a Group of Long Graves at the,
Plan of Graves at,
Northuinbria, Oswy, King of,
Nuremberg. Hans Gruber, Watchmaker, of.
Peter Henlein, Clockmaker, of,
Nuuraw Cemetery, Field and Cists at,
Jaws found at,
Shin-bone found at,
Thigh-bones found at,
Nuuraw, Graves at,
Exploration of the Cemetery of.
Oak at Abernethy, the Home of the Nine Maidens,
Carved Panel of, from Balmerino,
Pew-back, in Mid-Calder Church, of, .
Ochterlony, Account of the Shire of Forfar by,
Ollaberry, Shetland, Giant's (Jrave at, .
Ormiston, Cullen of, .... .
Orr, J. M., and D. Bryden, Urns discovered by Messrs,
Three Urns from Stevenston, Exhibited by,
Orwell, Kinross, Standing Stones of, .
■ Pounder of Quartzite found at, .
Oswy, King of Northumbiia.
Ovens in Roman Fort.s, .....
Palette of Slate found at Bar Hill,
Palettes of Stone found on Roman sites,
Panel of Oak, car veil, from Balmerino, .
Park, Alexander, and Dr Geo. Macdonald, The Roman Forts on the Bar
Hill, Duml)artonshire, by,
Paste, Star-8ha[»ed Beads of Porcellanic,
Paterson, Robert H., Donation of a Stone Axe by,
Paul, John, a/icut Paul Jones,
Bibliography, ....
Paul Jotu's, by A. C. Buell, ....
Paul Jones, Bust by Houdon of, .
Connection with Earl of Selkirk of,
Contemporary Newspaper Accounts of,
— Correspondence with the Earl and Countess of Selkirk,
Cottage of, ......
VOL. .\L.
P.VGE
•260
60
165, 166
62
60-76
69
•258
271
•272
328, 329
334, 335
336
33-2
60
328-342
267
12, 13
238
53
293
230
378
351
293
294
258
460
492
492
12, 13
403
36
214
83
126
91
80
86
108-1-26
96-100
88
564
INDEX.
Paul Jones, Death of, ..... .
Diploma granted to, ... .
Honours to, .... .
in the service of Empress Catherine II.,
Medal i^truck in honour of,
Notice of Medallion and Letter of,
Portrait of, in Scottish National Portrait Gallery,
Projected Attack on Leith by, .
Squadron commanded by,
Paul, Rev. Robert, Graves at Belhaven noticed by, .
Peach, B. N., LL.D., Examination of Shetland Stone Knives by,
Pearson, Captain of the ' Sera pis,' ....
Penicuik, Graves at, ..... .
Pennecuik's TwceddaU, ......
Perceval, Spencer, Donation of two Perforated Discs of Stone by,
Perth, Purchase of two Celtic Brooches of Silver found near,
Peterculter, Communion Token of.
Pew-back of Oak in Mid-Calder Church,
Phasis, Fort at, compared with Bar Hill,
Philadelphia, Nicholas Biddle of,
Picts, Garnard, King of the,
Nectan, Kingof the,
Pirrie, J. Mactier, The Cemetery at Nunraw, by,
Pitch pipe in Dundee, Note on a,
Notice of a Mahogany,
Pitdoulzie, Stone Mould found at,
Pitsligo Castle, Nine Maidens' Well, near
Pittenbrinzean Stone, Banffshire,
Pittodrie, Aberdeenshire, Cist found at,
Pitt Rivers, Grcneral,
Place, Edward, of Skelton Grange,
Gordon, Drawings of Objects found at Dochart, by
Mrs, Notice of the Exploration of a Castle on Loch Dochart, by,
Plate of China with Representation of an Engagement with Paul Jones,
Pocket Sun-dial, — Presented, ......
Pollard, Alfred W., on First Folio Shakespeare,
Pol na Marraich Mor, . . . . . .
Poltalloch, Excavations at, . . .
Porter, Gen. Horace, Account of tlie recovery of Paul Jones' Remains,
by, . •
Portland Papers, Graham's Dyke mentioned in the, .
Posts and Post- holes at Bar Hill,
Potentia and Cineria, Virgins, ......
Pot of Copper from Bar Hill, ......
PAOK
95
92
92
94
92
77-127
81
87
86
60
151
90
60
63
213
348
14
238
483, 434
84
256
258
328-342
46
43
35
261
189
23
492
360
360-368
358
93
48
208
132
6
95
403
454, 456
265
475
INDBX.
565
Potters' Stamps found at Bar Hill,
Pottery, Bucket-shaped, found in Tiree,
found at Bar Hill,
Pounder of Quartzite found at Orwell, .
from Orwell,— Exhibited,
Primrose, Rev. James,
Priory of Coldingham,
Psalter, Jug, Illustrated in the Louterell,
Purchases for Museum and Library,
pa(;k
471, 477, 478
876
. 467-480
294
351
60
217
354
. 10 347
Quartzite, Pounder of, found at Orwell,
'• Queen Mary" Harp,
Quintus Cicero, Villa of, •
294
8
450
Ramsay, Mr, of the Geological Survey, .....
JiayuUcVs Orave^ Fochabers, ......
' Ranger,' Crew of the, .......
Visit to Kirkcudbright Bay of the, ....
Kankeillor, Sir Archibald Hope of, .... .
Ran ken, Alexander, Tombstone of, .... .
Rappahannoch, Virginia, .......
Refuse-holes at Bar Hill Fort, ......
Reid, Alan, .........
Notes on the Churchyards of Currie, Kirknewton, and the
Calders, by, ...... .
Professor, Aberdeen University, . . . .
William, Notice of a Stone Cist and Urn at Wellgrove, Lochec
by. •
Renaud, Jean Martin, engraver, .....
Riccarton, Experiments in Vitrification at, .
Richardson, Dr, Graves at Stenton noticed by, ...
Riloisk, Strathnaver, .......
Ritchie, James, of Port Elphinstone School, ....
Robertson, A. D., Early Notice of the Auld Wives* Lifts, by,
James, Stone Circles noticed by, in his Tour,
Rollo, Hugh J., W.S., Chess and Backgammon Board bequeathed by,
Conical Bottle of Clear Glass bequeathed by, .
Table Clock bequeathed by, .....
Ross, Thomas, Plan of Whitcastle Forts by, .
Note on Architectural Remains in Bar Hill Roman Fort by,
Plans of Castle on Loch Dochart by, .
Rossie and Craig, Patrick Scott of, .... .
Notes on the Inventories of the House of, .
143
190
104
104
53
223, 224
84
462-466
318
217 245
80
40
77
142
60
131
312
300
245
213
213
213
15
•536
358
53
53
566
INDEX.
Rossie and (*raig, Wedding Presents in the House of,
Rothiemay, Communion Token of,
Cup-marked Boulder at Avochie, in,
Rounie Law, Forglen,
St Andrews, ....
St Boniface, ....
St Brandan*s Stanes, Templeton, Banffshire,
St Bride's Well, ...
St Bridget,
St Columba, ....
Cortachy Church dedicated to, .
St Cuthbert*8 Church, East Calder,
St Donevald, ....
Modern Phrase Commemorating,
St Fergus, .....
St Fink, Chapel in Bendochy of,
St Kentigern, ....
St Louis, Paris, Remains of Paul Jones entombed at,
St Mark's. Jf^eU, ....
St MamarCs Chair y Standing Stone called,
St Martin's Stone at Balkello,
St Mary, Auchendoir Church dedicated to,
St Mary*8 Inle, Kirkcudbright, .
St Mazota,
and St Fincana,
St Millburga
St Muren, .....
St Patrick, .....
St Regulus, .....
Sandend Bay, Banff, Note of Two Stone Circles at,
Sandilands of Torphichen, Mausoleum of the family of.
Sandstone, Axe of, from Strathspey,
Whorl of, from Del vine, .
Sargent, F. T., engraver.
Satchel, Embroidered, Donation of a, .
Scalsta, Island of Yell, Stratum of Ancient Wood at,
Scarvester, Five Stone Knives found at.
Scissors found in Loch Dochart Castle. .
Scotland, Haer Stanes as a Place-name in,
— • — Harness Mountings of Bronze found in,
Portraits of Paul Jones in National Portrait Gallery
Report on the Stone Circles of the North -East of,
Star-shaped Beads found in, .
of.
PACK
57. 58
14
318, 319
279
265
265
172, 178
259
257, 258
258
262
240
255
265
255
265
217
95
264
179, note
263
262
86
259
263
256
265
258
265
171
237
214
10
358
48
159
161
367
204, note
34,35
81
164-206
38
INDBX.
567
Seott, Lieut. General Thomas, of Malleny,
Margaret, Widow of Sir Archibald Hope,
Patrick, of Rossie and Craig,
Seals attached to Alarum Watch bequeathed by Lady Dundas,
Selkirk, Connection of Paul Jones with the Earl of,
' Serapis,' Captain Pearson of the,
Seton-Karr, H. W., Donation by,
Seven Maidens, Chapel dedicated to tlie,
Shakespeare, First Folio, Note on,
Prices of, .
Sheelagreeu, Culsalmond, Bronze Harness Mounting found at
Shetland, Oval Knives of Porphyritic Stone confined to,
Oval Porphyritic Knives from, .
Wooden Bismar from,
Shevaroy Hills, S. India, Stone Axe from,
Shielfoot, Vitrification at, ...
Shirra, Rev. J. , prays for the Defeat of Paul Jones,
Shoe-leather found nt Bar Hill,
Sibbald's Account of Bar Hill Fort,
Silvanus, Altar dedicated to, . . .
Silver, Purchase of two Celtic Brooches of,
Relics of, found at Gaul ('ross, .
Skail, Strathnaver, Pre- Reformation Church of
Skelbo, Sutherlandshire, Candle-mould from, .
Skelton Grange, Edwai-d Place, of,
Skene, DrW. F.,
Skene, AberdeeuHhire, Cist found at,
Skulls of Bos longifrons from Bar Hill, .
Slab with Incised Crescentic design in Strathnaver,
Slatefield, Blue-glazed Tiles from,
Slate, Palette of, found at Bar Hill,
Smsu't, Rev. A. F., of Chimside,
Smith, George, Esq., of Pittodrie,
Smith, James, Tombstone of, .
Snufif-horn from Gallowgate, Aberdeen,
Society of the Ci,ncinnati, Diploma to Paul Jones by the,
Sound of Arisaig, Forts on the, .
Spear-head from Eriskay, ....
of Bronze from Cauldshiels, East Lothian,
Speed, James, .....
Spey, Stone Circles to the West of River,
Stackfreed of a Table Clock,
Standing Stone at Buchragie, Note of, .
at Newton, Alvah, Banffshire, .
PAOS
229
53
6a
275
86
90
7
260
•207
208
33, 34
160, note
134
277
277
140
89
503, 504
406
405, 487
347
188
130
134
360
258
28
529
128
48
492
261
24
233, 234
10
92
147
215
10
43
198
270
171
167
568
INDEX.
Standing Stone at Wardend, Banffshire,
called St Marnari't Cliair,
Standing Stones and Stone Circles in various localities,
at Drumtroddeii, .
at Easter Urquhart,
in couples, .
of North Glassniount,
of Orwell, Kinross,
Stars and Stripes, Institution of the,
Steel, Strike-a-light of,
Stenton, Graves at,
Stephen, Mr, Minister of Craig, .
Stevenston Sands, Beads from,— Exhibited,
three Urns from the Cairn at, — Exhibited,
Urns found at, .
Worked objects of Stone found at,
Stewart, A. B., First Folio Shakespeare, belonging to.
Stirrup found at Loch Doc.hart Castle, .
Stone, Axe of, from Shevaroy Hills,
from Del ting, — Purchased,
Busts, at Bar Hill, of carved,
called Brodie Stone, on Craigbourach Moor,
Maggie Redhead,
Stone Circle at Auohintea, Rathven,
Bellman's Wood, .
Bogton Mill,
Core Stanes, Letterfourie.
. Cowiemuir, Bellie,
Dungoyaoh,
Gavenie Braes, Gamric, .
Gingomyres, Cairnie,
Hatton, Aberlour,
Innesmill, Urquhart,
on Kimmonity, .
at Marnoch Church,
at Meiklehill Wood, Letterfourie,
Nether Dumeath, Glass,
North Burreldales, Banffshire, .
Thorax, Banffshire,
called St Brands n*8 Stanes,
Cup-marks on the West Pillar of a,
in Arran, ....
in Chapel Den, Gamrie, noted by Dr Garden,
(site of), at Auchenbadie, Banffshire, .
PAGE
167
179, note, 180
291-304
327
294
•J93
291
293-295
85
367
60
57
351
.351
378-393
395
207
365
277
351
488
179
178 noit
191
181-184
201-204
190
192, 193
301-308
167-170
185
194-197
198-201
318
179
191
184
165, 166
175, 176
172, 173
174
296, 297
170
167
INDEX.
569
stone Ciixjle (site of), at Boyndie Church,
at Corshalloch, Glass, .
at Uaerstanes, Lhanbryd,
near Edintore House,
Tradition about removal of a Stone from a.
■ Circles at Gaul Cross, Fordyce, .
at (trenish, Avieniore, and Delfour,
Note of two, at Sandend Bay, Banff,
of the North-East of Scotland, Report on the,
on Gaul Cross, noticed by Pennant,
surveyed in 1905, Tabular Summary of,
Stone Cist, Notice of the Discovery at Lochee of a, by William Reid
Stone Coffin in a Mound at Dubbs, Stevenston,
Stone Coffins at Malleny, near Currie, .
Stone, Coped, at East Calder, ...
Stone, Donation of two Perforated Discs of,
Hoards of Knives of, in Shetland,
Knives of Por jihyritic, in the Museum,
Mould for casting Flat Bronze Axes of,
for casting Spear-heads of,
Notes on a Hoard of eleven Knives of Porphyritic,
on Strait Path, Banff, The Grey,
— — Oval Cup of, Iroiii Gallowflat,
Palettes of, at Roman Sites,
Stone Pavement in Sepulchral Mound at Forglen,
Stone, rude Implement of, from S. India,
The White, on Whitemuir. Marnoch, .
with Incised Symbols, Donation of Rubbing of a,
Worked Objects of, found at Stevenston,
Stones, Inscribed, found at Bar Hill,
Popular Names for isolated,
Strathdichty, Nine Maidens' Chapel in,
Strathnaver, Antiquities in,
Strike.a-light of Steel,
Stuart, Ur John, Stone Circle, noticed by.
Aviemore Circle, noticed by,
Sundayswells Hill, Cairn on,
Torphins, Urn found at,
Sunderland (North), Cist found at,
S win ton. Prof. A. Cami)bell,
Sword, Bronze Hilt of a Viking, .
of Cross on Recumbent Slab, at Currie,
Symbister, Shetland, small Oval Steatite Cup from,
Symbols on Stone at Advie,
PAOE
171
186
204
187
248
187, 188
245
171
164-205
189, wo/«
206
40
290
229
244
213
161
167
35
214
151-164
171
47
492
281
277
182
346
395
482-488
301
263
128
367
186
245
312
312
31
77
215, 347
225
344
346
570
INDEX.
PAGE
Table Clock bequeathed by Hugh J. Rollo, W.S 213
in Silrer Case, ....... 266, 273
of Brass 266,267.268
theStackfreedofa, 270
Tablet from Chapel Hill on the Aiitonine Vallum, 544
Inscribed, from Bar Hill, 484, 485
Tally-stickoftheReignof Charles II., 345
Taylor, J. H., Borough Surveyor, Barnsley, 143
Teetotum, of Fortingall Yew- wood, ... 10
** Templar Stone" at Currie, 226
at East Calder 243
Templeton, Banffshire, 174
Theocritus, Wheel-making, described by, ..... 499
Thorax, Banffshire, Cup-marks on one Stone in the Circle at, 177
Thrumster, Caithness, Standing Stones at, . . ... 293
Tiles, Blue-glazed, from Slatefield, 48
found at Bar Hill, 480
Tillyochie. Urn from, 309
Tiree, Bucket-shaped Pottery found in, . 376
Objects of Flint and Stone in, . . . . . 373
Pre-historic Hut at, ...... . 372
Tobacco Pipes, Donation of small, ...... 344
Tombstoneat Carrie, of John Ingles, ...... 221,222
of Alexander Ranken, ....... 228,224
of Andrew Aken, ........ 222
of Charles Brown at Currie, ...... 227
of John Cruikshank, ....... 236
of John Douglas, ........ 289
of Matthew Comb, ...... 289
of Rev. Matthew Leightoij, ...... 220
of the Laird of Invergowrie. ...... 220
of William Napier, 223
Tombstones at East Calder, ...... 240-245
at Mid-Calder, 237
Tongs found at Loch Dochart Castle, ...... 368
Tor Duin, Fort Augustus, 140
Vitrified Mass from, .... 147
Torphichen, Mausoleum of the Sandilands family of, . 237
Tough, Connection between the Nine Maidens and the Church of, . 261
Trinity House, Leith, Minutes Relating to French Vessels in the, . 100
Ulis-haven, .
Uphall, Graves discovered at,
Urquhart (Easter), Cairns at,
53
60
295
INDEX.
571
I'AGK
Urn at Stevenston, Heads found in, . . . . . 387
found at Bathgate, ....... 369, 370
Cinerary, found at Oaul Cross, . 189
found at Huntly, ........ 310
Hill of Mountblairy, 311
Sundayswells Hill, 312
in Cist at Cowdenhill, . 316
on Cairn more, Caimie, . 186
from Acres, Knockando, . . 310
Kincardine Castle, ...... 309
Tillyochie, ...... 309
of Drinking-cup Type found in Cist at Wellgrove, ... 40
presented by Mr Charles Johnstone, ..... 42
Urns found at Stev«^ustou, ...... 378-393
in a Mound at Forglen, Bantfshire, . 279, 283, 284, 286
from Broomend Cists, ....... 27
Stevenston, -Exhibited, ..... 361
of Drinking-cup Tyi^ found in a Cist at Skene, .26, 28
Pittodrie Cist, .... 24-26
with Rare Style of Decoration, 313
Recent Discoveries of, . 304-306, 309, 311, 312, 318, 316, 317
Villa of Quintus Cicero.
Vitrification, Analyses of,
at Eilean nan Gobhar,
Early Notices of, .
Experiments at Arisaig,
near Riccarton,
Woody Fibre in.
Vitrified Forts, Colonel M' Hardy on,
Volunteers, First Raised in Edinburgh,
Walker, J. Douglas, Q.C.,
Wallajabad, S. India, Rude Stone Implement from,
Walmsley, J., {»ainter, ....
Walpole, Earl of Oxford, Taol Jones entertained by,
Wardend, Bantfshire, Standing Stone at,
Watson, John, Drawing of Portion of Ancient Church of Carrie by,
.Miss, of Hassendean Burn, ....
W. L., of Ayton, First Folio Shakespeare belonging to,
Waulkmill, Tarland, Donation of Discs of Stone and Glass from,
Well at Bar Hill Fort, the
Glamis, called the Nine Maiden,
- List of Objects taken out of the, at Barhill, .
460
187-139
146, 148
136
143
142
146, 147
136-150
89
69
277
368
94
167
219
16
207
133
412
266
636
572
INDEX.
Well of St Bride,
Wellgrove, Lochee, Notice of the Discovery of a Stone Cist at,
Wheel-making, noticed by Theocritus, ...
Whetstone from Eriskay, ....
Whitcastle Hill, Forts on, ....
Ground -plan of Earthworks on,
Whitehouse, Skene, Aberdeenshire, Cist with Urns found at,
Whitelaw, Alexander, of Gartshore,
Whitemuir, Mamoch, The White Stone on, .
Whorl of Sandbtone from Delvine, Perthshire, .
Wiesbaden, Harness Mountings in the Museum at, .
Wilkie, Sir David,
William, Archdeacon of Lothian,
Williams, Letters on Vitrified Forts, by,
Window and its Tympanum at Loch Dochart Castle, .
Winslow, Miss Isabella, Donation of Arrow heads by,
Wood, Barracks at Bar Hill of, .
— : — in Shetland, Evidence of,
Relics, at Bar Hill, of, .
PAOK
259
40
4i'9
215
15
16
28
5
182
10
34
45
217
136
364
134
453
159
493-502
Yule, Col. Sir Henry, K.E.,
Miss Amy Frances, Donation of a Charles IL Tally-stick by,
346
345
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